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The House That Jane Built

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The House That Jane Built UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI The house that Jane built A Study of Adjectives in Character Description in Jane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice and in Its Finnish Translations Marena Haapiainen Master’s thesis English philology Department of Languages University of Helsinki May 2020 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Humanistinen tiedekunta Tekijä – Författare – Author Marena Haapiainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title The house that Jane built – A Study of Adjectives in Character Description in Jane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice and in Its Finnish Translations Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2020 135 + 82 (liitteet) Tutkielmassa kartoitetaan henkilökuvaukseen liitettyjä adjektiiveja sekä Jane Austenin romaanissa Pride and Prejudice (1813) että sen Ylpeys ja ennakkoluulo -suomennoksissa. Romaani on käännetty suomeksi kolme kertaa, ja tarkistettuja laitoksia on yksi. Suomennoksia käsitellään samanarvoisina, vaikkei tarkistettujen laitoksien sisällyttäminen tutkimuksiin ole yleistä. Tutkimuksen aineistona on alkuperäisteoksen kuusi lukua (51 sivua) ja vastaavat luvut suomennoksista, yhteensä 30 lukua. Henkilökuvauksiin liitettyjen adjektiivien merkitys pyritään selvittämään etsimällä adjektiivien suomennoksista niin yhtäläisyyksiä kuin eroja. Merkityksien muutos ajan saatossa on tutkielman tärkeä tutkimuskohde. Vanhimman (O. A. Joutsen/1922) ja uusimman (Juva/2013) suomennoksen ikäero on 91 vuotta. Tutkin käännösajankohdan heijastumista sanavalintoihin ja pyrin selvittämään, kertovatko ne jo jotakin käännöksen iästä ja ajankohdasta. Tutustun kääntäjien valitsemaan skopokseen (funktio) ja pohdin, onko uusin käännös lähimpänä alkuperäisteosta (uudelleenkääntämishypoteesi). Teoriatausta avainsanoineen koostuu uudelleenkääntämisestä, skoposteoriasta, normiteoriasta, ajan vaikutuksesta, leksikaalisesta ja diakronisesta semantiikasta sekä stilistiikasta kääntämisessä. Tutkimusmetodi on yhdistelmä semantiikasta (Ingo 1990) ja pragmatiikasta (Vehmas-Lehto 1999), mikä näkemykseni mukaan parhaiten palvelee tutkimustavoitettani. Aineistoa analysoidaan myös stilistiikan keinoin (mm. Enkvist 1973 ja Bradford 1997), ja analyysi käyttää apuna niin suomenkielisiä sanakirjoja kuin OED:n (Oxford English Dictionary) hakusanoja. Päähenkilöihin liittyviä adjektiiveja on 459, joista 20 analysoidaan. Lopullinen analysoitavien adjektiivien määrä on 23, koska kahdessa esimerkissä on enemmän kuin yksi adjektiivi. Valittuja adjektiiveja ei ole kuitenkaan riittävästi yleistävien johtopäätösten tekemiseen, joten niiden perusteella ei voi tehdä erityistä analyysiä Austenin ratkaisuista adjektiivien valinnoissa. Avainsanojen tarkastelussa ajan vaikutus näkyy vanhahtavien sanojen käytössä, sanojen muuttumisena ylätyyliseksi sekä uusien, modernien sanojen esiin tulemisessa. Kääntäjien valitsema skopos tulee selkeästi esiin suomennoksissa, mutta normit erottuvat heikommin. Tutkielman johtopäätöksissä todetaan, että yksittäisten sanojen tutkiminen on perusteltua, mutta laajemman kontekstin huomioiminen tuottaa merkityksellisempiä tuloksia. Positiivinen käännöskritiikki soveltuu suomennoksien tutkimiseen, ja se tuo suomennoksille lisäarvoa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Jane Austen, uudelleenkääntäminen, skoposteoria, uudelleenkääntämishypoteesi, aika, normit, leksikaalinen semantiikka, stilistiikka kääntämisessä, diakroninen semantiikka Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Table of contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 2 Theory .............................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Key concepts ........................................................................................... 3 2.2 Translation background ......................................................................... 11 2.3 The Skopos theory and retranslation theory .......................................... 13 2.4 Lexical semantics .................................................................................. 16 2.5 Stylistics in translation........................................................................... 19 2.5.1 OED................................................................................................... 20 2.5.2 Finnish dictionaries ........................................................................... 20 3 Methods and Materials ................................................................................... 21 3.1 Methods ................................................................................................. 21 3.1.1 Method (A) and Method (B) ............................................................. 22 3.1.2 Method (C) ........................................................................................ 27 3.1.3 Methods in Stylistics ......................................................................... 28 3.2 Materials ................................................................................................ 30 3.2.1 Source Novel & the author Jane Austen ........................................... 31 3.2.2 First Translation ................................................................................ 34 3.2.3 First Retranslation ............................................................................. 39 3.2.4 Second Retranslation ......................................................................... 41 3.2.5 Third Retranslation ............................................................................ 42 4 Analysis .......................................................................................................... 46 4.1 The selection of the research material ................................................... 47 4.2 Analysis by chapters .............................................................................. 48 4.3 Selected adjectives ................................................................................. 51 4.3.1 Adjective 1: “silly” ............................................................................ 54 4.3.2 Adjective 2: “ignorant” ..................................................................... 58 ii 4.3.3 Adjective 3: “unsocial” ..................................................................... 60 4.3.4 Adjective 4: “silent” .......................................................................... 63 4.3.5 Adjective 5: “desirous” ..................................................................... 65 4.3.6 Adjective 6: “unrestrained” ............................................................... 67 4.3.7 Adjective 7: “nonsensical” ................................................................ 69 4.3.8 Adjective 8: “your good opinion” ..................................................... 71 4.3.9 Adjective 9: “indifferent” .................................................................. 74 4.3.10 Adjective 10: “indisposed” ............................................................. 76 4.3.11 Adjective 11: “a serious attachment” .............................................. 78 4.3.12 Adjective 12: “a general expectation”............................................. 80 4.3.13 Adjective 13: “amiable” .................................................................. 82 4.3.14 Adjective 14: “honourable” ............................................................ 84 4.3.15 Adjective 15: “a most unhappy connection” ................................... 87 4.3.16 Adjective 16: “sensible” .................................................................. 91 4.3.17 Adjective 17: “the liveliest emotion” .............................................. 93 4.3.18 Adjective 18: “the happiest, wisest, most reasonable end” ............. 95 4.3.19 Adjective 19: “a more gentleman-like manner” .............................. 99 4.3.20 Adjective 20: “dearest, loveliest Elizabeth” .................................. 102 4.4 Results ................................................................................................. 104 5 Discussion .................................................................................................... 115 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 125 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 130 Appendices ............................................................................................................ 136 iii Index of tables Table 4.1: Analysis by chapters: Adjectives attached to main characters with additions. ....................................................................................................... 48 Table 4.2: Deletions by chapters. ................................................................ 49 Table 4.3: Volume I, Chapter I, p.3, “silly” Elizabeth Bennet & Jane Bennet. ...................................................................................................................... 55 Table 4.4: Volume I, Chapter I, p.3, “ignorant”, Elizabeth Bennet & Jane Bennet ........................................................................................................... 59 Table 4.5: Volume II, Chapter XVIII, p.88, Elizabeth Bennet & Mr.
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