Orchard Pest Management a Resource Bookfor the Pacific Northwest Orchard Pest Management a Resource Book for the Pacific Northwest
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Orchard Pest Management A Resource Bookfor the Pacific Northwest Orchard Pest Management A Resource Book for the Pacific Northwest Edited by: Elizabeth H. Beers, Ph. D. Associate Entomologist Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Jay F. Brunner, Ph. D. Associate Entomologist Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Michael J. Willett Area Tree Fruit Agent Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Yakima Geraldine M. Warner News Editor Good Fruit Grower Published by GOOD FRUIT GROWER, Yakima, Washington, 1993 Copyright ©1993 Washington State Fruit Commission All rights reserved Second Printing May 1999 Published by Good Fruit Grower, a division of Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street, Yakima, WA 98901 Phone: 509/575-2315 Fax: 509/453-4880 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Orchard pest management : a resource book for the Pacific orthwest / edited by Elizabeth H. Beers ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes index. ISB 0-9630659-3-9 (alk. paper) 1. Fruit-Diseases and pests-Integrated control- Northwest, Pacific-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Insect pests-Integrated control- Northwest, Pacific-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Beers, Elizabeth (Elizabeth Hull), 1955- . II. Good Fruit Grower (Wash.) SB608.F8073 1993 634.0497-dc20 93-32104 CIP Graphics and design by Geraldine M. Warner Cover design by Nancy J. Born Cover photograph by John Marshall (lower Wenatchee River Valley near Monitor, Washington) Manufactured in the United States of America This book is dedicated, with great affection and respect, to Dr. Stanley C. Hoyt Dr. Everett C. Burts and Dr. Peter H. Westigard whose lives and work in tree fruit pest management have set the standard for generations to come Acknowledgements This material is based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project number 91-EPMP-1-0002. Additional support was provided by the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission. ~z: CONTRIBUTORS Contributors Because of the nature and format of this book, it would have been cumbersome to acknowledge each author's contribution in the text. Furthermore, there were many contributions through editing and reviewing that might not constitute authorship per se, but the contribution is considerable nonetheless. The following list acknowledges gratefully the work and expertise of those who wrote, edited, or reviewed the various sections: Anthon , E.W. Stink bugs, boxelder bug, lygus bug Antonelli, A. L. Earwig Barrett, Bruce A. Western tentiform leafminer Beers, Elizabeth H. White apple leafhopper, rose leafhopper, campylomma, European red mite, twospotted spider mite, McDaniel spider mite, yellow spider mite, apple rust mite, prunus rust mites, Anagrus sp. , Aphelopus typhlocyba woolly apple aphid, green apple aphid, Aphelinus mali, tenlined June beetle, cherry bark tortrix, western tentiform leafminer, stunk bugs, dock sawfly, pearleaf blister mite, 1PM overview, insect growth & development Booth, Steven Lacewings Brunner, Jay F. Mating disruption, codling moth, oriental fruit moth, eyespotted budmoth, leafrollers, apple maggot, western tentiform leafminer, redhumped cater pillar, yellownecked caterpillar, peachtree borer, peach twig borer, fall webworm, tent caterpillars, parasitic wasps, 1PM overview, degree day models, sampling. Burgett, Michael Honeybee Burts, Everett C. Pear psylla, grape mealybug, pearleaf blister mite, appleleaf blister mite, European fruit lecanium, rain beetles, tenlined June beetle, ants. Croft, Brian A. Zetzellia mali, Typhlodromus pyri Dennehy, Timothy J. Pesticide resistance management Elsner, Erwin A. White apple leafhopper, rose leafhopper, Anagrus sp. , Aphelopus typhlocyba Gut, Larry L. 1PM overview, predatory bugs, predatory flies, lacewings. Haskett, Mike Apple ermine moth Homan, Hugh W. Flatheaded borer Howell, J. Franklin Green fruitworms and cutworms Hoyt, Stanley C. Typhlodromus occidentalis, San Jose scale, oystershell scale, grasshop pers, earwig, European red mite, twospotted spider mite, McDaniel mite, green apple aphid, woolly apple aphid, Aphelinus mali, 1PM overview Jones, Vincent P. Sampling, degree day models Klaus, Michael Cherry bark tortrix, apple maggot 9 ORCHARD PEST MANAGEMENT - Ji,.:: Klostermeyer, Ed Green fruitworms and cutworms Knight, Alan Mating disruption, leafrollers Krysan, James L. Insect growth regulators LaGasa, Eric Cherry bark tortrix, apple ermine moth Long, Lynn Pearslug, stone fruit aphids Mayer, Daniel F. Honeybees, grasshoppers Messina, Frank J. Cherry fruit fly Mink, Gaylord Eriophyes inaequalis Moffitt, Harold R. Lesser appleworm Oldfield, George N. Eriophyes inaequalis, prunus ru st mites, apple rust mite, pear rust mite Paulson, Greg Ants Rice, Richard E. Oriental fruit moth, peach twig borer Riedl, Helmut Typhlodromus pyri, rain beetle, pear leafcurling midge, snakefly, shothole borer, ambrosia beetle, stone fruit aphids, lecanium scale, walnut husk fly, Deraeocoris brevis, pear psylla Rough, Donald Peachtree borer Smirle, Michael Pear rust mite Smith, Timothy J. Cherry fru it fly Terry, Irene Western flower th rips Unruh, Tom R. Biological control, apple erm ine moth, trichogrammatid wasps, Trechnites insidiosus VanBuskirk, Phil Ambrosia beetle, shothole borer, dock sawfly, California pear sawfly Van Steenwyk, R.A. Tenlined June beetle Warner, Geraldine 1PM overview, insect growth and development, sampling, biological con trol, degree day models, insect growth regulations, pesticide resistance management, predatory bugs, predatory flies, parasitic fli es Westigard, Peter H. Yellow spider mite, pear rust mite, apple rust mite, grape mealybug, pearleaf blister mite, oystershell scale, Oeraeocoris brevis, Typhlodromus occidentalis Willett, Michael J. Green apple aphid, apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, woolly apple aphid, Aphe/inus mali, lesser appleworm Zack, Rich Fall webworm The authors are also indebted to the many people who provided photographs, including Jack Kelly Clark with the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program (walnut husk fly) and Dr. Roy Rings at Ohio State University (green fruitworms). 10 _.: -· FOREWORD Foreword Although a book of this type has been on the agenda for many years, its realization was given impe tus by the increased concern over the environmental and human health effects of pesticides. When CBS aired the 60 Minutes episode about the plant growth regulator Alar, the tree fruit industry was surprised and dismayed by the onslaught of negative publicity. Not since Rachel Carson's Silent Spring was published in 1962 has public consciousness of the potential undesirable side effects of pesticides been so high. Although not so widely publicized, the response of the Pacific Northwest tree fruit industry has been laudatory: it has redoubled its ongoing efforts to develop and implement Integrated Pest Management (1PM) programs. This book represents one component of that effort. The purpose of this book is to provide both a reference for practical use, and to educate and inform the user. Our intent is that the reader gain a broader appreciation of entomology in general, and tree fruit 1PM in particular. To this end, we have made it as comprehensive as possible. Some of the pests which are currently rare in commercial orchards may resurface as we move towards more selective 1PM programs. Happily, many of the natural enemies we seldom see may become commonplace under these programs. A person desiring specific information can readily locate it, because of indexing, standardized for mat, and the variety of photographs and summary graphics. Some redundancy occurs in different sections so that the reader can find the desired information, without referring to multiple sections. This is especially apparent in sections where several pests have a similar life cycle (e.g., mites), or between biological control and management sections under the pest, and information given under its predators or parasites. Where appropriate, related information has been cross-referenced in the text. Occasionally, the authors have referred to what is not known, but may be relevant to 1PM. Delimiting the scope of our knowledge is in some cases just as enlightening as providing the information that we have at our disposal. This book was written in such a way that it should be useful to a broad cross-section of readers. Some of the more detailed information on biology and management will be of interest to only a small proportion of the readers, while the photographs, life history charts, and general information should be universally useful. The use of specific pesticide names throughout most of the book has been deliberately avoided. The 1988 amendments to FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act) have acceler ated the loss of materials available to the industry, while new registrations have slowed to a trickle. Any specific recommendations on a pesticide may soon be outdated. This book is intended to com plement, not replace, the annually revised pest control guides published by the various fruit-growing regions. These guides contain specific recommendations for pesticide use, and even their annual revision format cannot entirely keep pace with the changes in labeled uses. The information on basic biology, identification, life history, and principles of management hopefully will stand the test of time. 11 ORCHARD PEST MANAGEMENT . :£(fl This book could not have been completed without efforts of