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The Translation of Systemic Functional Transitivity Patterns in Pride and Prejudice

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The Translation of Systemic Functional Transitivity Patterns in Pride and Prejudice QUITTING ONE SPHERE AND ENTERING ANOTHER: The translation of systemic functional transitivity patterns in Pride and Prejudice Pro gradu Annamari Korhonen Jyväskylän yliopisto Kielten laitos Englannin kieli Huhtikuu 2017 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen Kielten laitos tiedekunta Tekijä – Author Annamari Korhonen Työn nimi – Title Quitting one sphere and entering another: The translation of transitivity patterns in Pride and Prejudice Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Englannin kieli Maisterintutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Huhtikuu 2017 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Kaunokirjallisuuden suomentaminen on luovaa toimintaa, jossa kääntäjä tekee valintoja monin eri perustein. Irrottautuminen lähtötekstistä on usein välttämätöntä, jotta voidaan saavuttaa sujuva suomennos. Tässä tutkimuksessa pyrittiin selvittämään, missä määrin kaunokirjallisessa käännöksessä voidaan poiketa alkuperäistekstistä funktionaalisten kategorioiden tasolla. Tutkimuksen aineistona oli Jane Austenin teos Pride and prejudice sekä Kersti Juvan vuonna 2014 nimellä Ylpeys ja ennakkoluulo julkaistu suomennos samasta teoksesta. Tutkittavaksi valittiin kolme katkelmaa teoksesta. Katkelmat analysoitiin käyttäen Gideon Touryn deskriptiivisen käännösteorian metodia. Tarkastelun kohteena olivat systeemis-funktionaalisen kieliopin mukaiset prosessityypit ja niiden käännösvastineet. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena ei ollut arvioida käännöksen laatua tai ekvivalenssia. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että prosessityyppi säilyy muuttumattomana enemmistössä tapauksista. Poikkeamat olivat kuitenkin myös yleisiä. Kopulaverbejä hyödyntävistä luonteeltaan staattisista relationaalisista lauseista oli usein siirrytty dynaamisempiin materiaalisiin ja mentaalisiin lauseisiin ja kuvailevampien verbien käyttöön. Verbeissä tapahtuneet muutokset heijastuivat myös henkilöiden rooleihin kuvatuissa tapahtumissa ja siten koko henkilökuvaukseen. Prosessilauseita oli korvattu toisentyyppisten prosessilauseiden lisäksi myös muilla ratkaisuilla, kuten ei- finiittisillä rakenteilla. Ilmaisun selkeys ohitti tärkeydessä sekä sanatarkan käännöksen että tarpeen säilyttää sama formaalisuuden taso. Luonnollinen kieli ja eläväinen kuvaus olivat etusijalla. Tehdyt muutokset kuvastavat tapaa, jolla kaunokirjallisia suomennoksia tehdään nykylukijoille. Asiasanat – Keywords Kääntäminen, funktionaalinen kielitiede, kirjallisuuden kieli Säilytyspaikka – Depository Kielten laitos Muita tietoja – Additional information Contents List of tables and figures ............................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Discourse: a game in context ............................................................................... 8 1.2 The need for discourse analysis in translation studies .......................................... 9 1.3 Introduction to the present study ........................................................................ 10 2. TRANSLATION STUDIES: FROM LINGUISTIC EQUIVALENCE TO COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES ......................................................................... 13 2.1 Traditional approaches ...................................................................................... 13 2.2 Discourse analysis in translation studies ............................................................ 17 2.3 Descriptive Translation Studies ......................................................................... 21 2.4. Aspects of literary translation ........................................................................... 25 3. THE SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................. 27 3.1 An overview of systemic functional linguistics .................................................. 27 3.2 Process types in English .................................................................................... 31 3.3 Search for a system of process types in Finnish ................................................. 35 4. RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................ 41 4.1 Research questions ............................................................................................ 41 4.2 Selection of data ................................................................................................ 42 4.3 The analysis method .......................................................................................... 44 5. ANALYSIS OF DATA ........................................................................................... 51 5.1 The texts in their cultural contexts ..................................................................... 51 5.1.1 Preliminary assessment of the source text’s position ................................... 51 5.1.2 Preliminary assessment of the translation’s position in the target culture ..... 55 5.2 Distribution of process types in the data ............................................................ 55 5.3 Translation shifts ............................................................................................... 73 5.3.1 Basic quantitative analysis of shifts ............................................................ 73 5.3.2 Types of translation shifts in transitivity patterns ........................................ 79 5.3.2.1 Shifts between process types: relational clauses ................................... 79 5.3.2.2 Subtype shifts within process types: mental verbs ................................ 84 5.3.2.3 Shifts between finite process type patterns with character participants and other clause types ...................................................................................... 85 5.4 The construction of participants ......................................................................... 92 6. RESULTS: TRANSLATIONAL NORMS IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT ..................... 96 7. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................... 108 List of tables and figures Table 1. Quantity and proportions of different process verbs found in the data. ........... 56 Figure 1. Comparison of the distribution of process types in the data and in a registerially mixed sample of texts in English. ............................................................ 58 Table 2. Quantity and proportions of different process verbs found in excerpt 1 of the data. ............................................................................................................................ 60 Table 3. Quantity and proportions of different process verbs found in excerpt 2 of the data. ............................................................................................................................ 65 Table 4. Quantity and proportions of different process verbs found in excerpt 3 of the data. ............................................................................................................................ 69 Table 5. The quantity and proportion of clauses with and without a translation shift, presented by the source text’s clause type. ................................................................... 74 Table 6. The quantity and proportion of clauses with and without a translation shift, presented by the target text’s clause type. .................................................................... 76 Table 7. The quantities and proportions of different process and clause types in shifted translations of relational clauses. ................................................................................. 80 Table 8. The quantity and proportion of other clause types in the source text and in the translation. .................................................................................................................. 88 Table 9. Quantities and proportions of participant roles of four characters in the source and the target text. ....................................................................................................... 93 8 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Discourse: a game in context It is a central premise of discourse analysis that language cannot be understood separately from its context. People use language not only to relay information, but also to do things and to adopt various identities. James Paul Gee gives an example of an anime card game, demonstrating how the language printed on the cards gets its meaning from the rules and practices of the game, and can only be understood by someone who understands the game. This is how all communication works: it gets its meaning from the "game" within which it is used, and can only be understood through knowing the rules of the game. By "game", we of course mean the social setting where the language is being used. (Gee 2011: 2–5.) In the case examined in the present study, the game is played in the setting of a fictional upper class society in Regency England, and interpreted to a Finnish audience by a translator. The purpose of the study is to reveal some aspects of how the game is recreated in another language. A culture is a construct of semiotic systems; language is one of these systems, a part
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