DOCSLIB.ORG

Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends & Migration Management Regulations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends & Migration Management Regulations Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends and Migration Management Regulation IOM International Organization for Migration IOM International Organization for Migration OIM Organización Internacional para las Migraciones OIM Organización Internacional para las Migraciones Diagnostic on Belizean migration trends and migration management regulation The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in the meeting of operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Prepared by: Melanie Camille Smith Edited by coordinating team: IOM Guatemala (José Diego Cárdenas Mirón), IOM Regional Office San Jose, Costa Rica (Salvador Gutiérrez) and IOM Belmopan (Rene Chuc) Collaborator: Joop Hendrikx Published by: International Organization for Migration IOM Belmopan 3rd Floor, UNDP Office Complex City of Belmopan, Belize All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends and Migration Management Regulation Belmopan, Belize October 2013 IOM International Organization for Migration OIM Organización Internacional para las Migraciones Diagnostic on Belizean 2 Migration Trends and Migration Management Regulation This document “Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends and Migration Management Regulation” is a part of the project “Improving technical capacity training in Belize: a coordinated response to migration”. The project aims to build and improve the capacity of national governmental authorities in regards to the management of current challenges posed by migration fl ows in Belize. This project is funded by the IOM Development Fund. Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends and Migration Management Regulation Diagramación: Evelyn Ralda Portada: Gudy Gonzalez Impreso en Editorial Serviprensa S.A. 3ª Ave. 14-62, zona 1 PBX: 2245-8888 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala Diagnostic on Belizean Migration Trends and 3 Migration Management Regulation Contents ACRONYMS .....................................................................................................................................................................................7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Summary of Key Findings ..............................................................................................................................................................11 COUNTRY PROFILE .......................................................................................................................................................................13 Key statistics ..................................................................................................................................................................................13 PART A: MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS ...........................................................................17 A.1 WHAT IS DRIVING BELIZEAN MIGRATION? ..........................................................................................................................17 A.2 NET MIGRATION IN BELIZE ..................................................................................................................................................17 A.3 EMIGRATION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18 A.3.1 Emigration: Pre-independence .................................................................................................................................. 18 A.3.2 Emigration: Post-independence ................................................................................................................................ 19 A.3.3 Emigration: Contemporary ........................................................................................................................................ 21 A.3.4 Emigrants: Characteristics ..........................................................................................................................................23 A.3.5 Emigrants: Ethnic Dimension .....................................................................................................................................23 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN MANAGING EMIGRATION ............................................................................................. 25 A.4 IMMIGRATION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 A.4.1 Immigration: Pre-Independence ................................................................................................................................ 25 A.4.2 Immigration: Post-Independence .............................................................................................................................. 26 A.4.3 Immigration: Contemporary .......................................................................................................................................27 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNTIES IN MANAGING IMMIGRATION ............................................................................................ 28 A.5 BELIZE AS A TRANSIT COUNTRY ......................................................................................................................................... 28 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TRANSMIGRATION .................................................................. 29 A.6 TRANS-BORDER MIGRATION .............................................................................................................................................. 29 A.6.1 Trans-border migration: Guatemala .......................................................................................................................... 29 A.6.2 Trans-border migration: Mexico .................................................................................................................................31 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNTIES IN MANAGING TRANS-BORDER MIGRATION ..................................................................... 32 A.7 LABOUR MIGRATION ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 A.7.1 Labour Migration: Seasonal and Temporary Workers ................................................................................................. 32 A.7.2 Labour Migration: Economic Activity ......................................................................................................................... 34 A.7.3 Labour Migration: Emigrants ......................................................................................................................................35 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN MANAGING LABOUR MIGRATION .................................................................................35 A.8 IRREGULAR MIGRATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 A.8.1 Irregular Migration: Emigration ................................................................................................................................. 36 A.8.2 Irregular Migration: Immigration ............................................................................................................................... 38 A.8.3 Irregular Migration: Routes into Belize....................................................................................................................... 38 A.8.4 Irregular Migration: Routes from Belize to the USA ................................................................................................... 39 A.8.5 Irregular Migration: Apprehensions of Undocumented Belizeans in the USA ............................................................. 41 A.8.6 Irregular Migration: Apprehensions of Undocumented Immigrants in Belize .............................................................. 41 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN MANAGING IRREGULAR MIGRATION ........................................................................... 42 A.9 RETURN MIGRATION ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 A.9.1 Diaspora Return Migration to Belize
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Belize National Sustainable Development Report
    UNCSD – Belize National Sustainable Development Report Belize National Sustainable Development Report Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries, and Sustainable Development, Belize United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs (UNDESA) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ____________________________________ INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS – www.idcbz.net Page | 1 UNCSD – Belize National Sustainable Development Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acronyms Acknowledgements 1.0. Belize Context……………………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Geographical Location………………………………………………………………………5 1.2 Climate………………………………………………………………………………………..5 1.3 Hydrology……………………………………………………………………………………..6 1.4 Population…………………………………………………………………………………….6 1.5 Political Context……………………………………………………………………………...7 1.6 Economy……………………………………………………………………………………...7 2.0 Background and Approach………………………………………………………………………….7 3.0 Policy and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development………………………………8 3.1 National Level………………………………………………………………………………..8 3.2 Multi-Lateral Agreements…………………………………………………………………...9 4.0 Progress to Date in Sustainable Development…………………………………………………..10 5.0 Challenges to Sustainable Development…………………………………………………………23 5.1 Environmental and Social Vulnerabilities………………………………………………..23 5.2 Natural Disasters…………………………………………………………………………...23 5.3 Climate Change…………………………………………………………………………….23 5.4 Economic Vulnerability…………………………………………………………………….24 5.5 Policy and Institutional Challenges……………………………………………………….24 6.0 Opportunities for Sustainable Development……………………………………………………..26
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Garifuna of Belize's Toledo District Alexander Gough
    Indigenous identity in a contested land: A study of the Garifuna of Belize’s Toledo district Alexander Gough This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Lancaster University Law School 1 Declaration This thesis has not been submitted in support of an application for another degree at this or any other university. It is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated. Many of the ideas in this thesis were the product of discussion with my supervisors. Alexander Gough, Lancaster University 21st September 2018 2 Abstract The past fifty years has seen a significant shift in the recognition of indigenous peoples within international law. Once conceptualised as the antithesis to European identity, which in turn facilitated colonial ambitions, the recognition of indigenous identity and responding to indigenous peoples’ demands is now a well-established norm within the international legal system. Furthermore, the recognition of this identity can lead to benefits, such as a stake in controlling valuable resources. However, gaining tangible indigenous recognition remains inherently complex. A key reason for this complexity is that gaining successful recognition as being indigenous is highly dependent upon specific regional, national and local circumstances. Belize is an example of a State whose colonial and post-colonial geographies continue to collide, most notably in its southernmost Toledo district. Aside from remaining the subject of a continued territorial claim from the Republic of Guatemala, in recent years Toledo has also been the battleground for the globally renowned indigenous Maya land rights case.
    [Show full text]
  • The Song of Kriol: a Grammar of the Kriol Language of Belize
    The Song of Kriol: A Grammar of the Kriol Language of Belize Ken Decker THE SONG OF KRIOL: A GRAMMAR OF THE KRIOL LANGUAGE OF BELIZE Ken Decker SIL International DIS DA FI WI LANGWIJ Belize Kriol Project This is a publication of the Belize Kriol Project, the language and literacy arm of the National Kriol Council No part of this publication may be altered, and no part may be reproduced in any form without the express permission of the author or of the Belize Kriol Project, with the exception of brief excerpts in articles or reviews or for educational purposes. Please send any comments to: Ken Decker SIL International 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX 75236 e-mail: [email protected] or Belize Kriol Project P.O. Box 2120 Belize City, Belize c/o e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Copies of this and other publications of the Belize Kriol Project may be obtained through the publisher or the Bible Society Bookstore 33 Central American Blvd. Belize City, Belize e-mail: [email protected] © Belize Kriol Project 2005 ISBN # 978-976-95215-2-0 First Published 2005 2nd Edition 2009 Electronic Edition 2013 CONTENTS 1. LANGUAGE IN BELIZE ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 DEFINING BELIZE KRIOL AND BELIZE CREOLE ...................................................................................... 2 1.3
    [Show full text]
  • Educating Belize: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future
    The University of Texas at Austin IC2 Institute Madison Weigand Dr. David Gibson UT Bridging Disciplines http://ic2.utexas.edu/ z EDUCATING BELIZE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FUTURE August 2015 BELIZE IC2 2 “Belize is paying a lot for education but getting little. More youth are outside the school system than in it and many fail to make the transition to the workforce. … Action is needed if Belize is not to lose a whole generation of youth.” - Inter-American Development Bank, “Challenges and Opportunities in the Belize Education Sector”, 2013 Belize: why we’re here Belize is a small nation in Central America, bordered to the north by Mexico, by Guatemala to the west and south, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east. Estimates of the national population vary from 340,000 – 360,0001, with population density averaging at 15 people per square kilometer2. In consideration of these low figures, Belize is often the forgotten nation of the Caribbean region. The small country, approximately the size of the state of Massachusetts, is occasionally omitted on regional maps and periodically has its sovereignty threatened by threats of invasion from the neighboring Guatemalan government (Rodriguez-Boetsch 6). In spite of its status as a sidelined nation, Belize is a haven of natural resources that have long been underestimated and underutilized. The country contains a broad spectrum of ecosystems and environments that lend themselves well to agricultural, fishing, and logging industries, as well as tourism—particularly ecotourism—contributing to the Belizean economy’s heavy dependence upon primary resource extraction and international tourism and trade.
    [Show full text]
  • 302232 Travelguide
    302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.1> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 5 WELCOME 6 GENERAL VISITOR INFORMATION 8 GETTING TO BELIZE 9 TRAVELING WITHIN BELIZE 10 CALENDAR OF EVENTS 14 CRUISE PASSENGER ADVENTURES Half Day Cultural and Historical Tours Full Day Adventure Tours 16 SUGGESTED OVERNIGHT ADVENTURES Four-Day Itinerary Five-Day Itinerary Six-Day Itinerary Seven-Day Itinerary 25 ISLANDS, BEACHES AND REEF 32 MAYA CITIES AND MYSTIC CAVES 42 PEOPLE AND CULTURE 50 SPECIAL INTERESTS 57 NORTHERN BELIZE 65 NORTH ISLANDS 71 CENTRAL COAST 77 WESTERN BELIZE 87 SOUTHEAST COAST 93 SOUTHERN BELIZE 99 BELIZE REEF 104 HOTEL DIRECTORY 120 TOUR GUIDE DIRECTORY 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.2> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.3> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 The variety of activities is matched by the variety of our people. You will meet Belizeans from many cultural traditions: Mestizo, Creole, Maya and Garifuna. You can sample their varied cuisines and enjoy their music and Belize is one of the few unspoiled places left on Earth, their company. and has something to appeal to everyone. It offers rainforests, ancient Maya cities, tropical islands and the Since we are a small country you will be able to travel longest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. from East to West in just two hours. Or from North to South in only a little over that time. Imagine... your Visit our rainforest to see exotic plants, animals and birds, possible destinations are so accessible that you will get climb to the top of temples where the Maya celebrated the most out of your valuable vacation time.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocultural Factors in School Achievement for Mopan Children in Belize
    DEBORAH L. CROOKS / UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Biocultural Factors in School Achievement for Mopan Children in Belize We were once much smarter people. into traditional statistical models of biological anthro- —Maya caretaker at archaeological site, Toledo District, Belize pological research is difficult because of the distinctly different nature of the two kinds of data produced. One MOPAN MAYA CHILDREN of San Antonio, Toledo, Be- approach to this problem is discussed by William lize, face a number of challenges to their success in Dressier (1995), who advocates using ethnography up school. Mayan ethnicity, language, and traditional eco- front in the research design to construct culturally nomic strategies are rendered disadvantageous for meaningful variables that can then be quantified for school achievement by historical, social, cultural, and testing. Resulting models are able to account for local economic forces. Statistics on poverty and child growth levels of meaning within the framework of "scientific" indicate that Mayan children are poorer and more research. poorly nourished than other Belizean children, and they Another approach is that taken by Thomas Leather- do less well on national achievement exams. In addi- man (in press) and Brooke Thomas (in press). This po- tion, they attend school structured on the British model litical-economic approach uses quantitative measures and taught in English. In the past, biocultural ap- of biological outcome but contextualizes the numbers proaches might model a causal pathway from poverty to by focusing "upstream" on conditions that produce nutritional status to cognitive development to school stress and either facilitate or constrain coping re- achievement. But the interrelationships among poverty, sponses.
    [Show full text]
  • ECFG-Belize-2020R.Pdf
    ECFG: Central America Central ECFG: About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: US Marine shows members of Belize Defense Force how to load ammunition into weapons). The guide consists of 2 E parts: CFG Part 1 “Culture General” provides the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment with a focus on Central America (CENTAM). Part 2 “Culture Specific” describes unique cultural features of Belize Belizean society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre- deployment training (Photo: USAF medic checks a Belizean patient’s vision during a medical readiness event). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the express permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments.
    [Show full text]
  • LIST of REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS Belize Chamber Of
    LIST OF REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS Name of Remittance Service Providers Addresses Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry 4792 Coney Drive, Belize City Agents Amrapurs Belize Corozal Road, Orange Walk Town BJET's Financial Services Limited 94 Commerce Street, Dangriga Town, Stann Creek District, Belize Business Box Ecumenical Drive, Dangriga Town Caribbean Spa Services Placencia Village, Stann Creek District, Belize Casa Café 46 Forest Drive, Belmopan City, Cayo District Charlton's Cable 9 George Price Street, Punta Gorda Town, Toledo District Charlton's Cable Bella Vista, Toledo District Diversified Life Solutions 39 Albert Street West, Belize City Doony’s 57 Albert Street, Belize City Doony's Instant Loan Ltd. 8 Park Street South, Corozal District Ecabucks 15 Corner George and Orange Street, Belize City Ecabucks (X-treme Geeks, San Pedro) Corner Pescador Drive and Caribena Street, San Pedro Town, Ambergris Caye EMJ's Jewelry Placencia Village, Stann Creek District, Belize Escalante's Service Station Co. Ltd. Savannah Road, Independence Village Havana Pharmacy 22 Havana Street, Dangriga Town Hotel Coastal Bay Pescador Drive, San Pedro Town i Signature Designs 42 George Price Highway, Santa Elena Town, Cayo District Joyful Inn 49 Main Middle Street, Punta Gorda Town Landy's And Sons 141 Belize Corozal Road, Orange Walk Town Low's Supermarket Mile 8 ½ Philip Goldson Highway, Ladyville Village, Belize District Mahung’s Corner North/Main Streets, Punta Gorda Town Medical Health Supplies Pharmacy 1 Street South, Corozal Town Misericordia De Dios 27 Guadalupe Street, Orange Walk Town Paz Villas Pescador Drive, San Pedro Town Pomona Service Center Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Registration of Belizeans Overseas Connecting with the Diaspora
    Registration of Belizeans Overseas Connecting with the Diaspora The Government of Belize is undertaking an exercise to determine the number of Belizeans living overseas and to foster a closer relationship with this overseas community. It is hoped that through this exercise our various Embassies and Consulates will be better able to work with the Government of Belize to address the needs of our Citizens residing overseas by providing more and improved services, and to continue together in the work of developing Belize. The information being gathered through our various Embassies and Consulates will be transmitted to Belize for input into a secure database in the Ministry of Foreign accessible only to those in the ministry directly responsible for the Ministry’s relationship with the Overseas Community. Information submitted to the various Embassies and Consulates will also be retained in those offices to facilitate ease of communication with those persons who have expressed their desire to be involved. The information will not be shared, unless it is specifically requested on the form by those persons who wish to share their skills and talents; and even so contact will be made initially through the Embassy or Consulate through whom the information was submitted. Electronic copies of the form can be found on: www.belize.gov.bz, www.mfa.gov.bz, and on the website of our Embassies and Consulates as shown on our Ministry’s website contact details. In conducting this exercise the form requests some specific information – marked with an asterisk – which is required if the exercise is to be successful in determining the number of Belizeans living overseas and in what Country ( and State) they are concentrated.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Diaspora Sounds from Caribbean Central America
    Caribbean Studies ISSN: 0008-6533 [email protected] Instituto de Estudios del Caribe Puerto Rico Stone, Michael Diaspora Sounds from Caribbean Central America Caribbean Studies, vol. 36, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2008, pp. 221-235 Instituto de Estudios del Caribe San Juan, Puerto Rico Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=39215107020 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative WATCHING THE CARIBBEAN...PART II 221 Diaspora Sounds from Caribbean Central America Michael Stone Program in Latin American Studies Princeton University [email protected] Garifuna Drum Method. Produced by Emery Joe Yost and Matthew Dougherty. English and Garifuna with subtitles. Distributed by End of the Line Productions/ Lubaantune Records, 2008. DVD. Approximately 100 minutes, color. The Garifuna: An Enduring Spirit. Produced by Robert Flanagan and Suzan Al-Doghachi. English and Garifuna with subtitles. Lasso Pro- ductions, 2003. Distributed by Lasso Productions. DVD. 35 minutes, color. The Garifuna Journey. Produced by Andrea Leland and Kathy Berger. English and Garifuna with subtitles. New Day Films, 1998. Distributed by New Day Films. DVD and study guide. 47 minutes, color. Play, Jankunú, Play: The Garifuna Wanáragua Ritual of Belize. Produced by Oliver Greene. English and Garifuna with subtitles. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, 2007. DVD. 45 minutes, color. Trois Rois/ Three Kings of Belize. Produced by Katia Paradis. English, Spanish, Garifuna, and K’ekchi Maya with subtitles (French-language version also available).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Language Use, Language Change and Innovation In
    LANGUAGE USE, LANGUAGE CHANGE AND INNOVATION IN NORTHERN BELIZE CONTACT SPANISH By OSMER EDER BALAM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and support from many people, who have been instrumental since the inception of this seminal project on contact Spanish outcomes in Northern Belize. First and foremost, I am thankful to Dr. Mary Montavon and Prof. Usha Lakshmanan, who were of great inspiration to me at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. Thank you for always believing in me and motivating me to pursue a PhD. This achievement is in many ways also yours, as your educational ideologies have profoundly influenced me as a researcher and educator. I am indebted to my committee members, whose guidance and feedback were integral to this project. In particular, I am thankful to my adviser Dr. Gillian Lord, whose energy and investment in my education and research were vital for the completion of this dissertation. I am also grateful to Dr. Ana de Prada Pérez, whose assistance in the statistical analyses was invaluable to this project. I am thankful to my other committee members, Dr. Benjamin Hebblethwaite, Dr. Ratree Wayland, and Dr. Brent Henderson, for their valuable and insighful comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to scholars who have directly or indirectly contributed to or inspired my work in Northern Belize. These researchers include: Usha Lakshmanan, Ad Backus, Jacqueline Toribio, Mark Sebba, Pieter Muysken, Penelope Gardner- Chloros, and Naomi Lapidus Shin.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic Violence and the Implications For
    ABSTRACT WITHIN AND BEYOND THE SCHOOL WALLS: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING by Elizabeth Joan Cardenas Domestic violence complemented by gendered inequalities impact both women and children. Research shows that although domestic violence is a global, prevalent social phenomenon which transcends class, race, and educational levels, this social monster and its impact have been relatively ignored in the realm of schooling. In this study, I problematize the issue of domestic violence by interrogating: How do the family and folk culture educate/miseducate children and adults about their gendered roles and responsibilities? How do schools reinforce the education/miseducation of these gendered roles and responsibilities? What can we learn about the effects of this education/ miseducation? What can schools do differently to bridge the gap between children and families who are exposed to domestic violence? This study introduces CAREPraxis as a possible framework for schools to implement an emancipatory reform. CAREPraxis calls for a re/definition of school leadership, home-school relationship, community involvement, and curriculum in order to improve the deficiency of relationality and criticality skills identified from the data sources on the issue of domestic violence. This study is etiological as well as political and is grounded in critical theory, particularly postcolonial theory and black women’s discourses, to explore the themes of representation, power, resistance, agency and identity. I interviewed six women, between ages 20 and 50, who were living or have lived in abusive relationships for two or more years. The two major questions asked were: What was it like when you were growing up? What have been your experiences with your intimate male partner with whom you live/lived.
    [Show full text]