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Dictionary of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation Compiling the results from contemporary and exciting areas of research into one single important volume, this book stands ahead of its field in providing a comprehensive one-stop handbook reference of biblical interpretation. Examining a wide range of articles on many of the recognized interpreters including Augustine, Luther, and Calvin, up to the modern figures of Martin Hengel and T.W. Manson, Professor Porter gathers contributors who expertly combine the study of biblical interpretation with the examination of the theological and philosoph- ical preconceptions that have influenced it, and survey the history of interpretation from different perspectives. Key perspectives studied include: • the historical dimension: addresses how interpretation has developed at various periods of time, from early Jewish exegesis to the historical-critical method; • the conceptual approach: looks at the various schools of thought that have generated biblical interpretation, and compares and contrasts competing conceptual models of interpretation; • the personal perspective: addresses the reality of biblical interpretation by individuals who have helped plot the course of theological development. With relevant bibliographies as a guide to further reading, the Dictionary will be an extremely important refer- ence tool held for many years, not only by libraries, but also by students, scholars, clergy, and teachers of this fascinating and high-profile subject. Stanley E. Porter is an award-winning editor and author. He has edited over forty volumes, including the Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period (1997), the Handbook to Exegesis of the New Testament (1997) and, with Craig Evans, the Dictionary of New Testament Background (2000). He has also written ten books, including Early Christianity and its Sacred Literature (2000), with Lee McDonald, and The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical- Jesus Research (2000). He is President, Dean and Professor of New Testament at McMaster Divinity College, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Dictionary of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation edited by Stanley E. Porter Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Stanley E. Porter, individual contributors their contributions This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Dictionary of biblical criticism and interpretation/ed., Stanley E Porter. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Bible—Criticism, interpretation, etc.—Dictionaries. I. Porter, Stanley E Porter., 1956– BS440.D496 2006 220.3—dc22 2006034336 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-96975-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–20100–4 (Print Edition) ISBN13: 978–0–415–20100–1 Contents Preface vii List of entries and contributors ix Introduction 1 Entries A–Z 5–392 Index 393 Preface This dictionary has been a long time in the making. participation. I wish him the best in his own contin- At last it is released to the world – far from complete uing scholarly endeavors. His separation from the project (no dictionary could ever be), but willing to take its corresponded to a time of transition for me from one place as one of the tools in the enterprise of biblical continent to another, which has occasioned the delay criticism and interpretation. The title of the volume in completion and publication. reflects its aim. That is, to provide a dictionary-length In his stead, and at the last stages, my teaching and guide to major issues, approaches, and people that research assistant, Andrew Gabriel, joined the project. have been important in the development of biblical I wish to thank Andrew for tackling all dimensions of criticism and interpretation. Criticism addresses the the project so avidly, including the databases, the ever- variety of methods that have been developed, especially growing stack of manuscripts, and the electronic files. since the Enlightenment, to help us as biblical inter- He has also been of great assistance in corresponding preters to come to terms with the issues surrounding with authors, recruiting last-minute participants, and reading the Bible. Interpretation addresses the fact that editing contributions. all these various methods, and those who have utilized My major debt is to the individual contributors. Over them – including those preceding modern critical the course of the years, a number have wondered analysis – have been involved in helping biblical readers whether this project would ever see the black of print. to gain understanding. The scope of the dictionary I am pleased to say that that day has finally arrived. I includes major time periods of biblical criticism and thank you for your patience, and your faith in believing interpretation, the range of corpora between the two that this project was far from dead. This volume brings Testaments and other texts as well, critical approaches, together scholars from several different continents, to methods, and mind-sets of significance, and even a say nothing of many different countries. One of the variety of individual critics and interpreters. Whereas results of this has been the ability to benefit from a we have some confidence that we have covered the variety of perspectives reflective of the places in which major critical periods and most of the significant these scholars do their critical work. Along the way, methods and approaches, it was necessary to be highly some potential contributors had to withdraw, and others selective regarding the individuals included. I apologize had to be recruited. Some of these joined at the last here if you think that your favorite biblical scholar – minute. I especially appreciate the willingness with or even you, yourself! – should have been included but which a number of last-minute contributors accepted was not. invitations and returned their contributions in a timely This enterprise began with the idea of Richard and efficient manner. I am confident that the quality Stoneman, editor for Routledge. I wish to thank him of their contributions has been equal to the others, for encouraging the development of this project, and that readers will find a surprisingly high degree of and for his patience as it took longer than anticipated. consistently fine contributions within this collection. My hope is that this dictionary will join the ranks of Thank you to each of you for offering your expertise the significant and growing list of Routledge volumes and for being willing to make a contribution to this that have come to be important for understanding project. the ancient world, of which the Bible is a significant As a last word, I wish to encourage users and readers part. of this volume to explore the depths of its riches. As At the outset of this project, I asked my then col- I reviewed articles, it became clear to me that the league Dr. Brook Pearson to be a coeditor with me. tapestry of criticism and interpretation of the Bible is He gladly undertook this task and initiated corres- complexly woven. The various strands include history, pondence and kept the databases regarding the project. literature, material remains, philosophy, and a variety Due to a variety of factors, he has been unable to con- of other things. Many of the articles, even though the tinue with the project, and I have truly missed his individual contributors were unaware of it, were closely vii PREFACE intertwined with other contributions because of their common task of attempting to help us to understand biblical criticism and interpretation. My hope is that this volume helps you also in your biblical interpretation. STANLEY E. PORTER McMaster Divinity College Hamilton, Ontario, Canada viii List of entries and contributors Abelard, P. Cadbury, H.J. Kurt A. Richardson Mikeal C. Parsons Acts Calvin, J. Mikeal C. Parsons Kurt A. Richardson Allegorical Interpretation Canonical Criticism: Childs’ Approach Annewies van den Hoek Marvin A. Sweeney Anthropology and Interpretation Canonical Criticism: Sanders’ Approach Stephen Hunt Marvin A. Sweeney The Antiochene School Canonical Development Kurt A. Richardson Roger T. Beckwith Apocalyptic Literature Chronology (NT) J.C. Robinson Stanley E. Porter Apocrypha Chronology (OT) Lester L. Grabbe Richard S. Hess Apocryphal Interpretation Chrysostom, J. J.K. Elliott Dallas B.N. Friesen Aqiba Commentary (NT) Craig A. Evans C.K. Barrett Aquinas, T. Commentary (OT) Kurt A. Richardson Jack N. Lawson Archaeology and the Bible Cullmann, O. Stanley E. Porter James D.G. Dunn Aristotle Cultural Relationships in the World of the T.H. Olbricht Old Testament Art and Interpretation Richard S. Hess Felicity Harley Cultural Relationships in the World of the Augustine New Testament Annewies van den Hoek David A. deSilva Authority of Scripture John Goldingay Dead Sea Scrolls Barr, J. George J. Brooke H.C. Jorgensen Deissmann, G.A. Barth, K. G.H.R. Horsley Shirley Martin Derrida, J. Baur, F.C. J.C. Robinson Horton Harris Dilthey, W. Biblical Theology J.C. Robinson D.A. Carson Dodd, C.H. Brown, R.E. Malcolm A. Kinnear Hudson N. Zimba Dunn, J.D.G. Brueggemann, W. R. Barry Matlock John D.W. Watts Bultmann, R. Early Church Interpretation Anthony C. Thiselton Richard N. Longenecker ix LIST OF ENTRIES AND CONTRIBUTORS Ebeling, G.

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