Universidade Federal Fluminense Pró-Reitoria De Pesquisa E Pós-Graduação Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação

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Universidade Federal Fluminense Pró-Reitoria De Pesquisa E Pós-Graduação Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO RODRIGO QUINAN TRUST NO ONE: A FICCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO EM ARQUIVO X Niterói 2020 Ficha catalográfica automática - SDC/BCG Gerada com informações fornecidas pelo autor R484t Ribeiro martins, Rodrigo Quinan TRUST NO ONE: A FICCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO EM ARQUIVO X / Rodrigo Quinan Ribeiro martins ; Afonso De Albuquerque, orientador. Niterói, 2020. 133 f. : il. Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/PPGCOM.2020.m.15951444713 1. Teorias da Conspiração. 2. Televisão. 3. Ficção Seriada Televisiva. 4. Crise Epistemológica. 5. Produção intelectual. I. De Albuquerque, Afonso, orientador. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Arte e Comunicação Social. III. Título. CDD - Bibliotecária responsável: Thiago Santos de Assis - CRB7/6164 2 RODRIGO QUINAN TRUST NO ONE: A FICCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO EM ARQUIVO X Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Comunicação. Área de Concentração: Mídia, Cultura e Produção de Sentido. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Afonso de Albuquerque Niterói 2020 3 RODRIGO QUINAN TRUST NO ONE: A FICCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO EM ARQUIVO X Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Comunicação. Área de Concentração: Mídia, Cultura e Produção de Sentido. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________ Prof. Dr.Afonso de Albuquerque (Orientador) Universidade Federal Fluminense ______________________________________ Profª. Drª. Mayka Castellano (Examinadora) Universidade Federal Fluminense ______________________________________ Profª. Drª. Simone do Vale Faculdades Integradas Hélio Alonso 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, a todos professores que lecionaram no PPGCOM-UFF, a minha família, minha namorada, meus amigos e todos os pesquisadores que tive contato direto ou indireto nessa jornada, seja os que escreveram e pesquisaram comigo ou os que nunca olhei no rosto mas li seus artigos, estejam eles aqui ou não. Este é um trabalho sobre a crise da ciência, da informação e das instituições do saber, escrito em uma época onde os mesmos sofrem constantes ataques e descredibilização, sentidos de forma muito pessoal na minha área de trabalho. Como pesquisador de comunicação, sinto que meu dever foi cumprido produzir uma obra que busca tratar de problemas que, na altura que encerro este trabalho, são urgentemente atuais e determinarão de forma central o futuro próximo. 5 “On a holiday, for many miles Looking for a place to stay Near some friendly star, he found this mote And now we wonder How could this so great turn so shitty Ended up in army crates” “Motorway to Roswell”- Frank Black 6 RESUMO Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a representação ficcional das teorias da conspiração feitas pela série americana Arquivo X, que foi ao ar entre 1993 e 2002, sendo revivida para duas temporadas em 2016 e 2018. Identificamos uma cultura dedicada em produzir teorias da conspiração emergente desde a década de 1960, a qual chamamos de “cultura da conspiração”. Esta cultura é transformada ao decorrer das décadas de acordo com mudanças epistemológicas ocorridas na sociedade; buscamos analisar essas mudanças através da representação ficcional delas feita no universo da série, que negocia representações reais e fantasiosas ao representar instituições do mundo real sob ótica das teorias da conspiração. Argumentamos que ao representar um discurso anti-institucional, Arquivo X é uma valiosa oportunidade para entender a forma como hierarquias do conhecimento passam a ser estruturadas em períodos de crise epistemológica. 7 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to analyse the fictional representation of conspiracy theories in the american TV series The X-Files, aired between 1993 and 2002, revived for two season in 2016 and 2018. We identify a culture dedicated in producing conspiracy theories, emerging since the 60s. We call it "conspiracy culture". This culture is transformed from decade to decade according to epistemic changes that happened in society; we seek to analyse this changes using their fictional representation performed by The X-Files universe, which directly exchanges real and fictional representations, showing real world institutions with under the eyes of conspiracy theories. We argue that, representing a anti-institution speech, The X-Files is a valuable opportunity to understand how knowledge hierarchies are structured in times of epistemic crisis. 8 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Teorias da Conspiração sobre Barack Obama (MotherJones.Com) - 40 Figura 2: Na ComicCon (2013), roteiristas da série foram apresentados como estrelas lado a lado a David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson e Chris Carter. - 55 Figura 3 – Homem branco Mulder é salvo por curandeiro Navajo. - 71 Figura 4: Os pecadores originais de Arquivo X, incluindo Deep Throat, Bill Mulder e Cigarette Smoking Man. - 77 Figura 5: O aviso exibido antes do piloto de Arquivo X / Figura 6: Mulder apresentando autoridade institucional – ambas - 89 Figura 7: Fotomontagem de Clinton com personagem fictício Howard Graves; Figura 8: Retrato de George Bush - 90 Figura 9: Jornal publicado pelo trio - 95 Figura 10: Pôster exposto por Mulder no Arquivo X mostra OVNI - 97 Figura 11: Queda de OVNI em Roswell mostrada em My Struggle (10x01) - 99 Figura 12: A pesada cena de terrorismo mostra uma operação bandeira falsa em ação em “Fight the Future” - 103 Figura 13: A grande semelhança estética da cena com o atentado de Oklahoma City, 1995, três anos antes do filme. - 103 Figura 14: Obscura reunião do Syndicate onde diversos membros, caucasianos e idosos, observam Alex Krycek, agente infiltrado que serve o grupo. - 104 Figura 15. Mulder é abordado por um Homem de Preto. - 105 Figura 16: Cigarette Smoking Man assassinando JFK - 107 Figura 17: Mulder reprova a versão oficial da morte de Elvis Presley - 109 Figura 18: Quadrinho “The X-Files: Season 10” mostra helicópteros pretos na capa, mostrando a forte associação da sua imagem estética conspiracionista. - 109 Figura 19: Chegada do homem à Lua sendo fabricada em estúdio em “My Struggle III” - 110 Figura 20: Ted O’Malley inspirado no de Alex Jones em sua plataforma InfoWars - 118 Figura 21: Reggie incluso em cena de “Tooms” (01x20) (1993) / Figura 22: Reggie incluso na abertura da série - 120 9 10 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 12 CAPÍTULO 1: TEORIAS DA CONSPIRAÇÃO 18 1.1- DEFININDO TEORIA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO 20 1.2– CONTEXTUALIZANDO TEORIAS DA CONSPIRAÇÃO 25 1.3 – CONSOLIDAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO 30 1.4 – CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO E CRISE EPISTEMOLÓGICA 37 CAPÍTULO 2: ARQUIVO X 44 2.1- A EXIBIÇÃO ORIGINAL DE ARQUIVO X 46 2.2– ESTRUTURA NARRATIVA DE ARQUIVO X 52 2.3 – O PAPEL ATIVO DO ESPECTADOR EM ARQUIVO X 58 2.4 – ARQUIVO X COMO REPRESENTAÇÃO DOS ANOS 90 90 2.5 – CANCELAMENTO E REVIVAL DE ARQUIVO X 90 CAPÍTULO 3: FICCIONALIZAÇÃO DAS TEORIAS DA CONSPIRAÇÃO EM ARQUIVO X 84 3.1- A CONSTRUÇÃO DO REAL NA FICÇÃO 85 3.2– O ESTABELECIMENTO DA IDENTIDADE CONSPIRACIONISTA 92 3.3 – CONSOLIDAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO 95 3.4 – CULTURA DA CONSPIRAÇÃO E CRISE EPISTEMOLÓGICA 110 CONCLUSÃO 121 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 125 11 “No matter how paranoid you are, you can never be paranoid enough” 12 INTRODUÇÃO Em 10 de setembro de 1993, foi ao ar o primeiro episódio do drama Arquivo X no canal americano Fox. Em uma complexa narrativa que misturava casos semanais com enredos seriais que duravam anos, a série misturava os gêneros policial, horror e ficção científica, contando a história da divisão fictícia do FBI que carrega o nome da série e dos dois detetives encarregados dela: Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) e Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson). Gozando de enorme sucesso comercial, a exibição original da série durou 9 temporadas, que atraíam dezenas de milhões de espectadores todas as semanas; com a franquia ainda se expandindo para 2 longa metragens de grande orçamento, vídeo games, quadrinhos, spin-offs e um revival que rendeu mais duas temporadas em 2016 e 2018. Apesar de ter temporadas no novo milênio, Arquivo X foi essencialmente um produto da sua época, capturando o espírito dos anos 90 tanto na estrutura serial baseada em monstro da semana quanto nos objetos culturais que a série buscou abordar. Na divisão, os agentes investigavam casos que não foram resolvidos por outros setores do FBI pela falta de explicação lógica. Esses tais “mistérios não-solucionados” envolviam quase sempre o paranormal, seja no longo arco principal da série, que falava de uma conspiração do governo americano para esconder a existência de extraterrestres, ou nas histórias semanais onde fantasmas, mutantes, psíquicos, projetos secretos envolvendo organizações obscuras e outros fenômenos inexplicáveis eram investigados pelos agentes. Em comum a larga parte dessas histórias: o acobertamento dos fenômenos paranormais por instituições governamentais ou empresariais. Simbolizado pelos famosos mottos “I Want to Believe” e “The Truth is Out There”, os agentes não só buscavam solucionar mistérios, mas lutavam contra uma teia de conspirações que constantemente os afastava da tal “verdade” que eles tanto buscavam expor nas suas investigações. Dessa forma, ficava claro o principal tema da série: teorias da conspiração. Arquivo X
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