2020 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

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Kingston upon Hull City Council

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

June 2020 for period 2019.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Local Authority Dave White Officer Department Environmental Protection

Address 33, Witham. Hull. HU9 1DB

Telephone 01482 300300

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference A_S_R_2019_Hull_YorkshireV4 number Date June 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Kingston upon Hull.

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

As with previous years, nitrogen dioxide continues to be the main pollutant of concern in Hull, and levels along the A63 Trunk Road have not reduced sufficiently to consider revoking the AQMA that is in place in that area, although Highways England are still progressing road scheme changes that would resolve that.

Across the rest of the City, most of the monitoring sites show either no increase or a reduction in levels when compared to 2013 or earlier.

As highlighted in previous reports, the monitored results from some sites merited closer investigation.

Site S3 is still showing a general upward trend, however this is adjacent to the A63 Trunk Road and has had significant roadworks immediately adjacent to it. This will therefore be addressed with the pending Highways England measures.

Site S23, is located at the edge of a pedestrianised area, which currently has no relevant exposure. We will continue to monitor to help inform any potential changes in that situation and we are in conversations with a number of bodies, including the bus companies, with a view to initiating emission reduction measures, and we are in regular contact with H.E. and their consultants to investigate any opportunities to improve this further, and ensure that emissions are minimised during the works.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i Kingston upon Hull City Council

The levels from S33, S36 and S41 near the A1033, were highlighted as showing an increase and the cause was not clear. Discussions with the Environment Agency and HCC Highways did not reveal any obvious sources; however they each reviewed the situation. Levels now seem to have reduced in each of those areas, and this is supported by the results from the additional monitor we sited near S36 to try to determine the extent of the levels, and also to try to investigate the possibility of it being related to the monitor itself. Levels at the three sites have now reduced, but no specific cause for the increase was determined. We will continue to keep the situation under review.

As it is currently located on land that will form part of the revised A63, our monitor unit at the Myton Centre will need to be moved, and we have identified a site on Associated British Ports (ABP) land adjacent to the A1033, and the unit is expected to be relocated there in July 2020.

There were no exceedances of the 1-hour mean nitrogen dioxide objective at any of the automatic monitoring sites.

There have been no measured exceedances of the PM10 annual mean or daily mean objectives over the period 2011 to 2019.

PM2.5 is monitored at Hull Freetown AURN site, and values have shown very little variation since 2011. Actions to Improve Air Quality

The previous Action Plan has now been revised, and is now included in the Council’s Air Quality Strategy, which was approved by Cabinet in July 2017.

The Air Quality Strategy is fully supported by the Leader of the Council, the Chief Executive and Heads of Service, and includes a requirement for all proposals put to Cabinet demonstrate that they have considered the Air Quality implications of their proposals.

Regular workshops involving staff from each department of the Council have been initiated, with a view to collating ideas on how the authority can reduce its impact on air quality and demonstrating that it is leading by example, and these have been taken up very positively by staff, and the measures are added to the Action Plan element of the Council Strategy on an ongoing basis.

Kingston upon Hull City Council is also continuing to work closely and hold meetings with local businesses and environmental groups, such as Friends of the Earth, with a view to developing initiatives to improve air quality in the area. Schemes such as clean air zones are being actively considered.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii Kingston upon Hull City Council

As mentioned in the previous report, the format of the feedback presented to Cabinet has been altered to make the achievements, priorities and problems clearer. We see this as a positive step that demonstrates that the Council is fully committed to improving air quality and protecting the health of residents and visitors, rather than just achieving the objectives.

We have also received approval for internal funding for the purchase of a mobile monitoring unit for nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. This will be used to investigate hotspots identified by monitoring, or issues raised by concerned citizens. It will also be used as an aid for public presentations and in schools. Unfortunately, the impact of the covid-19 virus has led to delays in receiving quotes, but this will be progressed at the earliest opportunity, and requests for quotations are expected to be sent out in July 2020.

As there have been a number of recent changes, and others are being discussed, we are carrying out additional monitoring in the area of Ferensway near to the Transport Interchange. This will involve utilizing the mobile monitor mentioned in the previous paragraph, additional diffusion tubes, as well as a revised assessment of relevant exposure. The methodology is presented in Appendix F of this report, along with a description of the area and changes. Conclusions and Priorities

As the existing AQMA is largely a consequence of the emissions from vehicles on the national trunk road that runs along the southern edge of the City Centre, and this is being addressed by Highways England, the priority for Kingston upon Hull City Council in the coming year is to support this by reducing annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations outside of the existing AQMA.

We will continue to hold regular staff workshops to encourage involvement and ideas aimed at minimizing the Council’s impact on the environment, and promote the ethos of the Air Quality Strategy.

As mentioned in the last report, we previously tried to present the actions that related to the reporting year. From last year’s report onwards, the aim is to present information that relates to the time the report is written. This is because things are moving quickly in some areas, and we feel it is important to keep the report up to speed. An example of this is the feasibility study to determine the value of acquiring additional mobile monitoring equipment, has concluded with internal funding being made available.

We continue to work with the local university in a study they are carrying out into micro-plastics in the atmosphere. This could have a benefit in the speciation of particulate matter. We are also investigating a joint scheme to investigate the impact of indoor air quality on health locally, and we are in the process of inputting to the University’s Climate Strategy.

We will carry out a further assessment of air quality and relevant exposure in the Ferensway area.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii Kingston upon Hull City Council

Covid 19.

Section 2.2 includes the additional measures being considered or applied as a consequence of the experiences during the lockdown period.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Members of the public can help improve air quality in the City by travelling using sustainable transport options, such as walking, running, cycling and public transport.

Kingston upon Hull City Council’s website’s air quality pages have now been upgraded to provide more information on how members of the public can help to improve air quality in the City: http://www.hull.gov.uk/node/70973

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv Kingston upon Hull City Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Kingston upon Hull...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iii Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iv 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 7 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 8 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 8 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Kingston upon Hull City Council...... 10

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 32 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 35 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 35 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 35 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 35 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 35

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 35

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 37

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ...... 38

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ...... 38 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 39 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019 ...... 53 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 56 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 68 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 76 Appendix F: Air Quality Assessment Methodology for Ferensway...... 77 Glossary of Terms ...... 80

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 9 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 15

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 39 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 40 Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 43 Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 47 Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results...... 48 Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results ...... 49 Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results ...... 50 Table A.8 – SO2 Monitoring Results ...... 52 Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019 ...... 53 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Figures

Figure 2.2a – NO2 Concentrations during covid-19 related lockdown ...... 14 Figure 2.2b – PM2.5 Concentrations during covid-19 related lockdown ...... 14 Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations ...... 46 3 Figure A.2 – Trends in Number of NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m .. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean PM10 Concentrations ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3 Figure A.4 – Trends in Number of 24-Hour Mean PM10 Results >50µg/m ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure A.5 – Trends in Annual Mean PM2.5 Concentrations ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure A.6 – Trends in SO2 Concentrations ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 vi Kingston upon Hull City Council

1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Kingston upon Hull City Council during 2019. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Kingston upon Hull City Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Error! Reference source not found. in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

9 Kingston upon Hull City Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Kingston upon Hull City Council can be found in

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

9 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local- authorities?la_id=139 – see full list at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/list. Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMA(s).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

9 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Is air Level of Exceedance quality in (maximum the AQMA monitored/modelled Pollutants Action Plan influenced concentration at a AQMA Date of and Air City / One Line by roads location of relevant Name Declaration Quality Town Description controlled exposure) Objectives by At Date of Highways Now Name Link Declaration Publication England? An area of the City centre, bordered to the west by Coltman St, Hessle Rd and Strickland Hull Air St and to the Quality north by Action Plan. NO2 Hull Hull AQMA Kingston Anlaby Rd, Incorporated 01/08/2005 Annual YES 64 µg/m3 40* µg/m3 2017 AQMA 1 (A) upon Hull Carr Ln, into the Hull Mean 1 (A) Whitefriargate, City Council Scale Ln and Air Quality Silver St and Strategy to the east by the River Hull and the south by the Humber Estuary.

*NB. The exceedance in previous reports related to site S14. Monitoring shows that this has now fallen below the objective with a value of 34µg/m3. The exceedance shown relates to site S3, which is some 400m west of S14. The levels here will have been influenced by long term roadworks. ☒ Kingston upon Hull City Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date.

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2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Kingston upon Hull City Council.

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded “On the basis of the evidence provided by the local authority the conclusions reached are acceptable for all sources…the report included measures to address PM2.5 and links to the Public Health Outcomes Frameworks. This is welcomed and encouraged to be continued in future ASRs…Priorities for 2019 were identified, which is welcomed. Progress made on these priorities should be reported on in next year’s report…Comments from the previous appraisal were included and addressed, this is welcomed.”

Kingston upon Hull City Council has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2020 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.

More detail on these measures can be found in their respective documentation.

Key completed measures are:

Smoke Control - The Secretary of State has given approval for our submission to consolidate the 25 existing Smoke Control Orders into a single, clearer Order covering the whole of the City. This came into force on the 1st of June 2020.

Planning – The Planning Guidance for developers and Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) has shown to be largely successful in encouraging Developments to minimise their emissions, rather than simply achieving the Air Quality Objectives.

The taxi licensing policy has been amended, and now includes provisions for electric taxis and for drivers to switch the engine off when stationary.

Associated British Ports (ABP) – We have been working closely with ABP and The Port Health Authority on the production of an Air Quality Strategy for the Port. This includes locating an air quality monitoring station within the Port.

Mobile Analysers – We are in the process of purchasing a mobile monitor to use in investigating localised issues, as well as for public and educational events.

Smart Cities - We continue to investigate initiatives to utilise the Smart Cities scheme to assist in raising awareness.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 11 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Children’s University – We have engaged with the Children’s University to incorporate Local Air Quality into their broader remit.

Schools Pledge – We contribute to the Schools Pledge element of HeadStart by offering a number of learning packages and projects to schools.

Parking Pledge – In a multi-Agency initiative involving HCC, Safer Roads Humber and the Police, we are looking to produce a Pledge that Schools could sign up to, that commits them to tackling issues associated with the School run.

Youth Parliament – We are actively engaged with the Youth Parliament, who are currently working on a number of air quality related initiatives, one being the Schools Parking Pledge.

Friends of the Earth – We continue to meet regularly and fully engage with Friends of the Earth, which has led us to engaging with many other useful contacts.

Rooted in Hull – We have approached Rooted in Hull, and are currently looking at potential joint initiatives.

Public Health England (PHE) – We met with Public Health England to add our views to the structure of their future work streams.

We fully engage with Area Committees with some agreeing to fund a monitoring and awareness raising project in their ward and Local Councillors are currently discussing this with resident groups.

Behaviour Change Officer Group – A group of Officers meet to investigate ways of joint working to encourage greener choices.

We attend UKRI/Met Office Strategic Priorities Fund workshops and provided the Local Authority perspective on future funding streams.

We are assisting the University in a potential project to develop a City wide inventory of health and air quality data that can be used to help inform the impact of air quality and health, with a view to more specific targeting of actions.

Hull University – We have been working with the University on a project investigating the health impacts of atmospheric micro-plastics, as there is little if any data on this globally. This will also help us understand the composition of small particulate matter, so that we can focus our actions on reducing the more significant sources. We are

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 12 Kingston upon Hull City Council currently awaiting a response to a funding bid aimed at investigating the association between indoor air pollution and health.

Hull and Humber Environment Forum. – Further discussions have taken place with a view to initiating a number of awareness raising initiatives.

Kingston upon Hull City Council has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2019 in pursuit of improving local air quality. They are primarily associated with continuing the measures initiated last year. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.

Kingston upon Hull City Council’s priorities for the coming year are to continue to build on the support and commitment offered by leading Councillors, Senior Managers and Officers in implementing The Air Quality Strategy, and Air Quality measures, as well as the actions required as a consequence of declaring the Climate Emergency, which all help to demonstrate that we are leading by example when promoting schemes to expand the measures in to the wider community. We will be completing the air quality element of the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment. We will be working more closely with bus companies and the Council’s Major projects team to improve bus patronage and improve bus and cycle routes.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Kingston upon Hull City Council anticipates facing are as mentioned in the previous report and they are that the primary cause of the exceedance is emissions from vehicles using the A63, and this is not within the Control of the Authority. This leaves us with potential issues when the major works commence. Another consequence is that the rest of the areas where people are exposed are below the objectives, which means some future development applications could have the potential to add to a potential creep of background levels, and we would be limited in our ability to fully minimise that.

Progress on the removal of the exceedance that has resulted in the AQMA has been slower than expected due to it being out of the direct control of the authority, who can only influence and support the measures proposed by Highways England, and they have been waiting for approval from Central Government.

Kingston upon Hull City Council anticipates that the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will achieve compliance in Hull AQMA1 when Highways England completes their works. As a summary of progress, in 2010 Highways England made

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 13 Kingston upon Hull City Council the Preferred Route Announcement for the A63 Castle Street Improvement Scheme. The scheme improves a 1.5 kilometre section of the A63 in Hull to improve journey times for road users through the conversion of a major interchange into a split level junction. The scheme also includes the provision of two new pedestrian bridges, one of which is currently being built, together with an improved pedestrian route underneath the A63. Work is currently ongoing to refine the design and to consider the logistics of minimising the impact of the works during its construction. The Development Consent Order for the scheme was submitted in Summer 2018 with an anticipated start of works in 2020 and open in 2025. This has now been approved, and works are about to commence.

Highways England has now completed improvement works to the A63 Garrison Roundabout to address delays and congestion.

Covid-19 At the time of writing, the Country is still under lock down as a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic. This has resulted in reduced emissions and consequently lower measured concentrations, particularly for NO2 of around 30%. The situation for PM2.5, with a reduction of around 20%, and for ozone is less clear, and potentially influenced by the exceptional high amounts of solar energy in spring, and longer than normal periods of easterly winds bringing emissions from continental Europe over the UK. Figure 2.2a shows the current rolling 7 day average in comparison to the average of the previous 5 year 7 day rolling average for NO2, with Figure 2.2b showing the same for PM2.5. Both values are taken from the Hull Freetown AURN site. https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/networks/site-info?uka_id=UKA00450 The Authority and local people are keen to ensure that the improvements in air quality are maintained once the lockdown is lifted, and a number of separate groups of Officers and members are looking at a variety of options, generally related to supporting working from home, staggered working and a shift in transport modes, and measures associated with the school run. A number of the measures detailed in the Action Plan summary have been brought forward, and include adaptations made possible by the current situation. One example of this are moves to extend the cycling facilities, which includes a widening of cycle facilities on key arterial routes, and even closing some roads to private cars. It is very early in what is a very fluid situation, and future ASR’s will provide more detail.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 14 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Figure 2.2a: The current rolling 7 day average in comparison to the average of the previous 5 year 7 day rolling average for NO2 as at 10/06/2020

Source: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/

Figure 2.2b: The current rolling 7 day average in comparison to the average of the previous 5 year 7 day rolling average for PM2.5 as at 10/06/2020

Source: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 15 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisation Reduction in Estimated / Key Comments / Measure s involved Planning Implementation Pollutant / Progress to Actual Measure EU Category EU Classification Performance Barriers to No. and Funding Phase Phase Emission from Date Completion Indicator implementation Source Measure Date

Discussions - Various sites Supporting Dunswell Alternatives to Further considered and Bus based Park & Under Designation of general 2 Park & private vehicle Highways tbc partnership tbc progressed, but Ride review site background Ride use with Highways some matters improvements. England outstanding.

Introduction/increa se of environment Supporting Environment Permitted Environmental charges through payments general 3 al Health / Complete On going on going on going National regulation processes Permits permit systems received background DEFRA and economic improvements. instruments

Introduction/ increase of Supporting environmental Environment Environmental payments general 4 funding through al Health / Complete On going on going on going National regulation Permits received background permit systems DEFRA improvements. and economic instruments

Large Combustion Supporting Achieved via Environment Environmental Plant Permits and conditions general planning conditions 5 al Health / Complete On going on going on going Permits National Plans included background and consultation with DEFRA going beyond BAT improvements. EA

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 16 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Measures to Supporting reduce pollution Environment Environmental conditions general 6 through IPPC al Health / Complete On going on going on going Permits included background Permits going DEFRA improvements. beyond BAT

Other measure through permit Environment Environmental 7 systems and al Health / None currently. Permits economic DEFRA instruments

Tradable permit system through Environment Environmental 8 permit systems al Health / None currently. Permits and economic DEFRA instruments

Supporting Considered as Freight and On going and Delivery and Fleet - Major Plans general general strategy and 9 Delivery On going On going periodically On going Service plans Projects requested background through planning Management reviewed. improvements. applications

Fleet - Supporting Considered as Freight and Freight On going and Planners - Under Centre's general general strategy and 10 Delivery Consolidation On going periodically On going Major review created background through planning Management Centre reviewed. Projects improvements. applications

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 17 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Freight Supporting Considered as Freight and On going and Partnerships for Fleet - Major Under Centre's general general strategy and 11 Delivery On going periodically On going city centre Projects review created background through planning Management reviewed. deliveries improvements. applications

Supporting Freight and Planning - Quiet & out of schemes general Achieved via 12 Delivery EH - Major On going On going on going on going hours delivery approved background planning conditions Management Projects improvements.

Route Planning - Supporting Considered as Freight and Management Highways - On going and Under Centre's general general strategy and 13 Delivery Plans/ Strategic Transport On going periodically On going review created background through planning Management routing strategy for Policy - Major reviewed. improvements. applications HGV's Projects

Policy Supporting Air Quality Strategy Guidance and Planning + general Recognised in Local 14 Planning and On going 2018 produced and Completed 2018 Development EH background Plan. Policy Guidance accepted Control improvements.

Policy Supporting EH and all Strategy Guidance and Low Emissions general Information Integral with the Air 15 other On going 2018 produced and 2018 Development Strategy background gathering Quality Strategy departments accepted Control improvements.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 18 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Regional Groups Co-ordinating Policy programmes to Supporting Guidance and develop Area wide EH + general 16 On going On going On going on going on going Development Strategies to YALPAC background Control reduce emissions improvements. and improve air quality

Policy Production Supporting Sustainable Informati Guidance and Procurement and general 17 Procurement on 2018 on going 2018 Development +EH acceptance of background Guidance Gathering Control Guidance improvements.

Emission control equipment for small and medium Various Supporting Promoting sized stationary EH - Conditions options Revised legislation general 18 Low Emission combustion Planning - Current On going applied to considered on going and guidance background Plant sources / DEFRA sources and being pending. improvements. replacement of investigated. combustion sources

Low Emission Current green fuel Various Fuels for Cleaner Supporting ethos of fleet Promoting Fleet - EH - options stationary and fuelled general management to be 19 Low Emission Procurement Current On going considered On going mobile sources in equipment background supported with Plant - regen and being Public purchased improvements. procurement investigated. Procurement guidance

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 19 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Various Fleet management Other measure for Supporting Promoting Fleet - EH - Other options have on going low emission fuels general 20 Low Emission Procurement Current On going measures considered on going practice of for stationary and background Plant - regen applied and being investigating cleaner mobile sources improvements. investigated. technology

Public Fleet management Cleaner Supporting Promoting Procurement of Fleet - EH - have on going fuelled general 21 Low Emission stationary Procurement Current On going on going on going practice of equipment background Plant combustion - regen investigating cleaner purchased improvements. sources technology

Regulations for Supporting Promoting fuel quality for low Local Authority EH + Trading Tighter general 22 Low Emission emission fuels for Current Current on going on going supportive of Standards regulation background Plant stationary and national measures. improvements. mobile sources

Fleet management have on going Shift to Supporting practice of Promoting installations using Fleet - EH - Other general investigating cleaner 23 Low Emission low emission fuels Procurement Current On going measures on going on going background technology. Plant for stationary and - regen applied improvements. Procurement mobile sources Strategy will contribute.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 20 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Fleet management have on going practice of investigating cleaner technology. The Council have purchased 9 electric vehicles in 2016/17 and 2017/18 and Company Vehicle Fleet - Various installed three new Cleaner Supporting Promoting Procurement - procurement initiatives charge points for fuelled general 24 Low Emission Prioritising uptake - Climate Current On going considered on going fleet vehicles in equipment background Transport of low emission Change and 2017. We have plans purchased improvements. vehicles manager investigated. in place to increase the number of fleet vehicles as diesel lease vehicles come up for renewal as well as increase fleet and staff accessible charge points over the remainder of 2017/18

EH - Highways - On going. Good relationship Planners - Initial groups with Friends of the Transport Supporting Promoting Low Emission and contacts Earth and other policy - Commen Designation of general 25 Low Emission Zone (LEZ) ie On going generated, 2018 community groups Climate ced defined area background Transport Fruit Market Area. and some trial developed, with Change improvements. projects regular meetings and Manager - initiated. drivers for action. Major Projects

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EH - Highways - Planners - Supporting Promoting Priority parking for Transport Commen Schemes general Integral with the Air 26 Low Emission On going On going. On going LEV's policy - ced approved background Quality Strategy Transport Parking - improvements. Major Projects Procuring alternative Refuelling Supporting Promoting infrastructure to Under schemes general Discussion 27 Low Emission promote Low EH - York tbc tbc review approved background stage Transport Emission improvements. Vehicles, EV recharging, Gas fuel recharging

Current green fuel ethos of fleet management to be supported with procurement guidance. Take up supported and encouraged through Public Vehicle the provision of Fleet - Cleaner Supporting Promoting Procurement - publicly accessible Climate fuelled general 28 Low Emission Prioritising uptake Current On going On going On going charge points. For Change equipment background Transport of low emission example Osbourne advisor purchased improvements. vehicles Street car park once completed will have 6 public accessible charge points and we are also looking to install some more in George Street and Pryme Street in 2019/20.

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Fleet management have on going practice of investigating cleaner technology. The Various Council have initiatives purchased 9 electric investigated vehicles in 2016/17 and reviewed. and 2017/18 and Licensing installed three new Cleaner Supporting Promoting Policy charge points for Taxi emission EH + fuelled general 29 Low Emission Current On going reviewed and on going fleet vehicles in incentives licensing equipment background Transport to be 2017. We have plans purchased improvements. ammened to in place to increase include more the number of fleet air quality vehicles as diesel measures in lease vehicles come next release. up for renewal as well as increase fleet and staff accessible charge points over the remainder of 2019/20 On going. Initial groups and contacts Good relationship generated, with Friends of the Supporting and some trial Promoting Earth and other Taxi Licensing Commen Designation of general projects 30 Low Emission licensing On going 2018 community groups conditions ced defined area background initiated. Transport developed, with improvements. Policy regular meetings and reviewed to drivers for action. include more air quality measures.

Supporting Promoting Encourage / Human Uptake of general 31 Travel Facilitate home- Tbc tbc tbc tbc resources home working background Alternatives working improvements.

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healthy Supporting Promoting Intensive active lifestyles + Campaigns general Integral with the Air 32 Travel travel campaign & On going On going On going On going sustainable initiated background Quality Strategy Alternatives infrastructure travel officer improvements.

On going. healthy Supporting Working Promoting Personalised lifestyles + general groups formed Integral with the Air 33 Travel On going On going Plans initiated On going Travel Planning sustainable background under City Quality Strategy Alternatives travel officer improvements. Manager Leadership.

On going. Supporting Working Promoting Promote use of Under schemes general groups formed 34 Travel rail and inland EH On going tbc review approved background under City Alternatives waterways improvements. Manager Leadership.

On going. healthy Supporting Working Promoting Promotion of lifestyles + Campaigns general groups formed Integral with the Air 35 Travel On going On going On going cycling sustainable initiated background under City Quality Strategy Alternatives travel officer improvements. Manager Leadership.

On going. healthy Supporting Working Promoting Promotion of lifestyles + Campaigns general groups formed Integral with the Air 36 Travel On going On going On going walking sustainable initiated background under City Quality Strategy Alternatives travel officer improvements. Manager Leadership.

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Discussion stage. Schools - Supporting Promoting Working School Travel planning - Consider schemes general Integral with the Air 37 Travel tbc groups formed tbc Plans Major ed approved background Quality Strategy Alternatives under City Projects improvements. Manager leadership.

On going. Supporting Working Promoting Highways - Workplace Travel Under schemes general groups formed Integral with the Air 38 Travel Transport tbc tbc Planning review approved background under City Quality Strategy Alternatives Policy improvements. Manager Leadership.

Integral with the Air Quality Strategy. Supporting Consolidation of Public Media Under Campaigns general Information 39 Via leaflets 2018 2018 Smoke Control Information Relations review initiated background gathering Areas to be used as improvements. a method of raising awareness.

Supporting Public Via other Media Under Campaigns general Information Integral with the Air 40 2018 2018 Information mechanisms Relations review initiated background gathering Quality Strategy improvements.

Supporting Public Media Under Campaigns general Information Integral with the Air 41 Via radio 2018 2018 Information Relations review initiated background gathering Quality Strategy improvements.

Supporting Public Media Under Campaigns general Information Integral with the Air 42 Via television 2018 2018 Information Relations review initiated background gathering Quality Strategy improvements.

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Supporting Public Media Under Campaigns general Information 3 Via the Internet 2018 2018 Information Relations review initiated background gathering improvements.

Supporting Consideration given Traffic Anti-idling Under schemes general Discussion to practicality and 44 EP tbc tbc Management enforcement review approved background stage locations. Added to improvements. taxi licensing policy

Supporting Emission based Parking - Traffic Consider schemes general Discussion 45 parking or permit Transport tbc tbc Management ed approved background stage charges Policy improvements.

Supporting Reduction of Highways - Many zones already Traffic general 46 speed limits, Transport On going Current Zones created On going On going created. Additional Management background 20mph zones Policy zones considered. improvements.

Road User Highways - Other measures Traffic Charging (RUC)/ Consider Location 47 Transport N/A Zones created Considered N/A being investigated Management Congestion ed dependant Policy and applied first. charging

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 26 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Strategic highway improvements, Schemes are under Re-prioritising routine review. road space away Highways - Feasibility study into from cars, Transport suitability of AQ Traffic including Access Policy - Changes Location 48 On going On going On going On going monitors to support Management management, Parking - made dependent traffic flows Selective vehicle Major underway. Quality priority, bus Projects bus corridors under priority, high review. vehicle occupancy lane

EH attends spot Supporting checks with VOSA, Traffic Testing Vehicle tests carried general but this has not 49 EH On going On going On going on going Management Emissions out background happened recently improvements. due to resources/priorities.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 27 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Two improvement Schemes currently being progressed by Highways England namely: - A63 Castle Street Improvement - Development Consent Order to be submitted in summer On going 2018. Start of A63 UTC, Congestion Traffic Highways Changes Garrison Rd Construction 2020. 50 Improvem management, On going On going AQMA Revoked On going Management England made Completed Funding confirmed ents traffic reduction 2020 subject to progressing through all procedures and still being 'Value for Money' - A63 Garrison Roundabout Improvement - Funding confirmed - scheme to be completed by 2020. SCOOT System is currently being upgraded to provide improved system UTC, Congestion Highways - flexibility and Traffic Changes Location 50(a) management, Transport On going On going On going On going performance.Feasibil Management made dependent traffic reduction Policy ity study into suitability of AQ monitors to support traffic flows underway.

Workplace Planners - Supporting Parking Levy, Feasibility Integral Traffic Major Under schemes general Discussion 51 Parking tbc tbc with the Air Quality Management Projects - review approved background stage Enforcement on Strategy Parking improvements. highway

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 28 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Bus boarders are being introduced at various locations Transport Bus route Transport Changes Location within the City to 52 Planning and On going On going On going On going improvements Policy made dependent help encourage bus Infrastructure travel. Quality bus corridors under review.

New toilets and waiting area Supporting provided within Transport Sustainable Network general Paragon Interchange 53 Planning and Cycle network On going On going On going On going travel officer improvements background to improve Infrastructure improvements. passenger experience of rail travel

Supporting Transport Public cycle hire Sustainable Under Schemes general Information 54 Planning and tbc tbc scheme travel officer review initiated background gathered Infrastructure improvements.

New toilets and waiting area Public transport provided within Transport improvements- Paragon Interchange Transport Changes Location 55 Planning and interchanges On going On going On going On going to improve Policy made dependent Infrastructure stations and passenger services experience of rail travel. Cycle hub o be initiated 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 29 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Supporting Vehicle Fleet Driver training and Fleet Under general Integral with the Air 56 On going Training given On going tbc Efficiency ECO driving aids management review background Quality Strategy improvements.

Supporting Fleet Management Fleet efficiency Vehicle Fleet Fleet schemes general have a good record 57 and recognition On going On going On going On going Efficiency management approved background of achieving various schemes improvements. eco scheme awards.

Supporting Promoting Low Vehicle Fleet EP - Under Campaigns general Information Integral with the Air 58 Emission Public 2018 2018 Efficiency Licensing review initiated background gathering Quality Strategy Transport improvements.

Fleet vehicles are Supporting routinely tested, Vehicle Fleet Testing Vehicle Fleet Vehicles general consideration is 59 On going On Going On going On going Efficiency Emissions management tested background being given to improvements. extending this to the 'grey' fleet.

Fleet management have a good record Supporting Vehicle of adopting Vehicle Fleet Fleet Retrofits general 60 Retrofitting On going On going On going On going schemes, and are Efficiency management applied background programmes looking for finance improvements. for further opportunities.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 30 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Information Supporting Alternatives to gathering - Car & lift sharing Human Under Schemes general Integral with the Air 61 private vehicle tbc Various tbc schemes resources review initiated background Quality Strategy use initiatives improvements. investigated

Supporting Alternatives to Human Under Schemes general Information Integral with the Air 62 private vehicle Car Clubs tbc tbc resources review initiated background gathering Quality Strategy use improvements.

Discussions - Alternatives to Further Rail based Park & 63 private vehicle External partnership Ride use with Highways England

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 31 Kingston upon Hull City Council

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 32 Kingston upon Hull City Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Kingston upon Hull City Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

PM2.5 has been monitored at one site in Kingston upon Hull since the 27th of August

2008. The finer particulates are targeted instead of PM10 to align more closely with reports from Public Health England and health interests of the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment.

Kingston upon Hull City Council is taking forward measures within the Air Quality

Strategy, which incorporates the Action Plan, which will help to address PM2.5 concentrations. The measures which focus on behavioural change should also reduce PM2.5 emissions from transport, as well as the proposals for the A63 Trunk Road and the changes to the traffic light system, which will help reduce fuel usage to some extent (by smoothing traffic flow), and hence PM2.5 emissions.

As mentioned in the previous reports, Kingston upon Hull City Council continues to work with Public Health colleagues to prioritise action on air quality in their local area to help reduce the health burden from air pollution. The Public Health Outcomes Framework (PHOF) is a Department of Health data tool for England, intended to focus public health action on increasing healthy life expectancy and reducing differences in life expectancy between communities. The PHOF includes an indicator, based on the effect of particulate matter (PM2.5) on mortality. The approach used in partnership with Public Health colleagues includes the encouragement of active travel, which will also have wider public health benefits captured in other indicators such as increased physical activity (indicator 2.13) and reducing excess weight at various ages (indicators 2.6 & 2.12). NICE guidance on air pollution and health is in draft at this current time. When this has been adopted the measures suggested by the NICE guidance on control and reduction of PM2.5 emissions will be adopted.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 33 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Transport is a significant source of local PM2.5. Kingston upon Hull Local Transport Plan 2011 sets out a number of measures by which it aims to improve air quality in

Kingston upon Hull that will have an effect on the levels of PM2.5. For example, Chapter 11 of the plan looks at Air Quality, and states that;

 The Council already has a network of 52 electric vehicle charging points, 14 of which are located in George Street multi-storey and the rest are at Council buildings and depots. The charging points were installed when the Council had an electric vehicle fleet five years ago before the manufacturer withdrew from the market.

The Council was part of a Yorkshire bid for funding from the Plugged in Places initiative to develop a network of charging points throughout Yorkshire including up to 70 additional charging points in 37 locations throughout the City. Unfortunately the bid was unsuccessful but the Council is still looking for alternative sources of funding to progress this initiative.

 The Council is currently purchasing 10 electric vehicles a year as part of the decarbonising of its fleet, and has added a number of electric pool vehicles for use by staff.

 Investigations into reducing tyre wear are ongoing.

Air Quality is a key element in the recently published Local Plan for Kingston upon

Hull, and the reduction of PM2.5 will be considered within this.

The planning system is inevitably focussed on addressing issues within the AQMA declared for NO2. However, it is important that measures to address NO2 do not inadvertently increase PM2.5 concentrations. One example of this may be through giving centralised energy plant consent without fully assessing the impacts on PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. A Supplementary Planning Document has been produced, and was adopted as part of the Local Plan 2018. We continue to apply the requirements of this when commenting on planning applications, and ensure that they meet the requirements of Hull City Council’s Air Quality Strategy. The aim is to minimise emissions to protect health.

The existing 25 Smoke Control Orders in force in the City, were enacted between 1959 and 1992, and can be the cause of some confusion. An order has been made

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 34 Kingston upon Hull City Council for these to be revoked, and replaced by a single, clearer Smoke Control Order covering the whole of the City. This came into force in June 2020. This is seen as an opportunity to raise awareness of the issues around solid fuel combustion and fine particulate.

We are also assisting the local University in a study of atmospheric micro-plastics, which could provide additional detail on the make-up of fine particulate.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 35 Kingston upon Hull City Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

Kingston upon Hull City Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at one site during 2019. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites. National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Kingston upon Hull City Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of

NO2 at 53 sites during 2019. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2019 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 36 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

The results of monitoring undertaken in 2019 highlight that exceedances of the nitrogen dioxide annual mean objective continue to be measured at locations within the AQMA, supporting the continued need for the declaration. However, it should be noted that the site with the highest values previously (S14), has now fallen below the objective, and the exceedence relates to a site (S3) that is in the vicinity of long term road works.

The previous report showed that monitored values greater than the annual nitrogen dioxide annual mean objective were measured at various locations outside of the AQMA in 2017, and recent monitoring shows whilst these have reduced, the situation remains the same as when these were previously investigated, which concluded that the monitoring locations were in extreme hotspots, and levels had reduced to below the objectives at the point that receptors were liable to be exposed for the relevant averaging period.

Across the rest of the City, most of the monitoring sites show either no increase or a reduction in levels when compared to 2013 or earlier. The previous report highlighted five sites that stood out as an exception to this. Site S3 is still showing a general upward trend, however this is adjacent to the A63 Trunk Road and in close proximity to long term road works, and will therefore be addressed with the pending Highways England measures.

Site S23, is located at the edge of a pedestrianised area, which currently has no relevant exposure in the proximity, therefore LAQM TG16 paragraphs 7.77 – 7.79 do not apply. We monitor to help inform any potential changes in that situation.

Site S24 is located on the edge of a ‘plaza’ in front of a major shopping centre adjacent to a busy main road that feeds to and from the main arterial routes, the orbital box and the transport interchange. Initially, whilst there was some

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 37 Kingston upon Hull City Council seating, this was primarily an area pedestrians passed through rather than spent any time, with the only buildings being small shopping ‘pods’, one of which housed our NOx analyser. At that time there was no relevant exposure, but we kept a close eye on the area due to the monitored levels and the potential for the use of that area to change and bring receptors in, as we are aware that this is something desired within the City.

More recently, the shopping ‘pods’ have been replaced by a café with outdoor seating. There are also measures aimed at increasing outdoor retail use in that area, as well as others in the City.

In 2020, as there have been some recent changes in the use of areas in the City Centre and Ferensway and other initiatives that could influence relevant exposure, it is proposed to carry out a further assessment of levels and public activity in that location. Details of the methodology are presented in Appendix F of this report.

Of more concern were the levels from S33, S36 and S41, as the cause was not apparently clear. We consulted with HCC Highways and the Environmnet Agency and gathered additional data from point sources to determine if they have made any changes that may have been missed in previous status reports. We also added an additional monitor near S36 to try to determine the extent of the levels, and also to try to investigate the possibility of it being related to the monitor itself. The results from these sites are shown in Table A3, and show that the levels are no longer increasing, but we will continue to monitor the situation.

There were no exceedances of the 1-hour mean nitrogen dioxide objective at any of the automatic monitoring sites.

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Table A.5 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored PM10 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

Table A.6 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored PM10 daily mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 50µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year.

There have been no measured exceedances of the PM10 annual mean or daily mean objectives over the period 2010 to 2019.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 38 Kingston upon Hull City Council

The PM10 monitor at the Hull Freetown AURN site was moved to a new AURN roadside site on Holderness Rd and commenced monitoring in January 2015. The initial results shows a slight measured increase on previous years. We will continue to keep the situation under review and it will form a part of the considerations for proposed road improvements.

PM10 levels within the AQMA show a decrease for 2019, and still well below the objectives.

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Table A.7 in Appendix A presents the ratified and adjusted monitored PM2.5 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years.

PM2.5 is monitored at Hull Freetown AURN site, and values have shown very little variation since 2011 and are generally around the WHO value of 10µg/m3.

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Table A.8 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored SO2 concentrations for 2019 with the air quality objectives for SO2.

SO2 is monitored at the Hull Freetown AURN site, and has been suspended at the Council’s own site at the Myton centre as a review showed that there have been no exceedances of the objective from either site and levels have been consistently low, so the cost of continuing to monitor was not felt to be justified.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 39 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance to Distance to X OS Y OS Inlet Site Pollutants In Monitoring Relevant kerb of Site Name Site Type Grid Grid Height ID Monitored AQMA? Technique Exposure nearest Ref Ref (m) (m) (1) road (m) (2) Myton NO2; CM1 Hot Spot 509068 428270 Y API 0 12 2.5 Centre PM10 NO2; Hull Urban PM2.5; CM2 Freetown 509482 429322 N API, FIDAS 0 2 2.5 background SO2; CO; (AURN) O3 Hull NO2; CM3 Holderness Roadside 511794 430511 N API, FDMS 3 3 2.5 PM10 Rd (AURN)

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 40 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance Distance Tube to to kerb of collocated X OS Grid Y OS Grid Pollutants In Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Relevant nearest with a Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? (m) Exposure road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? S1 Dairycoates Roadside 507865 427719 NO2 YES 3 3 NO 2.5 Humber S2 Kerbside 509735 428435 NO2 YES 0 1 NO 2.5 Dock St Castle St S3 Kerbside 509502 428434 NO2 YES 3 0 NO 2.5 (hotel) S4 Spruce Rd Roadside 509131 428244 NO2 YES 3 3 NO 2.5 S5 Tadman St Kerbside 508524 427975 NO2 YES 2 1 NO 2.5 S6 Hessle Rd Roadside 508140 427802 NO2 NO 3 3 NO 2.5 Ice House S7 Kerbside 508905 428502 NO2 YES 4 3 NO 2.5 Rd S8, S9, Myton Hot Spot 509068 428271 NO2 YES 4 12 YES 2.5 S10 Centre S11 Daltry St Roadside 508489 427986 NO2 YES 5 2 NO 2.5 Earl de S12 Roadside 509513 428462 NO2 YES 0 3 NO 2.5 Grey Princes S13 Roadside 509727 428473 NO2 YES 0 3 NO 2.5 Dock Side Castle St S14 Kerbside 509917 428437 NO2 YES 3 0 NO 2.5 (rd) Castle St Urban S15 509913 428446 NO2 YES 1 10 NO 2.5 (wall) Centre S16 Lowgate Kerbside 510039 428687 NO2 NO 3 0 NO 2.5 S17, S18, Francis St Roadside 509482 429322 NO2 NO 3 2 YES 2.5 S19 (AURN) S20 Spring Bank Roadside 508819 429372 NO2 NO 2 3 NO 2.5 S21 Park St Kerbside 508780 428925 NO2 NO 4 0 NO 2.5

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 41 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Paragon Sq S22 Kerbside 509273 428811 NO2 NO 3 0 NO 2.5 (r) Paragon Sq S23 Roadside 509299 428797 NO2 NO 3 3 NO 2.5 (C) St Stephens S24 Kerbside 509186 428904 NO2 NO 3 0 NO 2.5 (x) S25 Ashcombe Roadside 508698 434348 NO2 NO 3 3 NO 2.5 S26 County Rd Roadside 506590 430671 NO2 NO 5 3 NO 2.5 Calvert S27 Roadside 505914 429362 NO2 NO 3 2 NO 2.5 Lane S28 HRI Roadside 508413 428659 NO2 YES 7 2 NO 2.5 S29 Anlaby Rd Kerbside 507345 428738 NO2 NO 3 1 NO 2.5 Plimsoll S30 Kerbside 510721 428732 NO2 NO 5 1 NO 2.5 Way Hedon Rd - S31 Kerbside 512269 429295 NO2 NO 5 0 NO 2.5 Newtown Southcoates S32 Roadside 511681 430396 NO2 NO 2 3 NO 2.5 Lane Marfleet S33 Lane - Kerbside 513924 430381 NO2 NO 7 0 NO 2.5 Preston Rd S34 Princes Ave Kerbside 508233 429887 NO2 NO 3 1 NO 2.5 Blanket S35 Roadside 509876 428349 NO2 YES 3 2 NO 2.5 Row 2 Hedon Rd/ S36 Marfleet Kerbside 514129 429321 NO2 NO 5 1 NO 2.5 Lane S37 Valetta St Roadside 514387 429162 NO2 NO 30 0 NO 2.5 S38 Askew Ave Roadside 505781 427896 NO2 NO 10 1 NO 2.5 Fortune S39 Background 512678 432075 NO2 NO 3 8 NO 2.5 Close Cavendish S40 Kerbside 511951 432090 NO2 NO 3 0 NO 2.5 Rd

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 42 Kingston upon Hull City Council

S41 Leads Rd Kerbside 511529 433117 NO2 NO 20 1 NO 2.5 S42 Sutton Rd Kerbside 508299 432952 NO2 NO 7 0 NO 2.5 Wetherby S43 Background 506972 433172 NO2 NO 2 40 NO 2.5 Close Marfleet S44 Roadside 514113 429329 NO2 NO 2.5 2.5 NO 2.5 Junction S45 Kingswood Kerbside 510211 434794 NO2 NO 40 1 NO 2.5 Newland S46 Kerbside 508276 430730 NO2 NO 1 3 NO 2.5 Bridge Beverley S47 Roadside 508603 431582 NO2 NO 4 3 NO 2.5 Road Stoneferry S48 Roadside 510380 431236 NO2 NO 3 2 NO 2.5 Rd St Georges S49 Other 510054 428839 NO2 NO 1 1 NO 2.5 Rd Inglemire S50 Kerbside 507876 432075 NO2 NO 3 1 NO 2.5 Lane S51 Glebe Road Kerbside 510317 431730 NO2 NO 18 1 NO 2.5 North Rd S52 Kerbside 506448 427484 NO2 NO 8 1 NO 2.5 Roundabout S53 Fire Station Kerbside 506018 428892 NO2 NO 4 2 NO 2.5

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 43 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

3 (3)(4) NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Valid Data Capture Valid Data Monitoring Site ID Site Type for Monitoring Capture 2019 Type Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

CM1 Other Automatic 94 94 22.7 25.3 24.1 23.6 26 Urban CM2 Automatic 99 99 24 23 23.6 22 22 Background CM3 Roadside Automatic 100 100 31 30 29 27 26

S1 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83 83 29 28 29 27 S2 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83 83 31 27 25 24 26 S3 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92 92 44 46 47 43 42 S4 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 36 35 33 34 31 S5 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 32 31 30 29 26 S6 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 29 31 29 29 30 Urban S7 Diffusion Tube 100 100 21 21 25 21 20 Background S8, S9, S10 Other Diffusion Tube 100 100 30 26 25 25 25 S11 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 32 28 31 29 29 S12 Roadside Diffusion Tube 58 58 39 36 34 34 36 S13 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 45 37 34 38 37 S14 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92 92 44 48 47 41 36 S15 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 36 35 36 33 32 S16 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 75 75 36 35 36 33 32 Urban S17, S18, S19 Diffusion Tube 100 100 25 22 25 23 23 Background S20 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 31 33 31 32 29 S21 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 25 27 25 26 27

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 44 Kingston upon Hull City Council

S22 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 41 39 38 40 S23 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 33 32 30 30 S24 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 47 52 45 45 S25 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 44 23 21 20 S26 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27 25 25 26 25 S27 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 26 26 26 27 26 S28 Roadside Diffusion Tube 75 75 23 30 28 27 S29 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92 92 35 35 35 36 34 S30 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26 26 24 25 24 S31 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 24 25 26 24 24 S32 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27 25 26 27 26 S33 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27 26 28 26 24 S34 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26 29 32 26 S35 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 30 23 21 19 20 S36 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 44 43 47 39 37 S37 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 33 36 35 35 34 S38 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 23 24 18 20 Urban S39 Diffusion Tube 100 100 18 17 16 17 17 Background S40 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26 22 26 24 22 S41 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 33 31 36 32 27 S42 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26 28 30 29 27 Urban S43 Diffusion Tube 100 100 16 14 14 14 13 Background S44 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27 22 35 30 S45 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 30 24 18 19 S46 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 31 28 25 26 24 S47 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 83 83 33 35 35 32 31

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 45 Kingston upon Hull City Council

S48 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 35 33 38 34 35 S49 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 21 20 22 26 S50 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27 17 17 17 S51 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 39 39 38 S52 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 20 22 S53 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 83 83 28 23

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 46 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 47 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture Valid Data NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Monitoring Site ID Site Type for Monitoring Capture Type (1) (2) Period (%) 2019 (%) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

CM1 Hot Spot Automatic 99 99 0 0 0 0 0 Urban CM2 Automatic 99 99 0 0 0 0 0 background CM3 Roadside Automatic 99 99 0 0 0 0 0

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 48 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture for Valid Data Capture PM10 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site Type Site ID Monitoring Period (%) (1) 2019 (%) (2) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 CM1 Hot Spot 92.7 92.7 0 0 17.5 18.3 16 Urban CM2 99 30 14 - - - 15(3) background CM3 Roadside 94 94 - 16 17 20 21

☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the PM10 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 49 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results

3 (3) PM10 24-Hour Means > 50µg/m Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Valid Data Capture Site ID Site Type Period (%) (1) 2019 (%) (2) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

CM1 Hot Spot 92.7 92.7 0 0 3 2 0 Urban CM2 99 30 4 - - - 0 (21) background CM3 Roadside 99 94 - 5 3 2 (34) 9

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the PM10 24-hour mean objective (50µg/m not to be exceeded more than 35 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 90.4th percentile of 24-hour means is provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 50 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results

3 (3) PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Valid Data Capture Site ID Site Type Period (%) (1) 2019 (%) (2) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

CM2 Roadside 95 95 11 11 10 11 11

☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 51 Kingston upon Hull City Council

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 52 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Table A.8 – SO2 Monitoring Results Number of Exceedances 2019 Valid Data Capture (percentile in bracket) (3) Valid Data Capture Site ID Site Type for monitoring (2) (1) 2019 (%) 15-minute 1-hour 24-hour Period (%) Objective Objective Objective (266 µg/m3) (350 µg/m3) (125 µg/m3) Urban CM2 95 95 0 0 0 background

Notes:

Exceedances of the SO2 objectives are shown in bold (15-min mean = 35 allowed a year, 1-hour mean = 24 allowed a year, 24-hour mean = 3 allowed a year) (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the relevant percentiles are provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 53 Kingston upon Hull City Council

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.77) and Data Nearest Annualised (1) Exposure (2)

S1 42.3 41.8 31.7 37.2 33.6 32.6 33.8 15.3 40.6 39.9 34.9 26.9 25.5 S2 38.8 38.8 31.3 31.9 30.7 23.6 13.4 38 54.4 35.4 33.6 25.9 24.6 S3 60.8 56.3 59 58.8 55.3 58 55.6 53.3 29.2 63.9 54.1 54.9 42.3 40.2 S4 51.1 39.4 42.3 37.6 37.2 43.2 38.3 35.6 19.5 43.9 45.4 43.1 39.7 30.6 29.1 S5 45.7 40 32.9 36.7 30.1 15.5 30.8 28.4 16.8 39.8 53.2 35.4 33.8 26.0 24.7 S6 42.2 44.7 36.1 49.5 34.9 33.7 33.9 35.1 17.4 41.2 47.9 43.4 38.3 29.5 28.0 S7 33.1 30.4 24.7 32.5 21.8 19.8 20.6 17.1 9.7 30.8 42.4 27.7 25.9 19.9 18.9 S8 38.6 41.8 29.4 38.7 30.3 30.2 27.1 25.8 14.8 34.7 48.1 39.4 33.2 25.6 24.3 S9 33.4 28.1 30.8 36 29 28.7 22.2 27.1 13 35.5 45.9 39.8 30.8 23.7 22.5 S10 28.1 43.2 30 36.1 29 29.2 27 24.9 13.5 36.4 44.4 40.4 31.9 24.5 23.3 S11 48.6 55.4 33.3 41 35.1 31.1 29.7 35 17.1 45.4 49.2 38.3 29.5 26.5 S12 47.8 44.8 43.5 38.8 14.7 59.8 51.8 43.0 27 27 S13 37.5 54.8 58.9 43.7 46.5 42.9 46.8 46 22.5 55.7 71 48.7 47.9 36.9 35.1 S14 42.6 57.1 40.5 51 45.3 46 40.9 24.8 53.6 73.2 43.7 47.2 36.3 34.5 S15 58.8 45.2 47.5 37.8 39.6 36.5 39.2 32.4 20.4 46.9 46 40.9 31.5 29.9

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S16 49.3 43.5 48 35.9 38.8 40.9 37.6 20.1 58.6 41.4 31.9 30.3 S17 38.8 34.5 30 24.9 23.8 20.2 22.7 26.3 13.8 34.7 42.7 43.5 29.7 22.8 21.7 S18 36.1 34.3 29.4 24 23.1 22.5 22.1 26.9 13.7 33.9 41.2 36.3 28.6 22.0 20.9 S19 67.4 33.3 29.1 21.4 23.8 23 21.9 27.1 13.9 34.9 42.6 34.4 31.1 23.9 22.7 S20 39.5 39.9 36.5 36.2 37 29.7 31.9 18.7 45.5 51.6 43.4 37.3 28.7 27.3 S21 45.8 37.3 27.6 41.7 32.4 30.4 31.1 27.6 15.5 38.8 53.8 34.6 34.7 26.7 25.4 S22 63.6 63.8 64.5 40.7 45.6 44.7 45.8 50.5 24 53.5 65.7 62.1 52.0 40.1 38.1 S23 47.2 47.1 48.1 29.1 32.9 33.8 42.4 35 17.7 43 51 46.8 39.5 30.4 28.9 S24 75.1 78.2 62.4 38.7 48.5 56.9 54.7 61.5 28.6 58.2 69 72 58.7 45.2 42.9 S25 33.1 33.6 22 22.3 21.1 21.7 18.8 21.9 12.3 28.1 39.7 30.2 25.4 19.6 18.6 S26 46.9 39.5 33.3 37.5 25.3 23.5 24.8 25 14.6 38.9 45 36.9 32.6 25.1 22.6 S27 44 40.1 28.8 31.2 30.9 22.1 23.9 16.3 39.1 49.3 38.6 33.1 25.5 24.2 S28 46.4 43.8 36.8 32.7 35.6 35.2 16.1 47.5 51.1 35.2 27.1 27.1 S29 63.7 49.6 23.1 42.1 46.4 44.2 40.7 39.8 24.4 61.4 45.8 43.8 33.7 32.0 S30 45 31.9 31.7 29.6 25.5 29.5 24.8 21.8 14.1 34.2 52.6 27.2 30.7 23.6 21.2 S31 29.8 42.4 28 33.1 25.7 27.4 25.8 29.6 14.2 34.7 45.7 33.9 30.9 23.8 21.4 S32 41 51.5 31.5 34.5 27.6 27.2 28.4 33.8 16.3 38.4 40.2 42 34.4 26.5 25.1 S33 41.5 44.2 29.6 29.1 22.7 26.3 23.1 25.8 14.3 36.1 41.5 38.3 31.0 23.9 21.5 S34 56.8 42 31 41.2 30.8 29.5 27 25.5 17.6 43.9 55.8 1.2 33.5 25.8 24.5 S35 38 27.7 26.3 28.1 22.7 21.3 20.4 16.7 11.1 26.4 42.9 25.1 25.6 19.7 18.7 S36 65.4 56.3 46.7 32.8 42.6 41.2 0.6 88 24.3 54.2 64.5 54.6 47.6 36.7 33.0 S37 53.1 46.6 47.9 44.8 42.9 39 38.2 38.1 20.9 50.9 65.8 46.5 44.6 34.3 26 S38 32.2 30 52.2 24.8 19.2 18.3 16.5 17.2 10.7 27.7 37.6 26.3 26.1 20.1 19.1 S39 33.7 31.6 22.2 16 14 14.1 12.3 17.2 10.1 28.1 33.9 27.6 21.7 16.7 15.9 S40 45 31.8 29.3 26.8 21.6 20.7 19.4 22.6 12.6 32 42.8 34.6 28.3 21.8 20.7 S41 50.4 45.9 40.5 29.7 29.6 28.4 30.2 39.3 20.2 45.3 41.3 26.4 35.6 27.4 24.7 S42 46.8 41.6 32.2 31.6 32.4 27.6 29.4 27.4 17.9 40.7 47.5 39.8 34.6 26.6 24.0

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S43 24.8 23.8 15.5 15.6 13.6 10.7 9.5 12.8 7.6 21.1 26.7 25.8 17.3 13.3 12.6 S44 56.9 10.6 48.4 31.6 35.2 32.5 38.5 38.7 20.6 49.5 56.9 45.1 38.7 29.8 29.8 S45 36.8 31.3 22.6 15.1 19.1 18.4 18 20.5 11.9 32.7 32.3 36.7 24.6 19.0 18.0 S46 39.1 40.6 30.1 28.5 25.7 27.1 23.8 26.5 14.6 41.6 42.1 34.6 31.2 24.0 24.0 S47 36.8 43.7 39 40.2 28.6 36.5 20 48.3 60.5 47.4 40.1 30.9 29.3 S48 55.1 61 48 30.5 36.6 37.2 39 44.3 23 50.7 58.9 54.5 44.9 34.6 31.1 S49 51.5 43.2 45.5 31.3 37.8 38.1 30.2 33.8 10.1 25.5 35.4 28.1 34.2 26.3 25.0 S50 30.7 26.3 22.6 22.5 15.3 16.8 15.2 18.3 10 26.4 35 31 22.5 17.3 16.5 S51 64.7 62 51.1 40.8 44 43.9 42.9 44.8 26 54.9 62.2 58.1 49.6 38.2 29 S52 37.9 38.2 26.9 30.4 22.7 23.8 18 21.2 12.7 30.7 43 33.9 28.3 21.8 19.6 S53 39.3 24.9 34.7 23 25.5 18.7 14.3 34.4 52.3 34.1 30.1 23.2 22.0

☐ Local bias adjustment factor used ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

Decision for correction factor:

Tables C.1 and C.2 show that the AEA spreadsheet for diffusion tube precision and accuracy returned the following values for tri-located diffusion tubes:

Freetown Way 0.78 Myton Centre 0.84 National factor. 0.77 (Spreadsheet Version Number: 04/18)

It was decided to use the factor of 0.77 as the correction for the diffusion tube data, as with due consideration to the comments in the previous Defra appraisal, it was felt that the data from the Myton Centre, being in a hotspot was less representative of the City as a whole, and that the local value from Freetown Way Urban background site whilst possibly appropriate, was not quite as consistent with previous values as the factor derived from the national scheme. Sensitivity analysis was carried out, by applying each value to the data in order to determine which seemed to correlate more with the results of previous years, as well as the real time analysers.

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Table C.1 Myton Centre Diffusion Tube Validations.

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Table C.2. Freetown Way Diffusion Tube Validation

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Table C3a. Freetown Way PM10 Annualisation.

Annualisation: Freetown Way PM10 B1 D1 B1 when D1 is available B1 D1 B1 when D1 is available Myton Freetown Holderness Rd Freetown Jan 12 22 Feb 19 37 Mar 15 22 Apr 18 31 May 17 17 Jun 17 17 Jul 16 17 Aug 17 21 Sep 14 12 14 16 12 16 Oct 15 12 15 16 12 16 Nov 19 16 19 21 16 21 Dec 16 14 16 20 14 20 Am M Pm Am M Pm 16.25 13.6167284 16 21.4571 13.616728 18.29763513

R1 = Am/Pm 1.015625 R2 = Am/Pm 1.1726705 Ra = 1.09414775 Corrected Value M x Ra = 14.8987127

NB: Myton Centre is a non-AURN site located in an AQMA, and Holderness Rd is an AURN roadside site. These sites have been used as they are felt to be the most appropriate available data for comparison to the AURN Urban background site. The corrected result is in line with the declared annual mean of 14µg/m3 on the Defra data archive. https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/

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Table C3b. Earl d Grey S12 Annualisation.

Annualisation: Earl de Grey S12 B1 D1 B1 when D1 is available B1 D1 B1 when D1 is available Wetherby Cl Earl de Grey Fortune Close Earl de Grey Jan 25 47.8 25 34 47.8 34 Feb 24 44.8 24 32 44.8 32 Mar 16 43.5 16 22 43.5 22 Apr 16 16 May 14 38.8 14 14 38.8 14 Jun 11 14 Jul 10 12 Aug 13 14.7 13 17 14.7 17 Sep 8 10 Oct 21 28 Nov 27 60 27 34 60 34 Dec 26 52 26 28 52 28 Am M Pm Am M Pm 17.2916667 43.0285714 20.71428571 21.7333 43.028571 25.85714286

R1 = Am/Pm 0.83477011 R2 = Am/Pm 0.8405157 Ra = 0.83764288 Corrected Value M x Ra = 36.0425767

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Table C4: Diffusion Tube Correction for distance.

Distance Monitored from Correction Corrected 2019 µg/m3 Ann Ave x 0.77 façade Factor Value (m) S1 Dairycoates 35 27 3 0.95 26 S2 Humber Dock Street 34 26 2 0.95 25 S3 Castle Street Hotel 55 42 3 0.95 40 S4 Spruce Road 40 31 3 0.95 29 S5 Tadman Street 34 26 3 0.95 25 S6 Hessle Rd 38 30 3 0.95 28 S7 Ice House Road 26 20 4 0.95 19 S8 Myton (Trailer) 33 26 4 0.95 24 S9 Myton (Trailer) 31 24 4 0.95 23 S10 Myton (Trailer) 32 25 4 0.95 23 S11 Daltry St 38 29 5 0.90 27 S12 Earl De Grey 43 33 3 0.95 31 S13 Princes Dock Side 48 37 2 0.95 35 S14 Castle st (Road) 47 36 3 0.95 34 S15 Castle st (Wall) 41 32 2 0.95 30 S16 Lowgate 41 32 3 0.95 30 S17 Francis Street (AQMS) 30 23 3 0.95 22 S18 Francis Street (AQMS) 29 22 3 0.95 21 S19 Francis Street (AQMS) 31 24 3 0.95 23 S20 Spring Bank 37 29 2 0.95 27 S21 Park/Londesborough St 35 27 4 0.95 25 S22 Paragon Square (Road) 52 40 3 0.95 38 S23 Paragon Square (Cenotaph) 40 30 3 0.95 29 S24 St Stephens Crossing 59 45 3 0.95 43 S25 Ashcombe Road 25 20 3 0.95 19 S26 County Rd 33 25 5 0.90 23 S27 Calvert Lane 33 26 3 0.95 24 S28 HRI 35 27 0 1.00 27 S29 Anlaby Rd 44 34 3 0.95 32 S30 Plimsoll Way 31 24 5 0.90 21 S31 Hedon Rd (Road) 31 24 5 0.90 21 S32 Southcoates Lane 34 26 2 0.95 25 S33 Marfleet Lane 31 24 7 0.90 22 S34 Princes Ave 34 26 2 0.95 25 S35 Blanket Row 2 26 20 3 0.95 19 S36 Hedon Road/Marfleet 48 37 5 0.90 33 S37 Hedon Road/Valetta Street 45 34 30 0.75 26 S38 Askew Ave 26 20 3 0.95 19 S39 Fortune Close 22 17 3 0.95 16 S40 Cavendish Rd 28 22 3 0.95 21 S41 Leads Rd Roundabout (2) 36 27 20 0.75 21 S42 Sutton Rd 35 27 7 0.90 24 S43 Wetherby Close 17 13 2 0.95 13 S44 Marfleet Junction 39 30 0 1.00 30 S45 Kingswood School 25 19 2 0.95 18 S46 Newland Bridge 31 24 0 1.00 24 S47 Beverley Rd 40 31 4 0.95 29 S48 Stoneferry Road 45 35 10 0.90 31 S49 St Georges Road 34 26 3 0.95 25 S50 Inglemire 23 17 3 0.95 16 S51 Glebe Rd 50 38 18 0.75 29 S52 North Rd Roundabout 28 22 8 0.90 20 S53 Calvert Stn 30 23 4 0.95 22 2-5 m 0.95 5-10m 0.9 10-20m 0.75

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QA/QC of Automatic Monitoring

General

"Monitoring" means the use of devices (of different degrees of sophistication) to measure the concentration of specific pollutants at a given point.

The technology now exists to monitor air quality automatically with good accuracy, precision and time resolution: An extensive national network has been established over the last few years with such equipment, including a monitoring site in Hull.

Hull City Council has also established its own monitoring station and other sites for nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes throughout the City.

As a general rule, the better and more detailed the data produced by a piece of equipment, the more expensive it tends to be to buy and operate. However, cheap simple devices are useful as a survey tool.

Technical details of the various monitoring techniques are summarised in Appendix 3 of Stage Three of Kingston upon Hull City Council Update and Screening Assessment of Air Quality, December 2015. Full details of the analysers can be found in the AUN site operator's manual.

Types of Monitoring

Automatic Analysers

These are sophisticated, automatic instruments that continuously measure pollutant levels. Data is stored and transmitted to a central control-point for checking and analysis. The instruments are subject to elaborate calibration checks to ensure the reliability of the data generated. Variations in pollutant levels can be seen virtually in real time with these instruments.

The Government has a network of these analysers in cities across the United Kingdom, known as the Automated Urban Network (AUN). These are organised in monitoring stations containing instruments for measuring Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides (NO and N02), Sulphur dioxide, Ozone and PM10 particulates. One of the stations is located in Francis Street in the City centre, and is managed by the City Council.

The data produced is used nationally to prepare bulletins for TV, Teletext and other media and it is also made available to anyone who wants access to it, for example via the Internet.

Hull City Council had previously established its own network of analysers approved to a similar standard, but now operates one automatic site. These were used to investigate air quality at different places of interest in the city.

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Quality Assurance

When carrying out a Review and Assessment of air quality or simply monitoring to provide information on air quality for the public, the data collected must be trustworthy and scientifically credible. It is vital, when monitoring pollution to know the accuracy and precision of the technique used.

Accuracy is defined as "the closeness of agreement between a single measured value and the actual air quality characteristic or its accepted reference value".

Precision is the "closeness of agreement between mutually independent test results obtained by repeating a measurement several times under stipulated conditions".

Another important aspect of monitoring is data capture. This is the proportion of the time that the instrument in question is gathering good data, i.e. it is not malfunctioning or out of service. With respect to monitoring performed in connection with LAQM, Review and Assessment, the statutory Guidance prescribed 90% data capture as the minimum standard to aim for.

Detailed, documented procedures are laid down to ensure that accuracy and precision is kept with acceptable limits. These are referred to as Quality Assurance/Quality Control ("QA/QC") procedures. In compliance with the Government Guidance detailing how this Review and Assessment should be done, full details of these matters, together with estimates of the accuracy and precision of the various monitoring techniques used are set out in Review and Assessment: Technical Guidance LAQM. TG(16) DEFRA.

The factors taken into account can be summarised as follows:

• Site Selection:

Sites are chosen to represent the appropriate site classification, as discussed above. Sites should be broadly representative of population exposure, if that is their purpose. Sites that are likely pollution "hotspots" will be selected using a combination of local knowledge, passive diffusion tube data, traffic flow and other emissions data and model simulations.

• Equipment Selection

Except for broad survey work, the most accurate and proven analytical technique for each pollutant is selected, using equipment which has been type tested and approved by an expert Government body, the National Air Quality Technical Centre (NETCEN). It is important to ensure the intercomparability of measurements made between sites, not only across Hull, but also across the UK and beyond.

• Equipment Maintenance

As well as regular inspections of equipment and checks on the data being collected by Council staff, service agreements are in place with suppliers of the equipment to ensure regular preventative maintenance and prompt rectification in the event of malfunction.

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• Calibration

With simpler techniques like diffusion tubes, precise procedures are also laid down. These include the use of "blank" tubes to act as controls and periodic intercomparison exercises between analytical laboratories to ensure that uniform standards are maintained.

• Data Collection, Processing and Validation

From April 2013 until May 2019, data was managed by SupportingU in line with AURN procedures and the results displayed on www.air-quality.net. Since May 2019, the equipment is maintained by Enviro Technology, with the data being managed by AQDM.

QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

Summary of Method

Where NO2 is monitored using diffusion tubes, the standard method recommended by NETCEN in the “UK NO2 Diffusion Tube Survey Instruction Manual” is followed. (This method is based on the Harwell Laboratory Report, reference AERE-R12133, “Measurement of NO2 in the Outdoor Environment Using Passive Diffusion Tubes”, C.H.F. Atkins, February 1996).

NO2 diffusion tubes are clear plastic tubes, with one open end and a closed end containing a NO2 absorbing chemical matrix (triethanolamine). The open end is sealed with a plastic cap before it is transported to the site. At the site, the cap is removed and the tube is mounted vertically with the open end at the bottom.

The device operates on the principle that during exposure nitrogen dioxide in air will migrate to the absorbent at a rate dependent on several quantifiable variables defined by Fick’s First Law of Diffusion:

• The path length between the top surface of the monitor and the absorbent matrix

• The cross sectional area of the sampler

• The exposure time

• The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen dioxide through air

• The ambient concentration of nitrogen dioxide

At the end of the monitoring period, the tubes are re-sealed and returned to the laboratory where they are analysed by a colorimetric method.

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Description of Monitoring Sites

General

In Hull, diffusion tubes have been used to monitor nitrogen dioxide since 1992. Currently there are 53 tubes at 49 sites that consist of 4 former UK Survey sites and 45 permanent sites (which have built up to this number since 1992).

These tubes are used to monitor general urban air pollution therefore are not located close to industrial sources. The sites that have been selected are in areas where people are present. Local knowledge has been used to select the most appropriate sites, which fall into three categories.

(a) Near-road site (kerbside):

These are situated close to a busy road (1-5m from a kerb edge). This is to show the maximum concentration of NO2 to which people may be exposed (even if it is only for short periods).

(b) Intermediate:

These are sites at distance of 20-30m from a busy road. These are to show how much NO2 people living close to busy roads are exposed to. In Hull, large numbers of people live in areas close to busy roads. Here the NO2 may not be as high as that measured close to the road, but may not be as low as typical urban background locations.

These are sites at least 50m from a busy road. At these locations, the NO2 concentrations will have equilibrated to a general urban background level. Revised Guidance

In August 2000 AEA Technology issued revised guidance regarding the classification of “Intermediate sites”. They state that the above mentioned intermediate site classification is no longer consistent with Technical Guidance Note LAQM TG1 and therefore ‘Intermediate’ sites have been dropped from the Network.

Long term survey

A comprehensive site survey has been in progress since 1992, with diffusion-tubes being exchanged at each site monthly. Monthly data is therefore available for complete years from 1993 to 2020 inclusive, apart from minor gaps. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

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Diffusion tube preparation and handling

The interval between preparation and analysis is kept to a minimum (NO2 tubes are known to degrade with storage). During storage the tubes are kept in a sealed plastic bag in a refrigerator. The laboratory used for NO2 diffusion tube analysis during 2010 was South Yorkshire Air Quality Samplers of Sheffield, but we have since changed to Environmental Scientifics Group of Didcot, who state that the samples have been analysed in accordance with SOCOTEC’s standard operating procedure ANU/SOP/1015 Issue 1. This method meets the guidelines set out in DEFRA’s ‘Diffusion Tubes For Ambient NO2 Monitoring: Practical Guidance.’

The tubes were prepared by spiking acetone:triethanolamine (50:50) onto the grids prior to the tubes being assembled. The tubes were desorbed with distilled water and the extract analysed using a segmented flow autoanalyser with ultraviolet detection. All samples were received in good condition, unless otherwise stated in the comments field of results table. Please note:

(i ) As set out in the practical guidance, the results were initially calculated assuming an ambient temperature of 11oC, the reported values have been adjusted to 20oC to allow for direct comparison with EU limits.

(ii) The reported results have not been bias adjusted.

This analysis of diffusion tube samples to determine the amount of nitrogen dioxide present on the tube is within the scope of our UKAS schedule. Any further calculations and assessments requiring exposure details and conditions fall outside the scope of our accreditation. In the AIR PT intercomparison scheme for comparing spiked Nitrogen Dioxide diffusion tubes, SOCOTEC currently holds the highest rank of a Satisfactory laboratory.

Diffusion tube positioning

In August 2000 AEA Technology issued revised guidance regarding the classification of “Intermediate sites”. They state that the above mentioned intermediate site classification is no longer consistent with Technical Guidance Note LAQM.TG1 and therefore “Intermediate” sites have been dropped from the Network.

The tubes are mounted on a mixture of lamp posts and drain pipes. No tubes are placed in recesses or corners as these can be subject to increased turbulence or stagnant air. The tubes are mounted on to spacer blocks (e.g. a plastic block) and not attached directly to any surface. However, this makes them more prominent, therefore more prone to theft. Ideally, tubes should be placed head height, but some have been placed higher where they are unlikely to be stolen.

Each site has a unique number and the tube exposed at that site is given the same number so it can be identified during analysis. A careful record is made of the start and end date/time of the exposure period.

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Time exposure and limitations of technique

The time resolution of this technique is limited and can only provide information on the integrated average NO2 concentration over the exposure period (typically 1-4 weeks). The tubes in Hull are exposed for approximately 4 weeks. Therefore the tubes cannot be used to check compliance with average hourly and daily air quality standards.

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

D1 Monitoring Locations Overview

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D2 Monitoring Locations in AQMA

CM1

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D3 Monitoring Locations West

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D4 Monitoring Locations North West

CM2

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D5 Monitoring Locations North.

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D6 Monitoring Locations Kingswood

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D7 Monitoring Locations North East

CM3

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D8 Monitoring Locations East

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

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Appendix F: Air Quality Assessment Methodology for Ferensway.

Introduction.

The area of Ferensway adjacent to the Transport Interchange, St Stephens Shopping Centre and the Cenotaph, is heavily used by pedestrians and vehicles.

It is the main thoroughfare through the City Centre to and from the A63 Trunk Road, the orbital box, the main arterial routes and the Transport Interchange.

Developments in the area mean that it is a changeable environment for air quality, but to date, there hasn’t been a period where members of the public are in the area for a period long enough to meet the criteria in the air quality objectives.

We have the monitored levels of nitrogen dioxide in the vicinity of St Stephens and the Transport Interchange with diffusion tubes since 2009. This area was the subject of a Detailed Assessment in 2013, involving two additional real time analysers and a number of additional diffusion tubes. The conclusion at that time was that the levels were within the air quality objectives, as the duration of public exposure was not within the relevant averaging periods.

We have continued to monitor in that area with diffusion tubes S22 and S23 on the eastern side of Ferensway, near the cenotaph, and S24 located on the street furniture next to the crossing from St Stephens to the interchange. S25 was located on the plaza itself until 2017, when it was removed due to changes in the plaza layout.

Monitoring locations. Ferensway runs north to south.

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While the monitored levels are still relatively high, they are falling year on year, and current measures are predicted to increase the rate of that improvement. Since the previous Detailed Assessment, there have been a number of changes in the area, with the ‘pod’ being removed and replaced with a coffee shop and outdoor seating.

There have also been some Public Realm works aimed at encouraging more people in to the City and to use the outdoor spaces more.

As a consequence, it is felt appropriate to act on the advice of Defra, and to carry out a further assessment, to ensure that members of the public are protected from poor air quality.

Methodology.

The air quality standards have three key criteria, which are:  Outdoor  Non occupational  For the relevant averaging period Box 1.1 summarises how this is to be interpreted along with the following explanatory note: “The long-term objectives apply where members of the public are likely to be exposed over the averaging period of the objective. As with the discussion of short- term objectives, this does not require the same individual to be present for a full year at a particular location, but the location must be one where people are likely to be regularly present for long periods. For instance, in the case of the 24-hour objectives, a relevant location would be one where individuals may be exposed for eight hours or more in a day, while for the annual mean objectives this might be where people are exposed for a cumulative period of six months in a year.”

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With the above in mind, the further assessment will have three key strands.

1. An assessment of public activity 2. Measurement of concentrations in the area. 3. A review of historic data and reports

To gather data on public activity, it is proposed to carry out an initial data search to determine what information exists, and then assess it to see if it is suitable. This will be supplemented by determining an appropriate assessment methodology, and carrying out further counts.

The measurement of concentrations will include siting additional diffusion tubes, and utilising a mobile air quality monitoring unit that is in the process of being purchased. Monitoring and data management will be carried out in-line with the methodologies for our existing monitoring regime, which are all at a standard suitable for inclusion in the ASR.

We will also review historic monitoring data, as well as air quality reports produced to support the works on the A63.

Dependent on the findings and timings, either an interim or full report will be included in the next ASR.

We will be continuing to work in line with Hull City Council’s Air Quality Strategy, which aims to minimise emissions and therefore concentrations at every opportunity, and this assessment should enable us to better focus those actions in the Ferensway area.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 80 Kingston upon Hull City Council Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less