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The Case of Kirsten Hansteen (1903–1974)

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The Case of Kirsten Hansteen (1903–1974) THE RISE AND FALL OF LEFT-FEMINISM IN POST-WORLD WAR II NORWAY: The Case of Kirsten Hansteen (1903–1974) By Lauritz Guldal Einarsen Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Critical Gender Studies Supervisor: Professor Francisca de Haan Second Reader: Sarah Smith CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2019 Abstract This thesis offers an amendment of the political history of Norway through a left- feminist perspective. It explores the political work of the first woman in a Norwegian government, Kirsten Hansteen (1903–1974), who, despite her pioneering role, is all but absent from Norwegian historiography. Based on archival research and feminist content analysis, the thesis uncovers the history of the left-feminist movement in Norway as well as Hansteen’s political activities in the years 1945–1949, during which she was a representative in the Norwegian Government and the Parliament for the Communist Party of Norway. The thesis’s main question is: Which role did Kirsten Hansteen play in the post-World War II Norwegian left-feminist movement? Through writing a partial political biography about Hansteen, this thesis explores how the World War II-context led to a left-feminism in Norway that perceived social inequality, gender inequality and fascism as intertwined. The larger women’s movement in Norway was characterised by a strong spirit of cooperation coming out of the war, which gradually crumbled as Cold War anti-communism increased, and the initially influential left-feminist movement became the target of hostility. This thesis shows how the anti-war position of left- feminists implicated them in the debate about Norway’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, shedding light on the Norwegian women’s movement as a Cold War arena. It further illustrates the ways in which processes of anti-communism and misogyny impacted Hansteen’s political work and the organisations she was involved in, shaping the Norwegian political landscape and women’s movement with long term effects. Such conflicts and discourses are a part of broader historical processes which have also affected how left-feminist women such as Hansteen have been remembered. This thesis argues that Hansteen personified the Norwegian left-feminist movement, and because she did not perceive women’s oppression as a gender-only issue, Hansteen has been neglected in the historiography of Norwegian women’s movements and feminisms. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements Thank you to my professor and supervisor Francisca de Haan for teaching me all I know about women’s and gender history, and helping me realise its feminist impact and potential. Thank you for sharing your seemingly endless knowledge about the history of women, feminisms, gender and women’s organisations, and for pushing me to make this thesis something to be proud of. And thank you to Kiera for helping me interpret my material, formulate my arguments, teaching me about Scottish history and in general making the process of writing one hundred pages a less daunting experience. Thank you to all my friends and comrades in Szabad Egyetem and Hallgatói Szakszervezet, for the fight for academic freedom, which is intertwined with democracy, social equality and gender equality, much in the same way that this thesis shows anti-fascism and feminism to have been for the 1940s left-feminist movement. CEU eTD Collection ii Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of original research; it contains no materials accepted for any other degree in any other institution and no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical reference. I further declare that the following word count for this thesis are accurate: Body of thesis (all chapters excluding notes, references, appendices, etc.): 29,515 words Entire manuscript: 35,025 words Signed ________________________ (Lauritz Guldal Einarsen) CEU eTD Collection iii Table of contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... ii Declaration ............................................................................................................................... iii List of figures ........................................................................................................................... vi List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... vii I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Kirsten Hansteen’s early life ........................................................................................... 2 1.2. Relevance of the study .................................................................................................... 3 II. Theory and method ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Left-feminism .................................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Women’s biography, gender history ............................................................................... 8 2.3. Archival research ........................................................................................................... 10 III. Historiography ................................................................................................................. 13 3.1. The Cold War ................................................................................................................ 14 3.1.1. The Iron Curtain and small states in Europe .......................................................... 14 3.1.2. Norwegian national party politics to the left .......................................................... 16 3.2. The Norwegian women’s movements ........................................................................... 18 3.2.1. Women’s and gender history in Norway ................................................................ 18 3.2.2. Leftist women in the historiography of the women’s movement in Norway ......... 20 3.2.3. Transnational perspectives and the WIDF ............................................................. 22 3.3. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 24 IV. A Spirit of cooperation .................................................................................................... 26 4.1. Traces of WWII ............................................................................................................. 26 4.1.1. Kirsten Hansteen and the resistance ....................................................................... 27 4.1.2. Kvinnefronten – an organ for women’s resistance ................................................. 30 4.1.3. Henriette Bie Lorentzen’s and Ravensbrück .......................................................... 33 4.1.4. Kvinnen og tiden – a magazine for women’s political mobilisation ...................... 36 CEU eTD Collection 4.2. Left-feminism in national politics ................................................................................. 40 4.2.1. The first woman in a Norwegian government ........................................................ 40 4.2.2. A Cooperation Council creating leverage for women’s issues .............................. 45 4.3. Kirsten Hansteen and transnational solidarity ............................................................... 53 4.3.1. Transnational networks .......................................................................................... 54 4.3.2. NKS and Kirsten Hansteen part ways .................................................................... 56 iv 4.4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 60 V. The Norwegian women’s movement as a Cold War arena ............................................ 62 5.1. An anti-communist backlash ......................................................................................... 63 5.1.1. The Paris congress .................................................................................................. 63 5.1.2. NKP and the WIDF ................................................................................................ 65 5.2. The Creation of the Norwegian Section of the WIDF ................................................... 70 5.2.1. La Pasionaria visits Oslo ........................................................................................ 70 5.2.2. The Norwegian Section is established .................................................................... 72 5.3. Food not canons ............................................................................................................. 75 5.3.1. Peace and women’s rights ...................................................................................... 78 5.3.2. Hansteen opposing the NAT in the Storting .......................................................... 81 5.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................
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