Heliolatry in the Hebrew Bible: an Investigation Into Yahweh's Original Nature a Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Requi
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HELIOLATRY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO YAHWEH’S ORIGINAL NATURE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY DANIEL SARLO AUGUST 11, 2019 iv ABSTRACT This dissertation is an historical investigation of the ancient Israelite god, Yahweh, that seeks to determine his original nature. The author evaluates a range of scholarly proposals, presents and examines numerous passages that span the chronology of the HB, and culminates with a case study of one of the oldest texts in the HB—Deuteronomy 33:2–3,. Refuting the most recent scholarly consensus, that Yahweh was at first a minor storm god, it is argued that he was a very typical ANE solar deity. Since in the ANE the solar deity was the central god of the pantheon and head of the divine council, the implication is that Yahweh was an extremely significant god from the beginning or, at least, by the time the United Monarchy was established, which is the terminus ante quem established by the textual evidence from ancient Israel. v ABBREVIATIONS Language Abbreviations: Akk. Akkadian Arab. Arabic Aram. Aramaic Eg. Egyptian Grk. Greek Heb. Hebrew (Biblical Hebrew) Hur. Hurrian IE Indo-European NWS Northwest Semitic PSem. Proto-Semitic Sem. Semitic Soq. Soqotri Sum. Sumerian Ug. Ugaritic Technical Abbreviations: adj. adjective adv. adverb aka. also known as ANE Ancient Near East BCE before the common era c. approximately (Latin: circa) col. colon CS common, singular CP common, plural vi cf. compare (Latin: confer) diss. dissertation e.g. for example (Latin: exempli gratia) ed(s). editor(s), edited by, edition esp. especially et al. and others (Latin: et alii) etc. and so forth (Latin: et cetera) FP feminine, plural FS feminine, singular Fig(s). Figure(s) ff. and following (Latin: folios) GN geographical name HB Hebrew Bible i.e. that is (Latin: id est) incl. including km. kilometres lit. literally mi. miles MP masculine, plural MS masculine, singular MT Masoretic Text Mt. Mount n. noun PN proper name p(p). page(s) trans. translator v(v). verse(s) vb. verb vol(s). volume(s) vii Primary Source Abbreviations: 1 Sam 1 Samuel 2 Sam 2 Samuel 1 Kgs 1 Kings 2 Kgs 2 Kings 1 Chr 1 Chronicles 2 Chr 2 Chronicles Amos Amos BD Book of the Dead CT Coffin Text Col Colossians Dan Daniel Deut Deuteronomy EN Enki and Ninhursag EE Enuma Elish EG Epic of Gilgamesh Exod Exodus Ezek Ezekiel Gen Genesis Hab Habakkuk Hos Hosea Isa Isaiah Jer Jeremiah Job Job Joel Joel Jon Jonah Josh Joshua Judg Judges Lev Leviticus Mal Malachi Matt Matthew Mic Micah viii Nah Nahum Neh Nehemiah Num Numbers Obad Obadiah Ps(s) Psalm(s) Prov Proverbs PT Pyramid Texts Ruth Ruth Qoh Qoheleth SP Samaritan Pentateuch Sir Sirach (Ben Sira) Zech Zechariah Zeph Zephaniah Secondary Source Abbreviations: ADPV Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins ALASP Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-Palästinas und Mesopotamiens ATANT Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments AOTC Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries ASJ Acta Sumerologica AUU Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis AAT Ägypten und Altes Testament AZG Die ägyptische und die zoroastrische Glaubenslehre ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures ALHR American Lectures on the History of Religions ASEST Analekten für das Studium der exegetischen und systematischen Theologie AB Anchor Bible AYB Anchor Yale Bible ix ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992 ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by James B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969 AntOr Antiguo Oriente Ant Antiquity ApOTC Apollos Old Testament Commentary AAE Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy AEL An Arabic-English Lexicon. By Edward William Lane. 8 vols. London: Williams & Norgate, 1863 ATSAT Arbeiten zu Text und Sprache im Alten Testament ABG Arbeiten zur Bibel und ihrer Geschichte AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums AfO Archiv für Orientforschung ARG Archiv für Religionsgeschichte AR Archiv für Religionswissenschaft ArOr Archív orientální AuOr Aula Orientalis AuOrSup Aula Orientalis Supplementa ANVAO Avhandlinger utgitt av det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo BaM Baghdader Mitteilungen BCOTWP Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms BZABR Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für altorientische and biblische Rechtsgeschichte BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft BVB Beiträge zum verstehen der Bibel BzA Beiträge zur Altertumskunde BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament BBVO Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient BTZ Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift BibTS Bibbia e Terra Santa BK Bibel und Kirche BT The Bible Translator BHQ Biblia Hebraica Quinta Bib Biblica x BibOr Biblica et Orientalia BJSUCSD Biblical and Judaic Studies from the University of California, San Diego BA Biblical Archaeologist BibInt Biblical Interpretation BIS Biblical Interpretation Series BibSem The Biblical Seminar BW The Biblical World BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium BdeP Bibliothèque de la Pléiade BdE Bibliothèque d’étude BSac Bibliotheca Sacra BibB Biblische Beiträge BN Biblische Notizen BZ Biblische Zeitschrift BKAT Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament BlAR Blackwell Ancient Religions BHAW Blackwell History of the Ancient World BOT De Boeken van het Oude Testament BBB Bonner biblische Beiträge BEC Books on Egypt and Chaldaea BOREAS BOREAS: Münstersche Beiträge zur Archäologie BAT Die Botschaft des Alten Testaments BTCB Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible BRLJ Brill Reference Library of Judaism BARIS British Archaeological Reports, International Series BFER British and Foreign Evangelical Review BEHJ Bulletin des études historiques juives BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BASORSup Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplementary Studies BCSBS Bulletin of the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies BCSMS Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies BIOSCS Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies xi BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BurHM Buried History Monograph BBK By-Paths of Bible Knowledge CBC Cambridge Bible Commentary CBSC Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges CNI Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Studies CH Carta Handbook CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Edited by Miguel Civil et al. Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1964– 2010 CFTL Clark’s Foreign Theological Library CL Cognitive Linguistics CF Collectanea friburgensia CHS Commentary on the Holy Scriptures CDA2 Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Edited by Jeremy Black, Andrew George, and Nicholas Postgate. Second Edition. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000 ConBOT Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament Series CR Contemporary Review CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium CHANE Culture and History of the Ancient Near East CM Cuneiform Monographs DDAH Debates and Documents in Ancient History DLZ Deutsche Literaturzeitung DCH Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Edited by David J. A. Clines. 9 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 1993–2014 DDD Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst. Leiden: Brill, 1995 DUL A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Edited by Gregorio del Olmo Lete and Joaquín Sanmartín. Translated by W. G. E. Watson. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2004 DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DTUT Dissertationes theologiae universitatis Tartuensis xii DMOA Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui EB Echter Bibel ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses ErIsr Eretz-Israel EdF Erträge der Forschung EPJS Essential Papers on Jewish Studies EstBib Estudios Bíblicos EDE Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. By Gábor Takács. 3 vols. HdO 48. Leiden: Brill, 1999–2007 EJS European Journal of Sociology EvT Evangelische Theologie EdH L’évolution de l’humanité EuZ Exegese in unserer Zeit: Kontextuelle Bibelinterpretation EB The Expositor’s Bible ExpTim The Expository Times FIOTL Formation and Interpretation of Old Testament Literature FOTL Forms of the Old Testament Literature FF Forschungen und Fortschritte FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament FARG Forschungen zur Anthropologie und Religionsgeschichte FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments FThSt Freiburger theologische Studien GM Geuthner Manuels GDBS Gorgias Dissertations, Biblical Studies GUS Gorgias Ugaritic Studies GHKAT Göttingen Handkommentar zum Alten Testament GTW Grundriss der theologischen Wissenschaften GAT Grundrisse zum Alten Testament BWGG Het Handboek: Bibliotheek van wetenschappelijke Geschriften over den Godsdienst HdO Handbuch der Orientalisk (Handbook of Oriental Studies) HKAW Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament HAG Handbücher der alten Geschichte xiii HKAT Handkommentar zum Alten Testament HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HTR Harvard Theological Review HAL Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. By Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm. 3rd ed. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1967–1995 HBSP Hebrew Bible in Social Perspective HS Hebrew Studies HUCA Hebrew