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- - . - [Entered at the Post Office of New York, N.Y., as Second Class Matter. Copyrighted, 1888, by Munn & Co.] A WEEKLY IOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS. THEMISTRY AND MANIFACTURES. - - - vol. 5: *. NEW YORK, JUNE 9, 1888. [$3.00 per Year.

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-> SN - | "A" DECK - --~/Q // - >". - - - THE U. S. ARMORED BATTLE SHIP TEXAS.—see page 857.]

| 352 $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888.

THE COD HAVE “STRUCK. IN.” Don’t Undervalue the Boy. A dispatch from Newfoundland says that the caplin Too many men make their boys feel that they are of $titutific American. have “struck in.” This means that the cod, the most little or no account while they are boys. Lay a respon famous of all commercial fish, has arrived on the sibility on a boy, and he will meet it in a manful spirit. ESTABLISHED 1845. banks. From now until November the cod will “run,” On no account ignore their disposition to investigate. and the great fleet of fishermen, hailing from our own Help them to understand things. Encourage them to MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. eastern coast and from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, understand what they are about. We are too apt to Prince Edward's Island, and Newfoundland, consist treat a boy's seeking after knowledge as mere idle curi PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT ing of nearly 1,000 vessels, not including the French osity. “Don’t ask questions” is poor advice to boys. fleet, will be kept busy. If you do not explain puzzling things to them, you No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Those who have been on the Newfoundland coast oblige them to make many experiments before they when the caplin “strikes in ” will not forget the ex find out; and though experimental knowledge is best O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. citement that ensued; the beautiful little fish, about in one sense, in another it is not, for that which can be seven inches long, filling all the bays and bights of the explained clearly does not need experimenting with. If TERMIS For The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. shore line, tumbling over each other, and darting up the principle involved is understood, there is no further One copy, one year. for the U.S. or Canada...... $300 One copy, six months, for the U.S. or Canada...... : ...... above the surface of the waters, their sides sparkling trouble, and the boy can go ahead intelligently. One copy, one year, to any foreign country belonging to Postal Union, 4 00 Remit by postal or express money order. in the sunlight, in futile efforts to escape their worst Do not wait for the boy to grow up before you begin Australia and New Zealand.—Those who desire to receive the enemy, the cod. They come down with the Arctic cur to treat him as an equal. A proper amount of confi Scientific American, for a little over one year, may remit £1 in current Colonial bank notes. Address rent, called the “Labrador current,” off Newfound dence, and words of encouragement and advice, and MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. land, and it is up in the Spitzbergen waters that their give him to understand that you trust him in many The Scientific Americana Supplement enemy, the cod, spawns. This Arctic current rounds ways, helps to make a man of him long before he is a is a distinct paper from the SciENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT the southern point of Greenland, and, joined by va man in either stature or years. is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size with Scientific AMEivicAN. Terms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, rious similar currents coming through Davis Straits Give him tools, and let him find out for himself $5.00 a year, for U.S. and Canada. $6.00 a year to foreign countries belong ing to the Postal Union. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by all newsdealers and Hudson Straits, makes the Labrador coast and whether he has got any mechanical taste or not. Do throughcut the country. Combined Rates.-The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT then rushes across to Newfoundland. Off this coast not discourage him, as parents are apt to do, by saying, will be sent for one year, to any address in U. S. or Canada, on receipt of seven dollars it meets the warm waters of the Gulf Stream running “Oh, it is no use for you to try to do anything with The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, express money order, or registered letter. eastward, and is split into two distinct parts, one por tools. I never have any taste that way, and of course Australia and New Zealand.—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and tion crowding itself between the Gulf Stream and New you have not.” If a boy finds he can make a few arti Supplement will be sent for a little over one year on receipt of £2 cur rent Colonial bank notes. foundland, and the other, not having sufficient power cles with his hand, it tends to make him rely on himself. Address MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. to combat this great force, is forced below, the warm And the planning that is necessary for the execution of waters of the Gulf Stream riding over it. the work is a discipline and an education of great value NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JUNE 9, 1888. The caplin supply the cod with food until the last of to him. The future welfare and happiness of the boy July, when the squid or cuttlefish arrive and take depends on the surroundings of his youth. When he Contents. their place; these giving place in turn to the herring, arrives at that period in his life when he is obliged to (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) which “strike in ” about the middle of September. As choose what profession or what line of business to fol

Aluminum bronze...... Gun, dynamite...... if they know all about the fisheries treaty, and were in low, it is highly important that he should take no false Annealing small tools.... Homes, own your...... Antimony salt, De Haen nventions, engineerin favor of its continuance, these little fish almost always step. And if in his youth he has cultivated a taste for Armor plates and concrete...... 358 nventions, index of...... Armored battle ship Texas"..351, 357 nventions, miscellaneou keep strictly within the “three mile limit” line, that any particular branch, the choice of a profession or Artesian well in the Place He James Curtis Booth" is to say, within Canadian waters, where the£ ankee business will be made more easy.—Architect and Build bert, Paris" - Lenses, paper for cleaning...... Astronomy, fabulous...... Lightning, remarkable escape fishermen may not go, though there is enough of this fing News. Beds of the sick, ventilatio from*...... - Books and publications, new Linen, whitening, with potatoes # - bait and enough of the fish it is used to catch to supply - Boy, don't undervalue...... e - Business and personal...... the demand many times told. Under the new regula Canopy device for chairs A Trick with Figures. proved" ...... Notes and queries...... tions adopted by Canada, the Yankee fishermen are Cartridge loader, improved Nut lock, improved"...... : The following mathematical trick, from La Nature, Centenarian, an active... . Oar and oar lock, improved" * not permitted even to buy bait, and willing enough Chair and swing, adjustabl Oil wells of Florence, Colorado... 352 proved" . 356 Photography as a detective...... 356 they are to do so, and gladly would the Canadian although not new, may be revived for the benefit of

Clay eaters of North Carolina.. Plants, £ ------Cod have "struck in ” 352 | Printing establishment, Chinese, fishermen sell it to them if they were permitted, for those who are unacquainted with it. It never fails Collar bearings, friction of...... 300 old 354 Correspondence...... 7 | Pyrogravure 353 there is a large shore population which for years has to mystify those who do not understand it. Cottons and hardwares in China. Restoration of Roman ruin at Tell a person to select any even number of figures, 8th...... 7 Reims"...... 1 had no other income save that derived from selling Danger from electric wires...... 361 Royal Society conversazione..... 357 and, without letting you see them, to write them down Deafness, curiosities of...... 357 | Saw gummer, £ ...... 355 bait, and now these poor people are in a very bad way, Dry colors from plants and shrubs 361 | Store struck by lightning"...... 358 and then place under them the same figures in reverse Electro-crystallization of metal- Sugar refinery, great, Philadel in reality being taxed to pay the Canadian cruisers for lic copper...... * phia...... 357 order. Thus, for example: Electrolytic deposit of pure iron 359 £ vs. telephone. ... 361 keeping their customers away; for the sole duty of Envelopes, safety ...... 358 Trick with figures... . 352 943518 Filtration of water...... 353 iTunnel, the Hoosac...... 356 these armed tugboats is to prevent the Yankees from Gamboa dam on the Panama wages here and in Great Britain #53 815349 Canal...... What a ton of coal yields...... 359 buying bait or provisions or ice to keep their fish fresh. The Yankee fishermen, with characteristic ingenuity, This done, ask him to add the two numbers, and to have discovered a means of circumventing the Cana give you the suin, less any figure which he may choose TABLE OF CONTENTS OF dian “horse marines,” as they are called, taking advan to reject, and the space occupied by which must be SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT tage of the opaque fog which seems ever to hang over left blank or shown by a hyphen. For example, the fishing banks and their vicinity to go in and take 17588-7. the bait that they are refused the permission to buy. INT co- €49, Putting on an inspired air, you now assert that the When discovered at this work from the shore, a fight figure omitted is 6. If you prefer, you can let the per For the Week Ending June 9, 1888. nearly always follows, the shore men coming off in son subtract one number from the other, and then tell their boats and trying to “trip” the seines and spill him the omitted figure with the same ease. Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers. out the bait, for they believe, and with reason it would The trick is simple, and the explanation of it can be PAGE 1. AERONAUTICS.-The First Balloon Voyage.-An unpublished seem, that, should their neighbors be able to get what understood by any boy who has studied arithmetic. letter by BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, describing the first free balloon bait they want, there would not be any excuse for a The sum of a number and the same number reversed ascension.-2 illustrations...... 10372 fishing treaty with them at all, and hence no further is a multiple of 11, and their difference is a multiple Ii. ARCfIITECTURE.–Elements of Architectural Design.-Mould market for the bait they are wont to catch. of 9. Now, in multiples of 11, the sum of the even ings and general decorative treatment.—A continuation of this im Last week, a part of our fleet started for the Gut of figures is equal to that of the odd ones. Applying this portant treatise.-22 illustrations...... 10363 Canso, between Nova Scotia proper and Cape Breton rule to our example, 17588-7, and representing the un III. EThNOLOGY..—The Home of the Aryans.—The disputed center Island, a district of the same, to secure bait, and it is of Aryan race propagation...... 10374 known figure by a , we have ac-HS+7=1+7+5+8=21. The Mayas.—Their original state, and the results of recent in said that sonne of the Canadian fishermen are now A simple mental calculation gives a -6. Where the vestigations...... 10374 making a business of supplying them at sea. The number of figures in the product is an even one, the 1V. HYGIENE.-Ipecac Spray in Bronchial Troubles.—A valuable French fleet consists of about 400 sail; and though sum of the first two or first three will equal the sum of suggestion for local treatment of the respiratory organs...... 10:373 now the French possessions in North America are re the last two or last three, and so on. Reducing Obesity.-Note...... 10374 The Special Diets in Various Nervous Diseases.—By CHARLES stricted to a small group of islands on the western coast Proceeding with the difference, which is a multiple of . L. DANA, M.D.—Resume of the various diets for invalids, epilep of Newfoundland, these Frenchmen catch and cure a 9, the sum of the figures must itself be a multiple of tics, and other nervous patients...... 10373 very large amount of fish, being expert and industri 9. Taking our example, 1-8169, and adding the W. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.—Deterioration of Steam Boilers –Wear and Tear.—By J. M. ALLEN, M.E.—A Sibley College lec ous and sending the catch across the ocean to their own figures, we obtain 25, but as this is not a multiple of 9, ture treating of errors in the making of boilers, and of the natural country, where it easily competes with the catch taken we have to add 2 to obtain the multiple, and this was causes of their deterioration, with remarkable illustrations.-6il in the North Sea. Miquelon, the principal of the the figure rejected. lustrations...... 10360 Steam Engines for Long-tRuns.—An English review of the work French group, the others being St. Pierre and Isle on American (Westinghouse) engine-striking tribute to its excel Aux Chiehs, though one of the most dangerous parts of lence...... 10359 the coast to approach in a southeaster or southwester, The Oil Wells of Florence, Colorado. Vi. MisCELLANEOUS.-A Cavalry Precaution.—The registration of is the chief headquarters of the Gaul. The shores of This town, situated about 30 miles west of Pueblo, is serviceable horses in the British empire for possible use in war.... 10372 Cryolite Mining.—The mining and shipping of this mineral from this island are always strewn with wreckage, mostly the center of the oil region of Colorado. It was first Greenland ...... 10,369 of French craft too, but the Frenchman has great discovered about twenty years ago, 12 miles west of VII. NAVAL ENGINEERING.—The German Cruiser Schwalbe.-A endurance, if not so much skill as his Anglo-Saxon the town, in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and cruiser of the new light draught, cheap running type, recently brother fishers, and, having a ready market for hake was pumped up by hand, refined in a rude refinery, and built in Germany.—Its dimensions and characteristics.-1 illustra tion...... 10359 and haddock and turbot and alewives, as well as for cod sold for $1.50 per gallon. When the Denver and Rio Grande Railway was built, the price tumbled to 50 cents VIII. PHOTOGRAPHY.–Manufacture of Photographic Sensitive and halibut, there is great incentive to fish. The Plates.—The second portion of this exhaustive description of the treaty made with the English, when they ceded these per gallon, and the owners of the well supposed their manufacture of dry plates.-9 illustrations...... 10367 islands to the French, permits them to take bait and business ruined. - on Stereoscopic Photography.—By P. STROH.—A very clear elu There are now within the town limits about twenty cidation, with all practical points of this branch of photographic dry their fish and nets along the Newfoundland coast, art.—Many new suggestions.-6 illustrations...... 10368 but notwithstanding this there is continual dissension paying wells, yielding about 1,000 barrels crude oil, or 1x. PHILOSOPHY.—Antagonism.—By Sir WILLIAM R. GRove.—A among the two peoples. The Grand Banks, the princi. 450 barrels refined oil, daily; also two oil refineries, with very remarkable address by the great scientist, reviewing a uni pal fishing grounds, are 600 miles long and about 200 a total daily capacity of 1,000 barrels. New wells are versal law of nature, and its effects on the world...... 10370 wide, with a botton of shifting sands, “no holding being bored, and the industry is said to be in its in x. PHYSICS.–Spectrum Analysis.—By W. Ivison MACADAM.—What ground,” as the sailors say ; and while in ordinary fancy. The town has doubled in size within a year. has been done by this method of investigation, its delicacy, and how applied to actual study...... 10366 weather the schooners—they are from 80 to 125 tons The Denver and Rio Grande and the Atchison, To xi. TECHNOLOGY..—Ancient Materials for Paper Making.—Curious ride to their anchors with a long cable out, as soon as peka and Santa Fe Railroad companies have extensive investigations of the paper manufacture of ancient times...... 10862 it comes on to blow, and the sea rises--conditions coal mines of excellent quality within three miles of the Natural Gas and its Effects on the Consumption of Coal Gas. existing five days out of seven—they get in their an town, from which they draw their own supplies and By E. B. PhILLIP.—A review of the position of gas companies in the natural gas region, and how to meet the question...... 10362 chors and heave to under close-reefed foresails. furnish the towns throughout this part of the State. JUNE 9, 1888.] $rientific American. 353

Wages Here and in Great Britain. locks. The other contractors continue the dredging you will have no moths. But they are not very easily In the sixteenth annual report of labor, by Mr. Car and excavation as heretofore, except for such modifica obtained. Sometimes they can be found at a cigar box roll D. Wright, of Boston, at page 107 he says: In tions as the new project necessitates. The completion factory, but there are not enough to make their use the fall of 1883, we started upon an original investiga of the canal does not, therefore, depend upon M. Eiffel very general. tion through personal agents of the bureau, in Massa any more than upon any other of the contractors. “The best way of all,” he added, “is to have a large chusetts and Great Britain, and through these agents When asked whether he thought the canal could be cedar chest and pack everything in that. But such we have gathered from original sources (meaning by completed and open for traffic in 1890, Mr. Jacobson chests are expensive, and common mortals must con original sources the pay rolls of great manufacturing smiled broadly, and said that if the work on the tent themselves with other methods.” establishments, the official wage lists agreed upon in Isthmus could be completed in five years, it would be “Can moths be kept out of things that are in every England, so far as England is concerned, between a great achievement.—N. Y. Evening Post. day use, like carpets, furniture, curtains, etc.?” trade societies and employers, and from other reliable “A good housekeeper should never be troubled with sources) the rate of wages paid in the following twenty Filtration of Water, moths in a carpet, for if it is swept thoroughly, espe four industries, which are common to Massachusetts At a recent meeting of the Society of Engineers, Lon cially the edges and corners, moths will not make it and Great Britain : don, a paper was read on “Filtration by Machinery,” their abiding place. Newspapers laid under a carpet by Edward Perrett, A.M. Inst.C.E. are said to be an effective aid in driving away these General Average Weekly Wages troublesome pests, but hard sweepings are more reli paid to All Employes. The paper first compared the processes of straining INDUSTRIEs, 1884. and filtering, and pointed out that in the latter process able. If a room is to be shut up for any length of time, the mutual attraction of particles of matter, in addition something should be sprinkled over the floor. Massachusetts. Great Britain. to the straining action, causes the retention of the sus “Portieres and all curtains must have frequent pended material in a liquid passing through the filter shakings, or the moth millers will be sure to lodge in Agricultural implements...... $10.25 $8.85 Artisans' tools ...... 11.80 4.89 ing medium. After describing the early experiments their folds. The great object is to keep them out of a Boots and shoes. 11.63 4.37 house, for when they once locate and take up a claim Brick...... 8.63 4.16 made by the author in filtering Thames water through Building trad 14.99 7.21 filter bags, such as are used for the filtration of sugar, they have the “squatter's right,” and only force can Carpetings...... ------6.08 4.11 the paper pointed out the danger of using animal char drive them out.” Carriages and wagons...... - - - 13.80 4.89 Clothing...... 10.01 6.71 coal for the filtration of drinking water. This material “But how are the unfortunates who already have Cotton goods..... 6.45 4.66 Flax and jute good 6.46 2.84 has the power of taking out matter in an infinitely fine them in their houses to get rid of them ?” Food preparations...... - - - 9.81 2.72 “For such cases I know of nothing better than some Furniture...... 11.04 7.96 state of division, and even in solution, the charcoal be Glass ...... 12.28 6.94 coming so charged with such matter that nothing short of the moth powders. The other things I have men Hats—fur, wool, and silk.... . 11.01 5.51 tioned are preventives against moths, but these pow Hosiery...... - - - 6.49 4.67 of subjecting the charcoal to a red heat is sufficient to Liquors, malt and distilled...... 12.87 12.66 ders kill the in oths themselves.” Machines and machinery...... 11.75 6.93 thoroughly clean it. An animal charcoal filter with Metals and metallic goods...... 11.25 7.40 any system of washing will gradually accumulate the “Are they poisonous?” Printing and publishing...... 11.37 5.52 Printing, dyeing, bleaching, and very fine matter, which may germinate, and at length “No. They are perfectly harmless. The moths don’t finishing cotton textiles...... * 8.67 4.94 eat the powder, but are suffocated by it. The powders Stone...... 14.39 8.58 be carried through with the filtered water. A filter Wooden goods. . 12.19 5.67 with a granular medium—such as crushed retort coke are made from a tree that grows in Persia, and will kill Woolen goods... 6.90 4.86 Worsted goods. . 7.32 3.60 —designed by the author, is effectually cleaned by anything that hasn't lungs. I sprinkle it plentifully an upward stream of compressed air occasionally ap around a room where there are moths, shut up the room All industries...... $10.31 $5.86 plied. This causes an agitation of the material, and for a while, and what moth-heaven gains we lose. The the attrition loosens the dirt, which a small current powders are good to put under carpets, and if a house –- of water washes away. At a waterworks in South is to be closed, should be liberally used in every room. The Gamboa Dam on the Panama Canal. America, where these filters are used, 20,000 gallons of A carbolic acid dilution is also very good for anything Mr. Jacobson, an engineer from the Panama Canal, river water are filtered per hour, the floor space covered that can be dampened without injury.”—Chicago News. is staying at the New York Hotel. He arrived on the being 37 feet by 7 feet 6 inches, or an average rate of ------steamer Colon, from Aspinwall, and is on his way to nearly 100 gallons per square foot of filtering surface Pyrogravure. France. Mr. Jacobson is a graduate of the Polytech per hour. At one of the recent sessions of the Societe d'En nicon of Zurich, and has a fair knowledge of English. The purification of water containing organic matter couragement, Mr. Perier presented a communication His position on the canal works was a very responsible by contact with iron was mentioned. The original upon the application of burning to the decoration of one—that of chief executive officer for the Societe des method of using Professor Bischoff's “spongy iron" on wood, leather, glass, etc. Travaux Publics, contractor for that part of the line a large scale was to mix the spongy iron with gravel, This new process of engraving is not mechanical, between Obispo and Emperador, including the cele and to use this mixture as a filter bed; but it was found and has nothing in common with branding boxes, brated Gamboa dam. Mr. Jacobson has been in the that the top surface became hard and impervious after corks, etc., with a hot iron. employ of the Societe for a year and a half, during a short time, and Mr. Wm. Anderson introduced a ma Pyrogravure is a new method of engraving in black, which time he has resided on the canal line, giving the chine to supersede these spongy iron filter beds. His reddish brown, bister, etc., by the use of a red hot work his personal supervision. He returns to France “revolving purifier” causes ordinary iron borings to be metallic point. The engraving is done as easily as is at this time for needed rest and to arrange personal mixed with the water as it passes through the machine. drawing with a pen or pencil. A scraper and some affairs. The water is afterward filtered through ordinary sand gum serve to suppress or lighten the lines upon wood, In reply to inquiries about the condition and pros beds. just as upon paper. pects of the Panama enterprise, Mr. Jacobson expressed For the filtration of very muddy water for manufac Mr. Perier obtained his first pyro-engraved draw his entire willingness to give any information in his turing purposes, sponge is used by the author. The ings with red hot pokers and the conical cauteries power, and to pronounce an opinion upon any matter machine consists of a cylindrical casing, in which used in surgery. These burners, which it was neces that fell within the range of his observation. He said sponge is compressed between two diaphragins; the sary to keep continually heating, were replaced by pla work had commenced on the Gamboa dam, which, lower diaphragm is movable and attached to a piston tinum burners heated by an electric current, and then after long hesitation, was at last decided to be neces" rod, which passes through the top cover. To clean by instruments based upon the principle of gas solder sary for the control of the Chagres River. the sponge, an up and down motion is given to the ing irons. Of the 3,000,000 cubic meters of material that the dam lower diaphragm or piston, thus alternately compress The invention of the Paquelin cautery has certainly is to contain, about 30,000 have been deposited on the ing and releasing the sponge. These filters will render given the best instrument of the kind to surgery and the opposite ends of the works, at the bases and sides of Thames water at London clean enough for boiler feeding best burner to pyrogravure. It is by the aid of one of the two large hills Obispo and Santa Cruz, between or other manufacturing purposes at the rate of about these wonderful instruments that Mr. Perier produced which the dam is to be situated. These deposits are 100 gallons per square foot of surface per hour. The the specimens that he exhibited at the above mentioned far enough from the bed of the Chagres to be safe precipitate resulting from the processes known as session. It is also with this instrument, the point of from the current, even during a freshet. “softening” water is now generally extracted by filtra which is bent for its new application, that he demon When, however, the work is further advanced, and tion. The material used for this purpose is the filter strated his new process, by making an engraving in the center of the dam is reached, which is to oppose cloth referred to at the commencement of the paper, as the presence of the assembly. the flow of the current, it is feared that the floods of the chalk deposit may accumulate to a considerable The rubber bulb that serves to send carbureted air the rainy season will carry away all the material thickness before it becomes impervious. In this case to the cautery has been replaced, for photogravure, by within their reach. It is Mr. Jacobson's opinion that the deposit is easily removed. The author finds that an organ bellows, an air bag, or a charged gasometer. unless this central part of the dam can be completely simple external jets of water are sufficient for the pur. The draughtsman, after regulating the pressure, has finished in a single dry season, it will be found very pose. nothing to think of but his work, the burning tool difficult and perhaps impossible to construct it at all. ------remaining incandescent an hour or more if necessary. Mr. Jacobson says, with reference to operations during House Moths. Art decoration on a large scale, and industrial or the rainy season (which has now set in), that little more “Have you anything that is sure death to moths ?” namentation, have in pyrogravure a new means of can be done while the rain lasts than to take care of asked an anxious-looking housekeeper of a druggist utilizing the talent of the artist and the skill of the the yards and material and preserve the work already the other day. workman. By means of it, we can just as well draw a accomplished. The druggist smiled, looked as though he would like portrait or a landscape as decorate a room, piece of Representatives of M. Eiffel, under the new con to say “chestnuts,” but answered : “So you belong to furniture, or any other object, or mark the handle of tracts for locks, have begun work at several points, the moth-persecuted multitude of housekeepers? Well, a tool. The lines made by pyrogravure have not the but the plans, Mr. Jacobson says, are still inchoate, for articles to be packed away in boxes or drawers, sharpness of those given on wood by the graver or and the number of locks and their final location not yet there are several things I can recommend. Some peo gouge. It increases the decorative effect of marque determined. In the excavation of the locks there will ple prefer one remedy, some another. You will find terie and of objects of wood or leather inlaid with doubtless be obstacles to overcome. Already at points some families putting their faith and their winter metals, ivory, mother of pearl, etc. between the forty-fourth and forty-eighth kilometers clothes in snuff or tobacco; others favor red pepper; Binders, cabinet makers, toy manufacturers, etc., the excavations made are actually too deep for the lock but for many years I have used camphor, and consider will be able to employ it with advantage for cheaply canal on the proposed level, which will necessitate the that the best of anything. There is nothing disagree ornamenting their products. In a word, any object construction of dikes on one side to raise the water able about it, and moths don't seek it as a regular diet; capable of being carbonized, or modified by the action of the canal above that of the river. In this section the in fact, will never come where there is the camphor of burning, can be ornamented or marked by this pro canal is in a plane with the Chagres and Obispo at their Odor.” cess. The process therefore interests the industries in junction. That part of the Chagres will be suppressed “Doesn't it evaporate too quickly ?” general by its numerous applications.—Annales Indus by the Gamboa dam, and its flow diverted into an ar “No. Put in good sized pieces, and there is no dan trielles. tificial channel on the south side of the canal, but a ger from that source. A piece as large as your fist in –-4------dike of about four kilometers in length and nine me six months or a year will be the size of a hickory nut, Safety Envelopes. ters high must be raised between the canal and the and the odor will penetrate every part of the box or Schlumberger's safety envelopes are tinted in such a Obispo. drawer where the clothing is packed. manner as to turn black, blue, and red if an attempt M. Eiffel will have no part in any of the canal work, “Cedar chips are also a preventive,” he continued. is made to open them by wetting or by exposure to except the preparation for and construction of the “Sprinkle them in among goods packed away, and steau, while unoist air or fog does not affect them. 354 $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888.

An Old Chinese Printing Establishment. THE ARTESIAN WELL IN THE PLACE HEBERT, PARIS. teresting experiments in artesian wells have been made, A correspondent of the North China Daily News, of Well boring, in spite of the many applications which contains various subterranean strata of water super Shanghai, describes a printing establishment which have been successfully carried out in many parts of the posed one above the other between sedimentary forma he found in a village in the interior, about 150 miles world, has recently attained a notable success in Paris. tions which are alternately permeable and imperme from Shanghai. The printing was being temporarily A new artesian well, the work on which has been in able. The ascensional force of these different supplies carried on in the village temple, and Inovable type progress for a long time, has at last reached, at the depends upon the altitude of their original source. only was used. In the large central hall of the temple depth of 2,359 feet, the water supply which it is designed The water supply which is reached by the boring in were placed about 20 ordinary square tables, on which to raise to the surface. The work has been watched the Place Hebert is between 2,309 and 2,362 feet below the cases of type were spread out, very much after the with as much curiosity by the public as by scientists. the surface in water-bearing sand, and its origin is ap English method, only taking up much more room. The public sees in it the acquisition of a powerful sup parently in Champagne. It has great purity; it does At the time of the visit one man was engaged in set ply of hot and pure water, which may be used for the not exceed 8 degrees hydrotimeter, which renders it ting up type, another was printing. The former stood various industrial and hygienic requirements of the city. suitable for industrial uses. It is well known that before a table, on which was what may be called the The scientists, whether geologists or engineers, see in the legal requirements prescribe that it should not ex Chinese “case.” It was a solid block of hard wood, it a new investigation as to the constitution of terres ceed 15 degrees hydrotimeter. Too great purity, much about 22 inches long by 15 inches broad, and perhaps trial strata, the methods and systems to be employed, below 8 degrees, would be prohibitory, for water which 3 inches deep. The inside was is excessively pure, as for in hollowed out to a depth of stance distilled water, attacks about 34 inch, this depression metals and corrodes them. being still further hollowed The enormous natural filter out into grooves about 34 inch of the strata of water-bearing deep. The block had 29 of sand at which the new arte these grooves, each filled to sian well terminates natur the depth of 14 inch with or ally determines its degree of dinary stiff clay. With his purity. copy before him, armed with The temperature of water a small pair of iron pincers, at the surface is 12 degrees, the compositor began h is that of the new artesian well work; character after charac is about 30 degrees, in compli ter was transferred from the ance with the well known law case and firmly pressed into which gives a sensible increase the clay. When the “form ” of temperature of one degree was complete, a flat board Centigrade for every 98 feet was placed on the top and the of increased depth. There

- characters pressed perfectly --- - fore, when in an artesian well --~ ------even and level with the sur --~~ --- --~ various superposed supplies face of the wooden block, the are met with, the deepest is edge of which was cut to form generally the most powerful, the border generally found \#| and it is best to use this, com round every Chinese page. pletely shutting off all the The printer now received others. Experience shows, in the form, and carefully brush a word, that the power of ed his ink over the type. Tak consumption of the supply is ing a sheet of paper, he press E. at least equal to its power of ed it down all over the form, delivery. If the upper sup so that it might be brought plies remain in communica in contact with every charac tion with the lowest one, the ter. He then removed the latter simply delivers what sheet and examined each the others have left. It is character, carefully adjusting better therefore to shut off those which were not quite all the other supplies which straight with the pincers, and are traversed before the sup apparently never touching ply to be used has been the type with his fingers. reached. Remarkable work After sufficient copies had in artesian engineering exe been struck off, the type was cuted by Mr. Lippmann at distributed, each character the general hospital at Tours being returned to its particu has demonstrated this. This lar box. The type in the form boring traversed three upper was of three sizes, each cha strata or supplies, which were racter being kept in place en completely shut off. The tirely by the clay in which it fourth, which was reached at stood. They were cut out of a depth of 558 feet, gave a some hard wood, and were discharge at the surface of perfectly square. The writer 1,056 gallons of water per was told that the art of print |- \ \ minute, while another boring ing in this way had been which had previously been handed down in the same | made at the same establish family since the Sung dynas ment, having the same diame ty, Inore than 600 years ago. ter, the same level, and the No strangers were ever same depth, and having tra taught, apprentices being al versed the same strata, which, ways taken from the same however, were left to commu clan. They were open to take nicate with one another, only any work at the rate of about gave a delivery of 264 gallons a shilling a day, which includ *TF per minute. It is for this ed the two men, type, and ". # ". reason that attention is di ink, but not paper. They |# rected to the supply of a well were then printing family re | having a depth of 2,359 feet; gisters. The custom in that |# that is to say, that the best part of the country is to hire processes were studied to shut the printers, who bring their 1. General arrangement of the machinery for operating the drill. 2. General view of water flowing into subterranean conduits. off the subterranean supplies type and set up their printing met with in the tertiary for establishment on the spot. In Fig. 1.—ARTESIAN WELL IN THE PLACE HEBERT, PARIS, mations and at the beginning this way the same business of the cretaceous formations. has been carried on in one family for six centuries, the composition of subterranean water, and finally We will now briefly review the processes of boring and during all this time movable type only had been the results of the various processes of boring, which which are actually used, a detailed description of which used in the manner here described. specialists are constantly trying to improve. would be too extensive. These processes are known The work of sinking the artesian well in the Place under the names of boring by the Chinese method, -o-,-- Hebert at La Chapelle (Paris) was commenced, carried boring with a hollow instrument, and boring with a black diamond, which latter method was introduced Whitening Linen with Potatoes. on, and successfully completed by the firm of Lipp mann, of Paris. The greater part of the work is ac by the engineer Leschot. These methods, however, According to L'Industrie Parisienne, a laundryman complished, and it simply remains to complete the final were used only for making bores of small diameters; in the vicinity of Paris has discovered a very ingenious storage of the water. In the meantime the water is when large diameters of from one to two feet and more method of cleaning linen without soap. He uses no conducted through a subterranean gallery into the sew are required, which, according to the improved pro soap, nor lye, nor chlorine, but replaces these sub |ers of the city. After the work has been completed, cesses, are economical, the system of boring with a stances by boiled potatoes, with which he rubs the Paris will possess an artesian well whose dimensions rigid instrument is employed, which instrument is linen. will place it in the first ranks of works of this kind, very powerful, and the skillful use of which has given This curious process, it appears, is much superior to owing to its depth of 2,359 feet and its enormous diame to our French scientists a well earned reputation. those hitherto employed, and the worst soiled cotton, ter of 3% feet. It may be remarked that similar wells The rigid shafts are made of wood or iron, and the linen, or silk, cleaned by this method, are made whiter in France and elsewhere are seldom more than from 4 perforation is made by means of an auger which than they could be by the use of an alkali. Besides, the to 8 inches. The enormous difference between these is crushes the rocks by concussion. The apparatus used method has the advantage that brushes can be dis noteworthy. by Mr. Lippmann are of this kind, but with a free fall. pensed with, and well water be used. The soil of Paris, as in all cases where useful and in The shaft of the instrument is balanced, and the blow JUNE 9, 1888.] $rientific American. 355 on the bottom to be crushed is made by means of a then necessary to withdraw them and bring them to die, the bar being normally upheld by a spring. Above catch which permits the drill to fall, the lower part of the surface. It required nine years to remove tubing the bar is a double-faced eccentric, having a rigid han the instrument being provided with a heavyweight. 328 feet long and weighing 120,000 pounds, which had dle made integral therewith, the eccentric being pivotal In that manner the force which is necessary to operate been placed in the well in the Place Hebert. ly supported by a bolt extending through the upper the auger at a depth of 2,624 feet, 2,952 feet, or 3,280 Sometimes dynamite is used for breaking the forma portions of the side plates. A bracket is adjustably con feet is no greater than at 328 nected to the right hand side feet. It is only necessary to of the body, so that it may remove the instrument from be moved toward or from the the bottom of the hole in case front of the gummer, the of some accident. bracket forming a support for It was CEynhausen who first a gauge, upon the point of conceived the idea of balanc which is a toe to enter the ing a portion of the drill, and recesses between the saw teeth this was the first step in the and regulate their size and application of the free fall, slant as they are formed by which is now in use in a great the gummer. The construc number of the systems that tion is such that the gummer are constantly being im may be readily secured to a proved. bench or other stationary sup The instruments to be used port, and allow the saw body in driving artesian wells form to be swung over the bench almost an arsenal. Our en when the dies are used for graving (Fig. 2) reproduces shearing, giving a greater the principal types of these range of motion than would cyclopean instruments which be possible if the gummer are used for boring, for clean were supported at points ing, for extracting the rub 2% above the die. bish, for enlarging the bore, % ------etc. % AN IMPROVED CARTRIDGE The re a der will find in # LOADER. the description placed under % A combination tool for load the cuts the necessary expla ing the ordinary form of paper nations. By means of sam shell cartridges, and which ples, the large cylindrical will load both No. 10 and blocks of rock which are £ No. 12 shells, is illustrated -> 2% brought to the surface, it is % # here with, and has been pa - possible, with the help of tented by Mr. Francis P. De science and past researches, ~ vens, of No. 1306 Forest Ave to form geological charts giv |#% nue, Kansas City, Mo., the ing the exact position of the invention covering an im strata traversed by the bor provement on a cartridge ing instrument. The drill, loader by the same inventor by alternating and repeated described in our issue of April blows, crushes and grinds the 21. Upon the main standard hard rock at the bottom of is mounted a cylinder, above the boring. The rubbish is which is a centrally divided brought to the surface by a hopper, with one compart cleaning instrument. When a ment for shot and the other friable stratum is met with, it for powder, the internal me is sustained by iron tubes, and chanism of the cylinder being when the artesian supply is such that, by the raising of reached) the tubes which serve the bifurcated lever a certain to conduct the water to the distance, a regulated dis surface are put in place. 1. Drill, 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, having 6 arms provided with channels, allowing a free fall. This instrument is used for sinking charge of powder will be ef The tubing is run in large the well and for cutting out specimens at a depth of from 1,400 to 1,800 feet. When it is desirable to remove a sample, the large fected and, the lever having iron sections, 3, 9, 12, and 7 transverse blade is replaced by two small ones. 2. A drum having 7 valves serving to remove the earth which has been ground been lowered and again raised by the drill with the transverse blade. 3. Drum with an interior pump. This drum serves to remove the sand which is met with feet in length, riveted togeth at a great depth. 4. Drum composed of 8 tubes having valves at the bottom ; this is used when it is desirable to remove a speci in like manner, a similar dis er in such a way as to form men of a stratum. It serves to clean the annular space made by drill No. 1 without the transverse blade. 5. A specimen cut charge of shot will be made. a smooth interior bore and out and ready to be clamped and raised by drill No. 6. 6. This tool is used for cutting the base of the specimen and removing it The base of the shell tube is from the bore. 7. Machine having 8 rollers for straightening tubes of 5 feet in diameter, and for grinding up a section of tube adapted to slide on a plate constitute a single rigid col which has been broken. umn from the top to the bot extending forwardly from the tom of the well. The thick Fig. 2.—INSTRUMENTS USED FOR BORING THE ARTESIAN WELL IN THE PLACE HEBERT, PARIS. clamp, and having an elon ness of the tubes varies from gated a perture, through 0.118 to 0.787 in., according to the diameter of the bore. tions which have defied the powerful weight of the which the shell to be filled is passed into the shell It is curious to see the tubes superposed one above the tools, but dynamite does not act effectually at such tube, the latter being then moved to the position be other with perfect precision, while in their interior the great depths under the enormous pressure of water. neath the hopper where it is shown in the illustration. enormous drill works with regularity and almost noise Charges of 30 pounds of dynamite simply lift the The powder having been supplied, the tube, as it is lessly. The instrument employed at the Place Hebert column of water, and let it fall again, without accom drawn forward, engages a tongue at the lower end of weighs 8,000 pounds, but those used by Mr. Lippmann plishing any useful end. A pressure of 2,000 feet of the wad tube, whereby a wad is placed on the powder, in the wells at Konigsborn and Gelsenkirchen weighed water or more is so great that a wisp of straw car and the shell tube with its partially filled cartridge is 50,000 pounds. The drill is lifted from 1 foot to 1 foot ried to the bottom of the well by the instrument, and moved further forward to a position just beneath the and 6 inches, ten or fifteen times a minute, and falls then brought up to the surface by the cleaning de plunger, when a depression of the lever forces the wad by its own weight on to the bed, which it reduces to vice, was found twisted and contracted in such a way home upon the powder. The same operation is then powder. - that it was as heavy as metal, and fell to the bottom repeated in loading the shell with shot. A capping Sometimes accidents happen, and the tubes are of a dish of water like lead, although it preserved its and decapping device, adapted to screw into the lower crushed and flattened out at enormous depths. It is original appearance and form. end of the plunger, has a convex face on one end for

Our other drawing (Fig. 1) represents the position capping and a pin projection on the other end to re of the well at Place Hebert, the surroundings of which moved an exploded primer. The crimper, beneath the have not yet been completed. This abundant supply forward end of the clamp plate, has an annular groove of hot water throws a spout 114 feet high. The water will be conducted to reservoirs, where it will be at the disposal of factories and, perhaps, employed for private purposes. Very little remains to be done to complete this important work and to gather in the fruit of suc cess. Science and the arts will have learned many useful and important lessons, which will be of benefit to posterity.—La Nature.

AN IMPROVED SAW GUMMER. A saw gummer which admits of ready adaptation and quick adjustment for work on a variety of saws is illustrated here with, and has been patented by Messrs. John P. and Nicholas Romer, of Gowanda, N. Y. To the side faces of the lower portion of the body are riveted upwardly extending diagonal plates, above which is adjustably held a die holder, the adjusting screws holding the die in any desired position, while the die rests directly on the upper ends of the diagonal braces. In the die is formed a V-shaped opening cor responding with the desired interdental spaces of the saw. Side plates are secured above the die, between which is mounted a movable bar, the lower end of ROMER'S SAW GUMMER. which is formed to correspond with the opening in the DEVENS, IMPROVED CARTRIDGE LOADER. 356 $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888. | in its upper face, its lower edge being formed of cam AN IMPROVED OAR AND OAR LOCK. Paper for Cleaning Lenses. faces, operated by a crank arin. The open end of the A novel construction, whereby an oar will be held Prof. S. H. Gage, of Cornell University, recommends, cartridge is first depressed by a claw or pronged piece securely in the oar lock, while turning freely therein, as preferable to linen or chalnois skin, the so-called adapted to engage with the thread of the plunger, so forins the subject of a recent patent, and is illustrated Japanese filter paper, the bibulous paper often used by that it will enter the annular groove in the upper face dentists in filling teeth. It is soft and flexible, absorbs of the crimping block, when by a slight downward liquids readily, is less likely to contain gritty particles pressure on the lever, at the same time rotating the that are liable to scratch the lenses, and it is so inex crank arm, the edge of the shell will be further turned pensive that when a piece has once been used it may over and properly crimped. be thrown away. Every director of a microscopical

- ---> laboratory appreciates the difficulty of getting students Photography as a Detective. to exercise the proper care in cleaning objectives and eye pieces. Every large laboratory is sure to contain Photography is gaining prominence in the criminal some students whose genius for scientific study is ex courts. With its help a Berlin merchant was lately hibited chiefly in the careless handling of delicate ap convicted of crooked ways in keeping his accounts. paratus. Doubtless if in a microscopical laboratory The slightest differences in color and shade of inks are each student were provided with a quantity of this made manifest in the photographic copy. Blue inks paper, fewer valuable lenses would be injured. appear nearly white; brown inks, on the contrary, almost black. A contemporary states that the books - AN IMPROVED ADJUSTABLE CHAIR AND SWING. of the accused were submitted to a photographer, who took off the pages concerned and brought into court A chair, in which the position of the back seat and the most undoubted ocular proofs of the illegitimate foot rest may be changed at pleasure, and the chair be after-entry of some of the accounts. A subsequent readily varied in height as desired, while it may also be chemical test substantiated this evidence. The photo quickly transformed into a couch, or adapted for use graphic is to be preferred to the chemical test, because as a swing, forms the subject of a recent patent, and is illustrated herewith. Besides a main frame of novel it brings its proofs into the court, and submits them to 2. 2 inspection, at the same time leaving the document un construction, three separate frames are provided, con der examination unharmed; while the results of a PHEATT'S OAR AND OAR LOCK. stituting respectively the back, seat, and foot rest, chemical test must be taken on the evidence of the hinged together, the seat being adapted to fold upon chemist alone, and the writing examined is perhaps herewith, the small figure showing a sectional eleva the back, and the foot rest upon that side of the seat not in contact with the back. There is a crank to destroyed. In another case similar to the above, the tion of the oar and oar lock. In a space formed by a changing of the date of a note by an insignificant cut-away portion of the oar is fixed a metal rod to fit make continuous the reclining action of the back and erasure and addition was proved by means of photo in the oar lock, this rod being so attached that there seat, whereby also the foot rest may be made to work graphy. will be no projections on the oar. At the bottom of in unison with the back and seat, or be released to the space formed by cutting away the oar is fitted a fold under the seat. The foot rest is also detachable, AN IMPROVED CANOPY DEVICE FOR CHAIRS. strengthening plate. The rod is round for about half so that it can be placed out of the way without of its length, the other portion being flattened to inconvenience to the user. The normal height of the A frame to support an awning, canopy, or mosquito adapt the rod to be readily placed in and removed chair may be lowered to that desired for a lady's sew netting, which can be quickly and easily secured to from the narrow slot or opening of the rowlock, which ing chair, retaining the reclining position, and, with is formed with a shank that enters the rail, and a

plate secured thereto in the usual manner. The top of the lock is divided to form two opposite members, between which the rod is held to fulcruin the oar, the upper ends of the members approaching each other at the top to form a narrow slot. The oar is limited in its outward movement, and in reversing the direction of rowing, it has simply to be turned over the top of the lock. For further particulars with reference to this in vention, address the inventor, Mr. Gideon K. Pheatt, of No. 120 Locust Street, Toledo, Ohio.

AN IMPROVED NUT LOCK. A nut lock which partakes of the functions of a jam nut, and which may in some instances take the place of a nut already in use, is illustrated here with, Fig. 2 showing a plan view, and Figs. 1, 3, and 4 illustrating different applications. The invention consists in a nut whose inner periphery is threaded, and whose body

- - E - ME portion is cut entirely through with a slit parallel to SSNR's NN. the axis of the bolt, a portion of the body thus cut being depressed or pushed out of the normal plane of the SMITH's CANOPY ATTACHMENT FOR CHAIRs, ETC, nut, so as to act as a stout spring bearing against the BASTIAN'S ADJUSTABLE CHAIR AND SWING, other nut when screwed up. The tension of this and detached from a chair, settee, etc., and is especial spring, when the jam nut is screwed up, creates so the extension of the foot rest, the chair may then be ly designed for use as a screen for protection against much friction that neither of the nuts can turn with made to form a couch. Discarding the legs by folding imosquitoes, etc., at all watering places and mountain out turning the other, while the strain is so unequal as them underneath the frame, provision is made to use resorts, is illustrated here with, and has been patented to prevent them from acting in unison. The cut in the contrivance, suitably hung, as a swing, which will by Miss Almira A. Smith, of Hadley, Mass. (box 140). the jam nut may also be semicircular, or nearly so, be comfortable and secure, and peculiarly adapted for The frame proper is composed of two standards, two terminating at either end in the body of the nut, and children's use. As is obvious, the construction, as a side pieces, two end pieces, and two braces, which may not extending to the edge. This invention was pa chair and chair and swing, presents facilities for a be made of wood, but are preferably nickel plated tented in December, 1886, and the nut has been great variety of changes. Entirely folded up, it forms inetallic rods. thoroughly tested and has given satisfaction. For a rectangular package of small compass capable of The standards are adapted to be detachably se easy transportation and storage. cured to a chair or settee by means of clamps, such as For further particulars with reference to this inven shown in the small figure to the left in the illustration, tion, address the patentee, Mr. Charles Bastian, No. the small figures to the right showing corner pieces of 36 Howard Street, New Orleans, La. the top frame, and the manner of adjusting the braces –-4-e-r on the standards. An awning cloth of waterproof ma terial is attached to the top fraine, and, when used in The Electro-Crystallization of Metallic Copper. localities infested with mosquitoes, a suitable netting BY H. N. WARREN, RESEARCH ANALYST. is suspended in such manner as to wholly inclose the The apparatus made use of for the above mentioned space beneath the frame. The construction is such substance consists entirely of an open tube, closed at that the frame can be accommodated to any irregu one extremity by means of a bladder diaphragm, and larities of the ground, and the whole can be quickly suspended in a solution of dilute sodium chloride. Into taken down and folded in compact form to be readily the tube is introduced a saturated solution of cupric carried in the hand of the user. sulphate, the strength of the solution being maintained by the insertion of a smaller tube terminating in a - *-* point, and containing crystals of CuSO4. A strip of The Hoosac Tunnel, North Adams, Mass. WAUGHAN’s NUT LOCK. copper foil, about 3 inches long by 1 inch wide, is next The total length of the tunnel is 25,031 feet, or four further information relative thereto address the introduced into the copper solution, and connected by and three-fourths miles. It is 20 feet in height and 24 Vaughan Manufacturing Co., No. 41 South Front means of a copper wire to a plate of zinc, forming the feet in width. From it was excavated 1.900,000 tons of negative electrode and in contact with the salt solu rock. Its entire cost was $14,000,000. It is soon to be Street, Philadelphia, Pa. tion. Alter the lapse of a few hours small cubical lighted by electricity. Annealing Small Tools. crystals of metallic copper gradually begin to appear --- According to the English Mechanic, a very good way on the copper electrode, which in the course of a THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN needs no one to “sing to anneal a small piece of tool steel is to heat it up in week or more will have arranged themselves into a its praises,” but, notwithstanding this fact, we feel it a forge as slowly as possible, and then take two fire compact crystalline mass, possessing a full metallic an absolute duty to the general public, at least that boards and lay the hot steel between them and screw luster, and rivaling in purity and malleability the portion of it which has never seen or heard of the them up in a vise. As the steel is hot, it sinks into the finest specimens of native copper, which they much paper, to tell them that such a one is published at pieces of wood, and is firmly embedded in an almost resemble. Metallic silver, antimony, bismuth, zinc, the low price of $3 a year, and that its true value can air-tight charcoal bed, and when taken out cold will be and even aluminum, n.agnesium, iron, chromium, and not be overestimated. It stands at the head of all found to be nice and soft. To repeat this will make it all the more oxidizable metals, may by slight altera publications of its kind.—Amer. Art Printer. as soft as could be wished. tions be reduced to the metallic state.–Chemical News. JUNE 9, 1888.] $rientific 3 merican. 357 - THE U. S. ARMORED BATTLE SHIP TEXAS. (Sorrespondence. mometers, made to determine the present temperature The new cruiser Texas, which is now being built by of mineral springs in the Pyrenees, in order to ascer the United States government at the navy yard, Nor tain whether there have been any small changes in folk Va., was designed by the Barrow Ship Building Curiosities of Deafness. their temperature during the present generation. Company, and is of the belted type; that is, it has a To the Editor of the Scientific American : Mr. Shelford Bidwell exhibited apparatus for meas belt of armor amidships to protect the vitals of the In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of May 26 there is an uring the changes produced by magnetization in the ship, and has an underwater armor deck extend article entitled “A Curious Case of Deafness,” which dimensions of rods and rings of iron and other metals. ing from armor belt to the extremities of the vessel. does not seem so very curious to ine. It has long been known that an iron rod when mag It has twin screws. The principal dimensions are: I am myself so deaf that common conversation is in netized is at first slightly lengthened, but Mr. Bidwell Length between perpendiculars, 290 feet; extreme audible to Ine when in a room where there is no other has discovered that if the Inagnetizing force be suffi. breadth, 64 feet 1 inch ; depth moulded to upper deck, noise, but when there is singing or instruments playing ciently increased the bar again contracts, and ulti 39 feet 8 inches; mean draught of water, 22 feet 6 I can hear as well as any one ; and when on board of mately becomes actually shorter than when unmag inches; displacement to this draught, 6,300 tons; dis railroad cars in motion I have frequently heard conver netized. A cobalt rod contracts at first under mag placement per inch at load line, 30 tons; complement sation from the seat behind Ine that those on the seat netization, and then becomes longer; a nickel rod con of officers and men, 300; speed, maximum, 17 knots. with me could not hear. I have known a number of tracts, and the limit of its contraction has not yet been Armament.—The main battery consists of two 12 people similarly affected. reached; bismuth is slightly elongated in intense fields. inch guns in turrets and six 6 inch guns protected by I am seventy years of age, and have been deaf for These results were rendered visible by means of lever shields. more than fifty years. CHAS. STONE. motion applied to a little reflecting mirror; the instru The secondary battery consists of four 6 pounders, Brockton, Mass. ment would measure changes in length amounting to four 3 pounders, and four 47 millimeter revolving can -4-e the twenty-five-millionth of an inch. non, protected by 1% inch steel plating. Two Gatlings The Alleged Clay Eaters of North Carolina-A Mr. A. A. Common, of Ealing, exhibited photographs and two 37 millimeter revolving cannon. Two 1 pound Refutation. of the polar axis of a 5 foot telescope. The axis of the ers. Two Gatlings, with two 37 millimeter revolving To the Editor of the Scientific American : telescope consisted simply of an ordinary iron boiler cannon, are fought in the military mast tops to repel In your paper of the 19th of May, 1888, I find an arti floating in water, so that it would turn easily, and boarders and torpedo boat attacks. Two 37 millimeter cle on page 311, under the head of “Carolina Clay Eat loaded with pig iron. rapid-fire guns are fitted in the steam cutters. ers,” on the authority of Dr. Frank H. Getchell, which, Professor George Forbes exhibited a coulomb meter, Torpedoes can be projected through six tubes, one in the interest of truth, deserves a brief notice. in which an electric current passing through an iron through the bow, one through the stern, two through I am a resident—a native—of Rowan County, in conductor creates heat, which sets up a convection the side above water, and two through the side forward which Salisbury is located, and within the last sixty current in the air, and this causes vanes to rotate below water. years have been in all parts of the county more or less, about a vertical axis and drive clockwork. The num Machinery.—The motive power is furnished by two and am utterly at a loss to determine where Dr. Getchell ber of revolutions indicated on dials is, through a con triple expansion engines, placed in separate watertight found his community of clay eaters. If there be such siderable range of currents, an exact indication of the compartments. a community, I ought to know of it. If there be such number of coulombs or ampere hours which have The cylinders are 36, 51, and 78 inches in diameter, a place, either “back,” front, or on the sides of Salis passed through the conductor. The friction of a ruby with a stroke of 39 inches. There are four double-ended bury, some one-nay, many-in Salisbury ought to cap on a pivot determines the Sinallest current which boilers, 14 feet diameter by 17 feet long. Steam pres know where it is ; and yet if any such place exists in can be accurately measured, and the friction of the sure, 150 pounds. Grate surface, 504 square feet. In this county, it is unknown to us. We have two little clockwork is barely perceptible. The resistance of a dicated horse power, with an air pressure of 2 inches of hills in the county, one of them 3% miles south-southeast meter to read from 1 ampere upward is 0.02 ohm. water, equals 8,600. of Salisbury, which have been dignified by the name Mr. E. S. Bruce had on view a translucent captive Coal supply is 500 tons. With this supply the endu Dunn’s “Mountain,” and the other, 13 miles west, as balloon for flashing signals by night. Some glow rance for a speed of 17 knots is 1,110 knots; at 15 knots Young's Mountain. Neither of them exceeds 300 feet lamps were placed inside the balloon, and flashes could speed, 2,050 knots; and at 12 knots speed, 3,170 knots. above the waters at their bases. The snow and ice be produced from the earth by means of two fine con With an increased coal supply to 850 tons and a speed never lingers on them until spring, and in no particular ducting wires and a commutator; some experiments of 111", knots, the endurance is 6,000 knots. do they answer to the description of Dr. G. In fact, with the system have been conducted in the presence Quarters for Officers and Crew.—This vessel is to be the doctor's report as a whole or in detail cannot be of the English and Belgian military authorities.

- fitted as a flag ship. Directly aft, on the gun deck, is made to apply to any part of Rowan County. Her peo ***** the admiral's private cabin. Forward of this, his din ple are prosperous farmers, and live as well and are as The Great Philadelphia Sugar Refinery. ing saloon and sleeping cabin. Next, the admiral's intelligent as those of any other part of this or other The plans for the great sugar refinery to be erected bath and water closet and pantry. Forward of these Southern State. by Mr. Claus Spreckels, at Philadelphia, are rapidly are similar accommodations for the captain. Forward In conclusion, I will say that this story of Dr. Getch assuming shape. The pile driving has been begun, of this is an open space extending across the ship, with ell has been going the rounds for two or three years, and very soon the foundation walls will give the out and has more than once been contradicted. two passages leading forward. These passages inclose lines of the great structure. In twelve months, it is the wardroom, and the staterooms open into them from J. J. BRUNER. hoped, the refinery will be in working order. It will Salisbury, N. C. the outer sides. There are nine staterooms opening then be started, and be able to turn out every day into these passages. Beyond the wardroom bulkhead two million pounds of refined sugar. A Royal Society Conversazione. is a large open space, which can be used by the steer The main refinery building is to be 60x160 feet in age officers. The crew are berthed on the gun and berth VAt a recent conversazione of the Royal Society at area. Its height of 132 feet will include thirteen decks. Burlington House, under the presidency of Professor stories. The finishing house, warehouse, boiler house, General Construction of Hull.—The ship has double George Gabriel Stokes, among the exhibits of interest filtering works, and other structures will greatly ex bottom and transverse watertight bulkheads. Is built were samples of extremely hard carbon by the Wood tend the works, the entire area to be covered by build with vertical and flat keel plates. Longitudinal stiffen house & Rawson Electric Supply Company, for micro ings being in the neighborhood of 100,000 square feet. ers for bottom and bilges. Above the armored deck phonic and other purposes. It took a high polish like In its effects, even upon so large a city as Philadel the transverse frames are made of Z-bars. jet, and in pieces as thick as average metallic foil gave a phia, the gigantic establishment will be impressive. metallic ring when dropped upon the table. Some sam British cottons and Hardware in China. With its workmen and their families, the shipping and ples of it, soldered into small disks of brass, were ex The British consul at Ichang, the most western port dock employes, and the allied industries of cooper hibited. - The soldering had been effected by first de age, etc., many thousands of individuals will be sup in the Yangtsze, notices in his last report that while the positing copper upon the carbon by electricity, then import of the lighter cotton goods has increased, that ported by it. tinning the copper. This “adamantine carbon ” was In California Mr. Spreckels has given every evidence of the heavy and coarse textures has decreased. In the stated to be hard enough to scratch glass, and the ex spring of last year there were rumors among the of his enterprise and progressive nature. He has en hibitors said that its mode of preparation is secret, couraged, by free distribution of seed and otherwise, Chinese of bodily ailments, diseases of the skin, and but electrical deposition is brought into play in the even death being induced by wearing garments the cultivation of beets for sugar, and he may yet play process. The same firm exhibited Vernon Harcourt's in this country the same role that Napoleon filled for of foreign cotton stuff. In Szechuen province the new pentane standard lamp, in which part of a cylin story had much currency for a short time. He sug France. The enormous development that the beet root der of flame is seen between two vertical tubes, which industry has attained in Germany and France is almost gests that those who control the cotton goods trade cut off from view the upper and lower part of the should take means to prevent the presence of noxious without parallel in its widespread effects. It has given flame, gave a light in all directions equal to that of the farming population a remunerative crop. The re or irritant matter in their goods. “The alleged one average standard candle. Messrs. Woodhouse & use of baryta and its possible effects might be worth quirements of the root have been studied, and the Rawson also exhibited a holophotometer, for measuring fertilizer manufacture has been greatly increased by the inquiry.” Mr. Gregory further urges that some one the intensity of a light all round. It consisted of ad from Birminghain should visit the China ports with a demands of the beet root farms. Even on metallurgy justable mirrors Inounted upon a heavy kind of re its influence has been felt in the utilization of the shipload of samples and wares for sale. “Two spades tort stand. The absorption of light by the mirrors were in my hands lately for transmission to a brother phosphatic basic steel process slags as a source of plant themselves had been found to annount to 1.8 per cent. food. officer; they bore the mark of a Pittsburg Imanufac Among the most interesting objects on view was a turer. I wrote to a house (British, I believe) at Shang It is not easy to predict the effects upon this country copy of M. Moissan's apparatus for the isolation of of the introduction of so important an industry. If Mr. hai for weighing scales, and what were sent me were fluorine, exhibited by Professor T. E. Thorpe. American. The stove in my office bears a name which |Spreckels succeeds in establishing it here, his influence Mr. C. V. Boys, who is noted for his ability as a de on the prosperity of America may be very deep and means the “stars and stripes.” Our own people could monstrator, whether in drawing quartz silk by means surely have supplied these things quite as well and as lasting. of flying arrows or in managing straw skyrockets, per -*-* cheaply.” He also suggests a trial of watches of formed various experiments with soap bubbles. He De Haen’s Antimony Salt. gigantic size, say three inches diameter, of sound and blew one bubble and placed it upon an iron ring, then | This salt is a combination of antimony terfluoride very strong construction, so as to bear rough usage, with coal gas he blew another bubble inside the first and ammonium sulphate readily soluble in water, con last long, and not give much trouble in cleaning and one, which rose, carrying the outer bubble with it, also |taining 47 percent antimony sesquioxide, and having a repairing. The cases might be of copper or one of its a piece of paper attached by a thread, as a sort of bal strongly acid reaction. Its solution attacks glass and alloys. loon car, to the lower part of the outer bubble. When metals, and should consequently be used only in An Active Centenariam. two bubbles were blown independently of each wooden vats. If employed for fixing tannin, it should Charles Clendenning, one of the pioneers of Alle other, and then rubbed against each other, they would be neutralized with half its weight of soda crystals. gheny County, Pa., celebrated his 100th birthday on not touch, but the slightest amount of electricity The quantity to be used per liter is 4 grims, of the anti May 24. Mr. Clendenning is in good health, and per brought near them by means of a little electrophorus mony salt and 2 grims. soda crystals, taking the pieces sonally superintends the work on his large farm in caused them to coalesce and burst. When one bubble through the solution at 50°; 4 grims. of the antimony West Deer township, and cares for thirty hives of bees. was blown inside another, the electricity caused no salt take the place of 5 grims of the double tartrate. He has never worn spectacles, and still shaves himself. coalescence, the outer bubble protecting the inner one The shades are brighter than those obtained with tar Upward of one hundred and fifty descendants and rel from its action. tar emetic, and the whites purer, which proves that atives were present at the reunion, Mr. J. G. Symons exhibited some Casella's ther the coloring matter is better fixed. 358 $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888.

A REMARKABLE ESCAPE - - - - gine cost him many a re FROM LIGHTNING. gret. To the Editor of the Scien JOHN B. DE MOTTE. tific American: De Pauw University, The narrowest escape Greencastle, Ind. from death by lightning of -->e which I have ever heard Armor Plates and Con came to my knowledge crete. while lecturing a few weeks A course of experiments ago at the Florida Chau were recently conducted at tauqua. The drug store, the camp of Chalons, in the which is used as a post presence of M. De Frey. office by the good people cinet and the heads of the of De Funiak, stands be- | Paris military technical tween the railroad station commission, for ascertain and their beautiful little - * ing the relative resisting

| lake. At the time to which - £ powers of armor plate and --- I refer it was “protected ” x: *:: - concrete f a c e d cupolas --Rs. by a common sized twist --- - against mel inite shells. ed copper band lightning The trials demonstrated

rod, with iron core, fasten the shelter afforded by the ed to the house by glass in concrete facings of 10 feet sulators in the old fashion in thickness to be much ed way. Several other. Inore effectual than the houses in the town were metal plates alone; but in “rodded ” in the same justice to the latter system way; but after this one of protection it must be was so badly shattered mentioned that the armor they were torn off by their ed cupolas had already owners, “to lessen their withstood five months' ex chances of getting struck, posure to the heaviest shot you know,” they explain and shell that could be di ed. About a hundred feet STORE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING—DE FUNIAK, FLORIDA. rected, almost daily, back of the post office stood against them. It was gen two fine specimens of the tall pines which grow so work in the window nearest the corner, had his hair erally agreed that the concrete facings were superior abundantly in that region. and breast badly singed, and the artist who took to the plain metal shields, and conjoined the two

On the afternoon of the 18th of last August, at about substances were comparatively irresistible to mel

1 o'clock, a number of boys and men had collected un | inite, but the metal alone showed an unexpected and der the post office porch, thinking, on account of the extraordinary degree of resistance against the dis

lightning rod, that they would be safe from the light | charges from guns and mortars of the largest known ning, which was playing rather freely from an only caliber, sometimes at point-blank range. Some of the partially cloud-covered sky. Among them was John shells employed contained even 197 pounds of melinite, Chisholm, a merchant of De Funiak, who was sitting without materially impairing the offensive purposes of about half way between the corner post of the porch the cupolas, for, spite of their battered plates and other and the nearest window. damages, the two guns within were found still service The lightning struck the two high pines, and, after able and readily workable to the last. shattering their tops, leaped to the rod, completely The compound protection system was approved for melting its points, and then running along the comb future constructions of a similar kind, but it was held of the roof to the gable and down a corner, leaving it that the metal cupolas had maintained the continnal in the condition shown in the engraving. Mr. Chis crushing tests with so much success that it was ad holm's only recollection of the stroke is a sensation like judged in the end to replace the shattered surface that of a heavy blast of hot air striking him between plates, and send them to strengthen the defenses on the the shoulders. He was thrown forward upon his face eastern frontier. Contrary to first reports, the gun and taken up for dead. His shoes were new and his ners within the cupolas could have remained within trousers nearly so, yet they were left looking very much during all the incessant pounding unharmed, and well as if they had been attacked by an army of hungry able to serve their pieces.—Broad Arrow. rats. The engravings, which are made from photo ------graphs which I had taken for the purpose, give a fairly Natural Gas in Kentucky. good idea of their condition. How a man could Mr. Albert W. Moreman is interested in the gas have his clothes chewed off from him by lightning wells now in process of development at Brandenburg. in that style and still live is a mystery. His shirt His father owns salt wells there that are operated by was torn entirely in two. His body was badly blistered, means of natural gas, which has been used for this especially from the knees down. Becoming conscious, JOHN CHISHOLM. purpose some twelve or thirteen years. Mr. More he experienced a terrible feeling of suffocation and man's house is also heated by natural gas. “heartache, as though it would burst.” He remained these photographs had his pipe knocked out of his A reporter recently called on Mr. Moreman, and helpless for four months, suffering terribly from aching mouth and broken to pieces—a calamity which I ima asked him to give some account of the development in the bones and a of the gas wells of stinging sensation, Brandenburg. He “as though a thou said: “Within the sand needles were last fewmonths seven being stuck all over or eight wells have my body.” been bored. Five of Now, after a lapse these give a flow of of over nine months, from 1,000,000 to Mr. Chisholm has 1,500,000 of gas aday. gradually recovered The well struck re the use of his limbs, cently by the Doe only suffering from Run Natural Gasand an occasional violent Manufacturing Com involuntary jerk in pany is the largest of the back. He at the wells, giving at a tends to business, depth of 437 a flow and has recovered estimated at from much of his former 8,000,000 to 10,000. sociability. As his 000 per diem, and photograph in di having a pressure of cates, he is alto 225 pounds to the gether the best pre square inch. Thees served specimen of a timates are made by thunderbolt that I practical gas men have ever seen. who have been bor Several others sit ing about Pittsburg. ting near were, of This is the only well course, more or less in which any shoot shaken up. ing has been done. Dr. Allred caught We put down a 12 a part of Mr. Chis pound cartridge, holm's charge in his which brought the foot, and went on gas. Every well that crutches for some has been bored gives days. gas in some quan The jeweler, Mr. tity.”—Louisville Cochran, who was at MR. CHISHOLM'S NEW GAITERS AND CLOTHING AFTER THE STROKE, Times. - - --— . .

JUNE 9, 1888. $rientific American. 359

- w JAMES CURTIS BOOTH. Institute, in Philadelphia, in 1836, and during the nine Ventilation of the Beds of the Sick. It has been pointed out by the present writer, else successive winters he continued his lectures, making In the Cambridge (Mass.) Hospital there is an ar where in these columns, that two distinct epochs can three full courses of three years each, and exhaustive rangement for the ventilation of the beds not gener be shown in the development of science in the United of the range of applied chemistry. It is much to be ally known It is so effective that I wish to describe it. States, one beginning with the teaching of chemistry regretted that these full courses have not been resumed Beneath each bed is a ventilating tube of about eight by the elder Silliman at Yale College, early in the since 1845, except in single sporadic cases. inches in diameter, fifty square inches area, leading di century, and the other beginning with the settlement of The University of Lewisburg conferred on him the rectly through the floor to a foul air tank, beneath Louis Agassiz in Cambridge. Between these two eras degree of LL.D., 1867, and that of Ph.D. he received which it communicates with the main ventilating there was a development of chemistry in Philadelphia, from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1884. In | chimney. About 2,000 cubic feet of air an hour is thus which may be traced back to the influence of Robert January, 1839, he was elected a member of the American | drawn from beneath each bed. This ventilating tube Hare, who was contemporaneous with Prof. Silliman, Philosophical Society, and in September, 1852, he was is connected with the bed above by a four inch pipe but which culminated in the opening of J. C. Booth's chosen a member of the Philadelphia Academy of of tinned plate, with a proper cover and joints, which laboratory, in 1836, where many of our ablest chemists Natural Sciences. He served as president of the passes around the side or foot of the bed and into it of a past generation received their early training. A American Chemical Society in 1884 and 1885, and was beneath the clothing. This pipe is lengthened with course in this laboratory was considered necessary for elected for a third time, but declined this honor, never one of the same size of pasteboard or other substance, the chemist of that time, and was regarded as of more before conferred on a member. a non-conductor of heat, reaching to any part of the value than a college diploma. Professor Booth con His bibliography, which is not very extensive, in bed. By this simple means foul air is removed as fast tinued long in the active practice of his profession, and cludes the following papers: “On the Deutarseniuret as formed, the bed kept free from odor, and the pa his recent death, on March 21, 1888, at his residence of of Nickel from Reichelsdorf in Hessia” (1836); “Ana tient's body is no longer surrounded with contaminat “Midhope,” Haverford College Post Office, Pa., re lysis of Various Ores of Lead, Silver, Copper, Zinc, ing gases. As the air presses inward through the por moves from us one of the most eminent of American Iron, etc., from King's Mine, Davidson County, N. C.” ous bed clothing, none escapes into the ward. Further, chemists. (1841); “On Beet Root Sugar” (1842); “Chrome Iron a two inch flexible pipe is adjusted to that just de James Curtis Booth was the son of George and Ann Analysis” (1842), “Constitution of Glycerin and Oily scribed, and slipped over the hollow handle of the bed Bolton Booth, and was born in Philadelphia on July Acids” (1848); “On Remingtonite, a New Cobalt pan when in use, carrying off odor from that also. In 28, 1810. He received his early education at classical Mineral ” (1852); with Martin H. Boyé : “Analysis the same hospital similar means connect the beds in schools in Philadelphia, and then spent four years in of Well Water in Philadelphia" (1842): “On the Ex the private wards with the chimney of an ordinary Hartsville Seminary, in Bucks County, Pa., after which traction and Decolorization of Gelatin " (1842); “On fireplace, up which the pipe reaches about four feet he studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where the Preparation of Aluminous Mordants” (1842): to insure a good draught with a moderate fire; the he was graduated in 1829. A year later part in the chimney is of black iron. The he entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic advantages of such an arrangement in Institute, and completed his course in cases of sloughs, foul ulcers, cancers, and 1831. He then went to Flushing, L. I., in fevers with frequent faecal dejections, where, during the winter of 1831–32, he are obvious. It may be supposed that delivered an introductory course of lec the passage of air through the bed would tures on chemistry. Deciding to follow cool it too much. Practically it does not. that science as a profession, he went to Probably the quantity of air passing is Germany in December, 1832, and entered about the same as in beds ordinarily at Friedrich Wöhler's private laboratory in the same temperature of the room, but Cassel, there being at that time no uni in a different direction.—N. Y. Medical versity laboratories arranged for the regu Journal. lar reception of students; and it is be -o-o-o lieved that he was the first American The Chemistry of Plants. student to study analytical chemistry in The activity characterizing many Germany. After a year with Wöhler, he branches of scientific research has yielded went to Berlin, and spent an equal wonderful results during recent years. amount of time with Gustav Magnus. We look upon continued developments The remainder of his three years abroad with an indifference which but yesterday was devoted to the practical study of would h a v e been wonderment. The chemistry applied to the arts in the phases of human progress follow in such manufacturing centers of the Continent rapid succession that we fail at times to and England. note their continuity. But the momen With an education probably unequaled tum of research and thought is neverthe at that time by any chemist in America, less daily demonstrated, and with each he returned to the United States, and in demonstration it receives a new impetus 1836 established in Philadelphia a labora which suggests the final possibility of a tory for instruction in chemical analysis solution of all mysteries. and applied chemistry. This institution While perhaps not in greater activity, soon acquired considerable distinction, still in apparent results the mechanical being the first of its kind in this country, sciences lead, and from their direct appeal and during the course of a few years to the more evident interests of the people nearly fifty students availed themselves probably always will be regarded as the of his instruction, most of whom have most important form of development. In since acquired distinction. The list in the fields of research of more difficult cludes John F. Frazer, professor of chem conquests the results are correspondingly istry at the University of Pennsylvania meager, and in no branch is this more in 1844–72; Thomas H. Garrett, his sur true than in that of organic chemistry, viving partner in the analytical business; THE LATE JAMES CURTIS BOOTH. especially that pertaining to the chemis Campbell and Clarence Morfit, known by try of plants. In referring to this subject the handbook which they wrote: Richard the Western Druggist says there is little S. McCulloh, professor of physics at Columbia College “Conversion of Benzoic Acid in Hippuric Acid" (1843); doubt that the organic principles existing in plants in 1857–63; Robert E. Rogers, professor of chemis and “Analysis of Three Kinds of Feldspar” (1844); are as yet very imperfectly understood. The ques try at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852–77; and with Thomas H. Garrett: “Experiments on Illumina tion of their relations to each other, the influence of Dr. William Camac of Philadelphia. tion with Mineral Oils” (1862); and with Campbell variation in climate and soil, the presence and effect of At first he was assisted by Dr. Martin H. Boyé, who Morfit : “On the Analysis of Cast Iron” (1853). His ferments, which appear to be one of the most import remained with him until 1845, and in 1848 Thomas H. larger works are: “Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Prac ant at present, are problems which the pharmacologist Garrett became his associate. The latter continued to tical and Theoretical,” in the preparation of which he is called upon to explain more clearly. Recently the manage the analytical department of the business until was assisted by Martin H. Boyé, Richard S. McCulloh, active principles of several drugs have been localized 1881, when Andrew A. Blair joined the firm, which, un and Campbell Morfit (Philadelphia, 1850), and “Recent in their respective parts of the plants—amygdalin and der the title of Booth, Garrett & Blair, have a high Improvements in the Chemical Arts,” issued by the emulsin in almond, and atropine in belladonna. It is reputation as analysts, especially in the examination Smithsonian Institution (Washington, 1852). Also he hoped that these and similar investigations will pave and determination of iron ores. edited, with notes, a translation from the French of the way to a better understanding of the cause, origin, Meanwhile, in 1849, Mr. Booth received from Presi Regnault's “Elements of Chemistry” (two volumes, and chemistry of the proximate organic principles, dent Zachary Taylor the appointment of melter and Philadelphia, 1853). that a systematic science Inay be formed from the pres refiner at the U. S. mint in Philadelphia, which office -4–a–M ent chaotic mass.

-- -- he held until his death. His resignation was sent to Electrolytic Deposit of Pure Iron. -- the President on July 27, 1887, and accepted on Janu For obtaining fixed or detachable deposits of chemi What a Ton of Coal Yields. ary 7, 1888, to take effect on the qualification of his cally pure and very homogeneous iron, Mr. Barthol A ton of coal yields about 8,000 cubic feet of gas and successor—an event which occurred after his death. In employs the following process : 1,500 pounds of coke. The purification of the gas fur his official capacity, Mr. Booth was frequently consult A bath of carbonate of iron is prepared with 18% nishes 45 gallons of ammonia water, from which is ob ed by the government on questions pertaining to ounces of sulphate of iron to 2% gallons of water, and tained sulphate of ammonia for agricultural purposes, chemistry, and his studies on the nickel ores of Penn 4% pounds of carbonate of soda to 2% gallons of water. and about 130 pounds of tar. It is here that the ope sylvania led, in 1856, to the adoption of nickel as one To this is added 5 gallons of water acidulated with ration becomes especially interesting, for from this last of the components of the alloys used in the coinage of sulphuric acid, and there is thus obtained an electro named product are obtained 70 pounds of pitch, 18 of the cent issued in that year. lytic liquid in which, on the one hand, are immersed creosote, 9 of naphtha, 13 of heavy oils, 6 of naphthaline, Soon after his return from Europe he was called on the objects to be covered, and, on the other, an iron or 4 of naphthol, 2 of alizarine, about 1 each of phenol, to take part in the geological survey of Pennsylvania, steel anode of the size of the object to be coated with aurine, and aniline (the substance to which we are in and during 1837–38 he had charge of the geological sur pure iron.—Revue Scientifique. debted for so wonderful colors), 10 ounces of toluidine, vey of the State of Delaware, in connection with which –-4------6 of anthracene, and 12 of toluene. Finally, it will in he issued the first and second “Annual Reports of the THE physicians are vigorously discussing the ethics terest photographers to know that hydroquinon, that Delaware Geological Survey” (Dover, 1839) and “Me of patenting instruments invented by members of the product that has been so much spoken of recently, and moirs of the Geological Survey of Delaware” (1841). profession, in the Medioal Journal. They never hesi which was at first obtained from cinchona, is now ob His partiality for applied chemistry led to his ap tate about copyrighting a book, though, the Sanitary tained from coal by industrial processes.—La Science pointment as professor on that subject at the Franklin AWews has discovered, en Famille. $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888.

- Fabulous Astronomy. autumnn feast, during which the dead are honored by a secular games of the Romans, and still more closely re (Continued from page 344.) dance called stapuscan, or “dance of the dead.” The sembled those of the feast of Isis, in Egypt.-L. Barre, THE EARTH, SKY, AND STARs. women swear by the Pleiades, and the men by the sun. tn Revue Scientifique.* - The first observers of the heavens had no suspicion of They are called “the seven,” implying the idea of per the true nature of the stars, nor of the great distances fection and signifying the seven perfections. In every Aluminum Bronze. that separate us from them. They believed them, if religious feast the calumet is always presented to them, A writer in the Journal of the United States Cavalry not within reach of the hand, at least (and almost in a and prayers are offered up to them that a happy life Association points out that this alloy might with ad literal sense) to be within reach of the voice. Homer may be granted. To these Indians the Pleiades were vantage be used in the construction of breast plates. says that the loftiest pines of Mount Ida extended formerly seven young people who guarded the sacred There is no doubt that the days of defensive armor are beyond the limit of the atmosphere and penetrated the seed at night, and who executed a sacred dance while by no means past. The advantage of the cuirass was ethereal region, through which the noise made by the doing so. Epizors, the morning star, charined with their shown in the cavalry combats of the Franco-German arins of his heroes reached the sky. The latter was a gracefulness, took thern to heaven, where the sight of war, and the far range of the modern rifle may render it solid hemisphere—a bell that rested upon the earth. their gambols delights the stars. every day more desirable that some attempt should be According to Euripides, it was a cover put upon the The sand dance of Malay warriors gives an idea of made to counteract its deadliness. Gun shields also will works of the sublime workman. The Hebrew this celestial dance. The bath of purification prescribed sooner or later become necessary, and it may be that in psalmist of the eleventh century before our era said to the Indian doctors contains a triangular aperture, in this alloy will be found the solution of the question to the Lord, “Thou spreadest the heavens like a tent.” which are placed seven hot stones that are afterward how to protect light artillery and cavalry without sacri It is in this hemispherical vault that the stars of covered with cold water. After the Inedicine men have ficing mobility. Captain W. Hall, the writer above re Anaximines are fixed like nails. Empedocles sup made their invocations, they invoke the aid of the ferred to, gives an interesting comparison, which was posed them to be attached to a crystal vault.* The Pleiades in curing the sick in body. As a talisman, made by his government, between the average of 130 celestial bell covered a flat earth surrounded on they have seven bones, balls, or buttons. specimens of accepted gun steel and an alloy of 90 parts every side by water. Every nation supposed itself To the ancients, the Pleiades (from alety, “to navi copper and 10 aluminum. This comparison is as fol to be in the center, and China is still to-day gate”) were the constellation of navigators, because lows: Aluminum alloy. Gun steel. the “central empire " [and its Chinese name, Chon they were visible from May to November—the period Lb. per sq. in. Lb. per sq. in. Koo, means “center of the world”]. The Incas of of navigation in the Mediterranean—and served, instead Tensile strength...... 111,400 96,150 Peru showed the center of the earth in the sanctuary of the pole star, for directing sailors at night. Accord Probable elastic limit...... 84,000 51,611 of Cuzco, the name of which signifies “navel,” just as ing to a fable, the Pleiades, or Atlantides, were the It is considered that modern methods of working the Greeks saw it in the temple of the sun at Delphi, seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, who were carried aluminum, especially by aid of the electric furnace, will called also the navel ('ouqa Mós) of the habitable world, off by Busirus, king of Egypt, and rescued by Hercules. so reduce the price that it will come into general use and celebrated under that title by Pindar. The Being afterward persecuted by Orion, they were for many purposes. Chinese locate the navel of the earth in the city of changed into stars. The most brilliant of them, Alcyone, " Tauri, is of the third magnitude; Electra Khotan. The conception of an earth flat like a cake THE PEARL MUCILAGE BOTTLE, prevailed in European civilization up to the crusades, and Atlas are of the fourth ; Merope, Maia, and Tay The accompanying cuts show a novel and useful and the lazzaroni of Naples still have it. gates are of the fifth ; and Caeleno, Pleione, and Aste The Hawaiians, Maoris, and Eskimos believe the rope are of the sixth and eighth. The last two are in mucilage bottle recently placed on the market by the

- Nassau Manu entire sky to be supported by a column, just as classi visible to the naked eye, and Caeleno can be seen only cal antiquity supposed it to be upheld by Atlas. The by sharp eyes. It has probably diminished in brilli facturing Co., of 140 Nassau Iroquois Indians suppose the sky to be fluid. In order ancy since the time of the Trojan war, since an ancient to explain the circular motion of the sun, the Polyne version states that it disappeared on account of the Street, New York. sians suppose that the great god Mani holds it by carnage of these battles. means of a cord, and this also was the idea of the It is a remarkable thing that our sun and its system Fig. 1 shows the flexible Peruvians. are drawn along to a point in space situated between To the pastor of the Saptasindhu, the stars were u and v Herculis, and much nearer the latter, under rubber tip, which is of fires lighted by Agni (elementary fire) or by Varuna the influence of a central star, which is perhaps (the celestial vault). A hymn that he addressed to the Alcyone. peculiar con THE GREAT BEAR. struction, an gods inentions the moon with icy rays only to pro In the Great Bear, the inhabitants of northern re swering the claim the powerlessness of it before the divine fires of heaven. gions see a rude figure of the common bear, or that of THE MILKY WAY. the reindeer or dog. A chariot is likewise seen in it— the inconveniences. This tip may The grouping of the stars in constellations is very the “chariot of David ” of country folk. be readily converted into a self ancient. The Great Bear, the Little Bear, the V of The Iroquois have long known of the approximate feeding brush by simply sticking Taurus, the Pleiades and Orion have been known for a immobility of the pole star, and callittiyunsoudagoerr, a narrow knife blade through it at the index notches, as shown in very long time. The milky way, which is the “winter “star that never moves.” [The Cree Indians name it Fig. 2. lane” of the Scandinavians, is the “soul's road” among atak ekawikatch ka attutet, “star that never changes Owing to the peculiar construc the Iroquois and several other nations of America land place.”] THE AZTEC FEAST OF THE CYCLE. tion of the tip, the slits will always the teh ibekana, or “road of the dead,” of the Odjib. open when it is bent by pressure ways]. The souls enter the world through the door at The period of fifty-two years appeared to the Aztecs applied in using, but if mucilage the intersection of the zodiac and milky way in the so colnplete a cycle that they asked themselves whether, Fig, 1. hardens around thein, a pinch or constellation Gemini, and make their exit, to return to at the expiration of this period, the great clock of tap on the end of the tip will readily loosen it. The the gods, through the door of Sagittarius. French heaven (having accomplished its revolution) would not bottle may be left on its side, or, in fact, in any peasants still call the milky way “St. James's Road,” stop forever. The Aztec cycle threatened a large num position, with and mythology attributes it to a drop of milk that fell ber of men once, sometimes twice, in their life. The fatal night on which the fifty-second year was to ex out the slight from Juno's breast while she was nursing Hercules. It est chance of is the “celestial river” of the Chinese, an arm of the pire was therefore a solemn moment. On this evening spilling any of its contents, as the sea inhabited by sharks to the Tahitians, the field in the sacred fires in the temples were extinguished, as which the manes of the ancestors of the Puelches hunt were also the fires in private houses. All vessels that mucilage will only flow through ostriches, and the “star dust” of the Peruvians. had contained food were broken. The evening was the apertures when pressure is ap passed in darkness, the population being divided be plied, as in use. THE PLEIADES. tween inquietude and hope. It was in the month of There is no waste from spilling or The Pleiades are a group of stars quite close together, November. The sky, usually clear at this season, evaporation. It is Inuch more eco visible in winter in that part of the constellation which sparkled with Inyriads of stars. The people then be nomical than the old fashioned lies near Aries and Perseus. Several ancient peoples took themselves to the mountain of Huixachtecatl, -- bottle, and may be refilled as often imagined that they saw male and female dancers in the near Mexico. The Pleiades were to culminate at mid Fig. 2. as desired by slipping off the tip. group. night; it was the demarkation of the cycle. When they Though on the market but a few weeks, it is having a [Iroquois tradition originates the Pleiades in seven lit were at the highest point of the heavens, the chosen deservedly large sale.

tle Indian boys, who met for a dance. Their heads and a victim was brought forward, and the priests opened his -* hearts grew light as they flew around the mound about breast and tore out his heart. Then laying the sticks Friction of Collar Bearings. which they were dancing, until suddenly the whole whence the new fire was to issue upon the victim's The third report of the friction committee of the party whirled off into the air. Higher and higher they quivering breast, they rubbed them in order to pro Institution of Mechanical Engineers is on experiments rose, whirling around their singer, until, transformed duce the flame that was to light the funeral pile. Men on the friction of a collar bearing. The general con into bright stars, they took their place in the firma provided with torches at once surrounded the new clusions of the committee are that this kind of bearing ment, where they are dancing still, the brightness of flame in order to light the resinous wood that they car is inferior to a cylindrical journal in weight-carrying the singer, however, being dimmed on account of his ried in their hands. These were the couriers who were power. The coefficient of friction is also much higher desire to return to earth.] to distribute the sacred fire throughout all the prov than for a cylindrical bearing, and the friction follows In India, Italy, England, and France, it is rather a inces of the empire. At this moment, cries of joy made the law of the friction of solids more nearly than that hen and her chickens that are seen in the group. the mountain echo; the world had not come to an end, of liquids, due doubtless to the less perfect lubrication French peasants call the group the poussiniere (from and man could hope for at least one more cycle before applicable to this form of bearing compared with a poussin, “chicken”). According to Ciel et Terre, ob the destruction of the universe. cylindrical one. The coefficient of friction appears to servations of the Pleiades are of the highest importance Those who were unable to be present at the public be independent of the speed, but to diminish somewhat to the Blackfoot Indians, whose feasts are regulated by ceremony kneeled upon the house tops, asking them as the load is increased, and may be stated approxi the advent or disappearance of this group of stars. selves whether they would see a new era. At the ap mately at one-twentieth at 15 pounds per square inch, When the latter disappear from the starry vault, in proach of daybreak, with eyes turned toward the east, diminishing to one-thirtieth at 75 pounds per square autumn, the agricultural labors are begun by sowing they watched for the first glimmer of the dawn, like inch. seed. It is the inissiman, or feast of the men. When the bird that Dante speaks of, which fixedly gazes east -ā-ā-ā-ā they reappear, the montoka, or women's feast, is cele ward in order to see the day appear. At the first sign QUANTITIES of bears' bones and seven very well pre brated. The first merrymaking has for signification of light, cries of joy arose from everywhere. New fires served skulls were recently discovered in a cave at the burial or burning of seed, and the second the re were everywhere lighted, a magnificent feast was cele Rubeland, in the Hartz. A set of stag antlers, frag turn of the absent. The day before the Pleiades make brated, and thanks were rendered to God for having ments of skeletons of hyenas, and some slender bones, their appearance (and a knowledge of this event implies prolonged his light and accorded a new cycle. which are assigned to the ptarmigan and the lemining, an advanced state of astronomy), the women make The secular feast of the Aztecs has been suppressed were also discovered. The cave is to be lighted by Inerry by dancing around a pole. It is the marristam, by the Spaniards, their conquerors. The last human electricity for the benefit of scientific visitors. in which the vestals of the sun take part. Ocan is the victim was sacrificed upon the pyramid of Tlaloc in

- According to Lucian, this vault is externally ot ur-. 1507. This solemn celebration was analogous to the *With additions by the translator. JUNE 9, 1888.] $rientific American. 361

Own Your Homes. the currant bush treated with a solution of alum pro World, that this subject will Imeet with the attention it Every man, says the Building News, whether he is a duces a brown. Yellow is obtained from the bark of merits, and that light will be shed upon a still obscure workingman in the common acceptation of the word or the apple tree, the box, the ash, the buckthorn, poplar, subject. not, feels a deep interest in the management of the elm, etc., when boiled in water and treated with alum. affairs of the city, county, and State in which he lives A lively green is furnished by the broom corn. The Dynamite Gun. wherever he owns a home. He is more patriotic, and ---4------At a recent meeting of the United States Military in many ways is a better citizen, than the man who RESTORATION OF ROMAN RUIN AT REIMs, FRANCE. Service Institution, General H. L. Abbot, of the Corps simply rents, and who has but little, if any, assur The gate known as the Porte de Mars at Reims, in of Engineers, criticised this weapon adversely. He did ance of how long it will be before he can be ordered to France, one arch of which has been recently restored, not believe in the practical value of the pneumatic gun move, to which may be added in many cases the sav a first step toward the restoration of the whole monu in coast defense, because its short range restricted its ing of more money. Inent, is the only one remaining of four similar gates fire to the area already obstructed by submarine mines, Of course it requires some economy to lay up a suffi or triumphal arches which were used in the city of and the defenders cannot afford to make every shot cient amount of money to purchase and pay for a Reims while under the doininion of Rome. It consists that misses the enemy a countermine to destroy the home, but this very fact, if properly carried out after of three arches and eight columns of the Corinthian mines, and thus open a route for his passage. The the home is acquired, may be the instrument of fur order, measuring 42% feet in height. The middle arch, mines are indispensable, because steam vessels can force nishing the means to commence and prosecute a busi which is the largest, measures 49 feet in width and 38 their way through any unobstructed channel under ness upon one's own responsibility. True, in some feet in height. It is called the Arch of the Seasons, and cover of darkness, whether the projectiles thrown at cases it will require more economy, perhaps, than is the sculptor had represented the twelve months of the then contain gunpowder or dynamite; and it would be now practiced. But the question with every man, and year. Unfortunately, five of these bass-reliefs are al inadvisable to introduce a new weapon that directly especially if he is the head of a family, is, can he afford most entirely destroyed, and the seven others are very antagonizes another of prime importance, which it can it? That is, can he afford to live up his wages as fast much damaged. The left hand arch is called the Arch not replace. as he earns them, without laying up anything for the of Reinus, and represents Romulus and Remus under If it be suggested that the use of the “aerial tor future ? the wolf, and at the right and left of the children are pedo” may be restricted to the period of the siege, If he is the head of a family, he is obliged to pay standing figures of Faustulus and Acca Laurentia. The when, the submarine mines having been destroyed by rent, and it does not require very many years of rent arch at the right is called that of Leda, and represents the enemy, he is ready to attempt to pass the forts, we

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THE HISTORIC MONUMENTS OF FRANCE—THE ROMAN ARCH OF MARS, AT REIMS. paying to make up an amount sufficient to purchase Leda and the swan, with a Cupid carrying a torch must remember the high trajectory of the weapon. and pay for a comfortable home. You have to pay above them. Vertical fire is not effective against a rapidly moving rent. This you say you cannot avoid and be honest. Until 1544 the Porte de Mars was actually used as the target, such as would be presented by the enemy's ships Well, you cannot be honest with your family unless gate of Reims, but at that time, owing to the growth when once the channel is opened. For the dynamite you make a reasonable attempt to provide them a of the city, it became necessary to carry the gates fur gun was claimed the exclusive ability to throw detonat home of their own in case anything should happen to ther out, and the Porte de Mars is found buried (incred ing substances with safety; but it was stated on good you. ible to believe) under the rubbish brought there for authority that mortar shells charged with 110 lb. of And the obligation to do this should be as strong as leveling the new routes. Discovered and unearthed in wet guncotton were fired successfully in Germany, and the one to pay rent or provide the other necessaries 1812, the government has recently classed it among the improvements in the manufacture of such substances for the comfort of your family. When you own a monuments of historical interest, and has voted, in pointed to their early use even in guns. home, you will feel a direct interest in public affairs conjunction with the municipal government, the funds The pneumatic gun was more useful in the navy than that otherwise you might consider . were of little in necessary for the preservation and restoration of this the army. As a counterminer to destroy submarine terest. important ruin.—L'Illustration. mines it might have a value, although without abso –e-e—e—-e ------e lute proof he would be loth to believe that it could do Dye Colors from Plants and Shrubs. Danger from Electric Wires. more than moderately assist in the opening of any A variety of very useful colors and dyes may be ob The number of deaths in this and other cities caused known and well defined channel from four to six miles tained from very common plants, growing in abund by the electric wires in our streets seems to call for a long, without which no armored ship could safely pass ance almost everywhere. The well known huckleberry thorough investigation on the part of our city author the forts. Even then it would be a serious Imatter to or blueberry, when boiled down with an addition of ities and electrical engineering associatious here and maneuver an unarmed floating magazine, containing a little alum and a solution of copperas, will develop elsewhere. many tons of dynamite, under the fire of high power an excellent blue color; treated in the same manner In a paper presented by Mr. P. B. Delany before the guns, mounted on land at a range of one or two miles. with solution of nut galls, they produce a clear dark American Institute of Electrical Engineers, a sugges ---o-e brown tint, while with alum, verdigris, and sal ammo tion to this end was thrown out. The causes of death Telegraph vs. Telephone. niac, various shades of purple and red can be obtained. by electricity, its nature and limitations, as well as the A speed trial between the telegraph and telephone The fruit of the elder, so frequently used for coloring probable means for its prevention, are of sufficient from New York to Boston was lately undertaken at spirits, will also produce a blue color when treated practical importance to warrant earnest investigation. the Sun newspaper office in this city. The contest last with alum. The privet, boiled in a solution of salt, The investigations which have thus far been undertaken ed for ten minutes; 330 words were delivered in Boston, furnishes a serviceable color, and the over-ripe berries in this direction have for the most part been isolated and ready for the printer, by the telegraph, and 346 words yield a serviceable red. The seeds of the common limited in their scope, and there is thus left for the by telephone. But many of the telephone words burning bush, “euonymus,” when treated with salam Institute a clear field for work, the result of which will were incorrectly received. So the telegraph was the moniac, produce a beautiful purple red. The bark of redound to its credit. We hope, with the Electric winner. 362 $rientifir 3 merican. [JUNE 9, 1888.

ENGINEERING INVENTION. An electric tele-thermoscope has been A process of reducing iron ores has 2Bueinese and QPersonal. A boiler feeding attachment has been patented by Mr. Harry W. Hardinge, of Leadville, Col. been patented by Mr. Gustaf M. Westman, of Stock patented by Mr. Morris P. Janney, of Easton, Pa. It has a pulsator consisting of a curved tube with a holm, Sweden. In addition to the reducing furnace, bulb at each end, additional tubes extending short dis The charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar Combined with the pump and a feed pipe connected regenerating or carbureting furnaces are employed, a line for each insertion; about eight words to a line. tances into the bulbs, combined with an air chamber with it having a cock or valve at one side of its connec with a circulating blast engine, affording means for connected with one of the additional tubes, a thermosta Advertisements must be received at publication office tion with the pump, is an accumulator connected with reducing the ores by means of carbonic oxide, by pass as early as Thursday morning to appear in next issue. the throttle of the pump and with the feed pipe, tic spring and adjusting screws, arranged in an electric ing the carbonic oxide through a charge of ore, drawing circuit, for indicating changes of temperature. off the gases from the charge and passing them over whereby, when the feed pipe valve is closed, the force Wanted-A reliable firm to manufacture an entirely glowing coke, cooling the gases and then superheating of water in the feed pipe causes the accumulator, A punching and shearing machine has new article on contract or royalty. (Wire ticket and through its connections, to operate the pump throttle. them, after which they are again passed over or through been patented by Messrs. Claus Weber and Henry the ore to be reduced, thus saving fuel without injur label holder.) Thousands will be used daily. Send for Schneider, of Parker, Dakota Ter. The invention con sample. Patent No. 377,176. Will buy machine or work -o-o-o ing the quality of the product. sists of a series of different sized punches, and a shear ing drawings. Address M. H. Straus, care of L. Straus MISCELLANEous INVENTions. adapted to be engaged alternately at their heads by a A process of reducing zinc ores has & Co., Columbus, Ohio. link, pivotally connected with a lever fulcrumed on a been patented by the same inventor. It consists in Rare Business Opportunity. A wagon has been patented by Mr. longitudinally sliding bar held above the punch and subjecting the zinc ores in mixture with coal to the A well established N. Y. house will sell patents for eon George S. Conwell, of Booneville, Tenn. This inven shear heads. action of highly heated carbonic oxide, condensing the pact steam engine, boiler, and governor. New design. High zinc from the outgoing carbonic oxide, and subse speed. No jar. PERFECT ENGINE FOR YACHTS AND tion covers an improvement in wagon bodies whereby FLECTRIC LIGHTING. Boiler can be boiled dry and re. A gate has been patented by Mr. Jesse quently reheating and returning the gas through the the wagon can be readily fitted with side standards for filled while hot without danger. Can be seen in opera hauling wood and the like, or may be formed into a Chandler, of Red Stone, Kansas. Combined with a charge, the gases taking the oxygen from the zinc oxide tion. Address H., lock box 773, New York City. box wagon by the addition of suitable side boards. gate is a three-armed lever on its end bar, a sectional and the carbon from the fuel, avoiding the admixture latch, rods pivoted to the opposite arms of the lever and of air or oxygen, and constituting a process of reduc Going soon to Europe, for some time. Will attend to A pocket book fastening has been pa loosely connected to the rear section of the latch, ropes ing the ores at a low cost, with saving of labor and business and negotiations for inventors and others, to tented by Mr. Robert L. Boyd, of New York City. A being connected to the other arm of the lever, the ob fuel. obtaining technical information on all matters intrusted, catch plate is attached to the flap, having a hook-shaped ject being to facilitate the opening and closing of gates etc. Part of traveling expenses required. Address R. jaw adapted to engage a corresponding jaw on a base and promote reliability in their action. A two-wheeled vehicle has been pa H., New York P. O. box 395. plate attached to the body of the pocket book, the base tented by Mr. Charles C. Spencer, of Cortland, N.Y. Wanted—A good, competent superintendent in a plate having a movable button arranged to be pushed A secondary battery has been patent It is designed to obviate horse motion by the use of a woodworking machinery manufactory. Must understand over the engaging jaws to lock them together. ed by Mr. Ludwig Epstein, of Martinkenfelde, near novel form of springs, having a transverse front spring the building of woodworking machinery, the handling of Berlin, Prussia, Germany. The electrode consists of a attached to the body and the side bars, in combination men, draughting, and designing of woodworking tools, A nut lock has been patented by series of composite strips formed of the active material with longitudinal side springs having their forward if necessary. None but competent and practical need Messrs. Alvin B. Neiman and Lewis M. Melhorn, of and metallic lead, the strips being arranged at a suit ends attached at the front of the body and their rear apply. Reference required. Address Pennington Ma York, Pa. The nut has a tapered screw hole at right able distance apart, and connected by suitable means ends curved upward, with a U-shaped bend, and chine Works, Fort Wayne, Indiana. angles to the bolt hole, combined with a tapered screw to form a grid, which is adapted to permit the free secured to a semi-elliptic spring attached to the under The best Coffee roasters, coolers, stoners, separators, plug cutting the threads of the bolt at right angles circulation of the electrolyte. side of the seat, each side spring being likewise sus polishers, scourers, glossing apparatus. milling and pea until its threads are deeply embedded crosswise into ceptible of being made in two parts, to vary its form in berry machines; also rice and macaroni machinery, are the threads of the bolt. An oven attachment has been patent front of and behind the point of its attachment to the built by The Hungerford Co., 69 Cortlandt Street, New ed by Mr. Charles E. Hollingsworth, of Minneapolis, axle. York. A combined square, bevel, protractor, Kansas. It is for use in connection with a gas or Portable grinding mills. Chas. Kaestner & Co., and level has been patented by Mr. William Palmer, gasoline stove, the invention covering a novel construc SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Chicago, Ill. Jr., of Rincon, New Mexico. It is an improved instru tion by which it is designed that baking may be To any one who will start a match factory we will ment for measuring the length of rafters and braces, carried on at the time when it is necessary to employ give a good site and one year's supply of timber. Ad for marking bevels at their ends, and for forming poly the stove for other culinary purposes, with no additional BUILD IN C E D IT IO N. dress Bay City Manufacturing Co., Bay City, Mich. Box gonal figures, the invention covering various novel expenditure for fuel to produce the requisite heat. 542. details and combinations of parts. JUNE NUMBER.—(No. 32.) Safety water columns. Cheaper than explosions or A fire escape has been patented by burned boilers. For illustrated price list, Reliance Gauge A nut lock has been patented by Mr. Mr. Henry B. Calkins, of Hyndsville, N. Y. It has TABLE OF CONTENTS. Co., Cleveland, O. Orlando L. Castle, of Upper Alton, Ill. It is for nse in friction rollers pivoted near the upper end of a frame, Wanted—Patents—Manufacturing.—It is desired by connection with fish plates at the abutting end portions 1. Elegant plate in colors of a beautiful dwelling at combined with aligning curved carrying arms and the undersigned that parties having for disposition any of railroad rails, and is of that kind in which arch angle levers, and other novel features, being adapted Tuxedo Park, N. J., with floor plans, sheet of patented article or a new line of manufacturing to es shaped spring plates are used to assist in keeping the for use with a rope, to facilitate the safe descent of a details, etc., James Brown Lord, architect. tablish, the merits of which can be proved, to address nuts from working loose or turning, and to compensate person from any height, the rapidity of the descent 2. Plate in colors of two dwellings costing two thou with reference thereto, M. C. W. Wheeler, Peoria, Ill. for or take up any slack in the nut lock. sand two hundred dollars and two thousand four being under the control of the operator. Steam Pipe Covering, Sectional and Plastic. Write An inkstand and frame has been pa hundred dollars each, with floor plans, sheet of for Pamphlet. Jno. A. McConnell & Co., 69 Water St. Tubular plaited or braided bands form details, etc. Pittsburgh, Pa. tented by Mr. Charles Wehring, of New York City. the subject of a patent issued to Mr. Leedham Binns, of 3. A cottage of field stone and wood, perspective and Steel name stamps, 15 cts. per letter. Steel figures, $1 The frame is covered with leather or other suitable Philadelphia, Pa. The improved band is more es floor plans. per set. F. A. Sackmann, Cleveland, O. covering, and is beveled at its front edge, being pecially designed for driving the spindles of spinning 4. Perspective and floor plans for a seaside cottage, adapted to be applied to the base of a writing pad, the and twisting frames, and the invention covers a novel The Diamond Prospecting Co., 74 and 76 W. Lake St., cost about five thousand dollars. Chicago, Ill., general agents for the Sullivan diamond casing of the ink bottle being made fast to the frame by construction, in which the tubular band is formed at its prospecting drills. tongues of metal, with other novel features. ends with disconnected loops of the same thickness at 5. Sketch of a residence at Minneapolis, Minn. A stock trap and holder has been pa their bends as the body of the band. 6. Perspective view of a small suburban or seaside Feed grinders. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill tented by Mr. Joshua H. Gentry, of Sheldon, Mo. It is cottage costing one thousand eight hundred For the specific purpose for which they are designed, A wheel for hand trucks, casters, etc., dollars. the batteries manufactured by the a device which can be cheaply made and set in a fence, has been patented by Mr. Michael J. Cummings, of New Partz Electric Battery Co., 7 . Sketch of the residence of Ex-Gov. Hamilton at gateway, or stock chute, and adapted to any sized 1723 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., York City. It is made of two metallic compressing Kenwood, Ill. opening, as a device for catching and temporarily hold disks, each having a peripheral flange and an annular are the best in the world. Catalogue now ready. ing a domestic animal driven into it, by means of a shoulder, combined with a tire of rubber or similar 8 . Plans and perspective view for a cottage costing, hand lever, ratchet and pawl, and sliding bars. complete, one thousand and fifty dollars. For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, material, having annular side grooves to receive the address the M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., 138 Jackson St. A road grader has been patented by flanges on the disks, the construction being such that 9. A cottage on Prospect Ave. and 165th Street, New Chicago, Ill. Mr. Alberto Finks, of New Berlin, N. Y. This inven the tire cannot be slipped off the wheel by hard usage. York. Perspective and floor plans. Cost, seven Nickel Plating.—Manufacturers of pure nickel an: thousand dollars. tion provides a novel construction and arrangement of odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. *l" parts in connection with a reversible scraper, with A fire escape has been patented by Mr. 10. Floor plans and perspective view for a residence of “Little Wonder.” A perfect Electro Plating Machine. means for securing it in different positions, and apply Thomas Brice, of Sandy Hill, N. Y. The case is made moderate cost. Agents of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline. Complete of two long half boxes, in which grooved pulleys are outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & Co., New ing the draught for adjusting the scraper vertically or 11. Grand Stairway of the St. Lazare Station, Paris. arranged, a rope passing through the case and winding ark, N.J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York. holding it at any suitable angle. Half page engraving. around the pulleys, with means for making more or less 12. Tomb in the cemetery of Beville, H. P. Nenot, Perforated metals of all kinds for all purposes. The A wagon jack has been patented by frictional engagement, making a simple and efficient Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal Co., Chicago, Ill. Mr. Rozell Harris, of Hackensack, N. J. Combined device not liable to be disarranged in the excitement of architect. Half page engraving. with the carrying bar is a curved arm attached centrally a fire. 13. Full page of illustrations of North St. Paul, Minne The Railroad Gazette, handsomely illustrated, pub thereto, upwardly extending supporting bars integral Rota. lished weekly, at 73 Broadway, New York. Specimen A hay derrick has been patented by copies free. Send for catalogue of railroad books. with the extremities of the arm, and steps secured on 14. Page engraving of the new City Hall, Holyoke, Messrs. William A. Hooper and Rodney F. Hamblen, the arm beneath the supporting bars, whereby one or Mass. The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 113 Federal both wheels of a wagon on the same axle may be raised of Maryville, Mo. The base frame has an outer guide St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have justis 15. Design for a porter's lodge at North Andover, as desired. pulley at its lower end and an inner guide pulley, in sued a new catalogue, in which are many new and im: connection with a centrally journaled mast carrying a Mass. Hartwell & Richardson, architects. proved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and A theatrical appliance has been pa cross beam on whose ends are pulleys, the mast and its 16. Villa. Penmaenmayr Building Estate, North duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be tented by Mr. Joseph Arthur, of New York City. This cross beam turning in any desired direction, and there Wales. Wm. Dawes, architect. mailed free of charge on application. invention provides mechanical means for representing being a windlass on the base frame. 17. Sketch of an English cottage. E. C. Poole, archi Link Belting and Wheels. Link Belt M. Co., Chicago. the interior of a city fire engine house, wherein the tect. A machine for planing stereotype plates Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of clothes covering the beds and the harness for the horses 18. Engraving of the new Consolidated Stock and Pe modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn. may be manipulated simultaneously, the former being has been patented by Mr. Lucius Goss, of New York City. It is for use with plates cast with several spaced troleum Exchange, Broadway and Exchange Place, Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N.J lifted from the beds and the latter dropped in position New York. columns, and has trimming knives or cutters arranged upon the horses. Engines and boilers. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, to enter the spaces between columns and trim the edges, 19. The Tower of Babel, according to Father Kircher. Ill. Two engravings. An electro-medical apparatus has been while the bed plate or frame has a straight edge or Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of infor. patented by Mr. Peter Horst, of Sioux City, Iowa. It offset to align the stereotype plate with the bed plate 20. Miscellaneous contents: Moses as a sanitarian.—To mation of any special engineering, mechanical, or scien has a hard rubber grooved disk with a small metallic and its line of motion, to insure accurate trimming of tell the age of a horse.—The ventilation of thea tific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the SCI plate on its under side and a large one on its upper side, the columns. ters.—Ivory gloss on wood.—Bricklaying in frosty ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free. with conductors held in the disk and connecting its weather.—Originality in architecture.—Painting The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embracing under side with the metallic disk on top, in connection A belt punch has been patented by and varnishing floors.—The Architect and Builder. the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers. New York. with a collector for frictional electricity held between Mr. Hugh L. T. Overbey, of Summerville, Ga. It –Proceedings of the National Association of the top disk and the hard rubber disk. consists of a vertically reciprocating rod mounted in Builders.–Senator Stanford’s $100,000 tomb. The Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N.Y., the arms of a metallic frame, the lower end of the rod Italian marble. -Masonry and cement.—Temple of will send their pamphlet, describing water works ina A gummed paper fastener forms the being threaded to receive a tubular bit, and there being Jupiter Olympius.—House painting.—Sale of ready chinery, and containing reports of tests, on application. a handled lever pivoted at the top of the rod, and the rod snbject of a patent issued to Mr. Joseph M. Jones, of made plans.—The Tower of Babel, two engrav Improved fine tools for mechanics—Manufactured by being surrounded between the arms by a coiled spring, Paris, Ky. It consists of a strip, divided transversely ings.—The Sturtevant system of heating and ven L. S. Starrett, Athol, Mass. Send stamp for full list. at suitable distances by rows of perforations, and having which acts to withdraw the punch after a hole has been tilating buildings, illustrated.—A new boiler for made. Lockwood's Dictionary of Terms used in the practice gum or adhesive material applied to both of its sides, to steam or hot water heating, illustrated.—The Para of Mechanical Engineering, embracing those current in secure, upon dampening, separate sheets or pieces of A moulder's draw iron has been pa gon self-feed rip saw, illustrated.—Gypsum paint. the drawing office, pattern shop, foundry, fitting, turn ungummed paper together, in counting houses and elsc tented by Mr. George A. White, of Sharon, Mass. It is —The Humphrey Pony hand elevator, illustrated. ing, smith's and boiler shop, etc., comprising over 6,000 where. definitions. Edited by a foreman patternmaker. 18. an improved device for the ready and accurate with Electrical supplies.—Permanency of color in paint. Mineral wool.—A burglar proof sash lock and | Price, $3.00. For sale by Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New An automatic fire extinguisher for drawal of a pattern from the mould, in which ordinary York. ventilator, illustrated. stoves and heaters has been patented by Messrs. Fred wood screws are employed, so that as one wears out it The Scientific American Architects and Builders Billings' Drop Forged Lathe Dogs, 12 sizes—% to 4 erick L. Hotchkin and Pierre A. Raby, of Brooklyn, may be quickly replaced at slight cost, and by means of Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single copies, inches. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn. N. Y. It is designed to be especially applicable for use the attachment of the handle with the screw the latter 25 cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal to about Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube with car heaters, to automatically act, in case of acci may be so controlled in entering the pattern as not to two hundred ordinary book pages; forming, practi Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St.. New York. dent, to extinguish fire in the heater, the invention depress or jar it and thereby trouble the sand. cally, a large and splendid MAGAZINE or ARCHITEC 60,000 Emerson's 1887 ps" Book of superior saws, with covering various novel details in construction and the TURE, richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and Supplement, sent free to all Sawyers and Lumbermen. combination of parts. An apparatus for detecting leakage in furnace blocks has been patented by Mr. Joseph Bird, with fine engravings, illustrating the most interesting Address Emerson, Smith & Co., Limited, Beaver Falls, An embossing machine has been pa of Saxton, Pa. Combined with the water blocks of a fur examples of Modern Architectural Construction and Pa., U.S. A. tented by Mr. Michael T. Durkin, of Brooklyn, N.Y. nace and the discharge pipe is a detachably connected allied subjects. Safety Elevators, steam and belt power; quick and It is a lever press having a follower with variable stroke faucet, with a valve near the lower end, an upwardly The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience smooth. D. Frisbie & Co., 112 Liberty St., New York. operated by a lever working on a yielding fulcrum, extending branch above the valve, a glass tube sup of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATION Veneer machines, with latest improvements. Farrel with an arrangement of movable dies adapted to be ported by the branch and closed at its upper end, a of any Architectural publication in the world. Sold by Fdry. Mach. Co., Ansonia. Conn. Send for circular. readily adjusted for different kinds of work, for form stop cock below the tube, and a sectional collar attach all newsdealers. “How to Keep Boilers Clean.” Send your address ing sheet metal in various designs without the employ ing the faucet to the discharge pipe, making a simple MUNN & CO., Publishers, for free 88 page book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, 120 Liberty St. ment of special dies or moulds. device capable of application by any workman. 361 Broadway, New York. N. Y. JUNE 9, 1888.] $rientific American. 363

Paint mills. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill. made with few tools. Such a commutator would not 6. Where can I procure loadstone? A. From any dealer TO INVENTORS, increase its efficiency. Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and in physical machines or apparatus. 7. How can I tem An experience of forty years, and the preparation of appearance as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting (4) H. H. W. asks: Will increasing the per a steel spring? A. Heat the spring to a cherry red, more than one hundred thousand applications for pa plunge it in oil; hold the spring (over an open fire and Works, Drinker St., Philadelphia, Pa. amount of wire on the field magnet increase the lighting tents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the heat it evenly from end to end until the oil blazes. iaws and practice on both continents, and to possess un “New Drill Chuck,” holding straight taper or square capacity in number of lamps from d ynamo, in No. 600 shanks. Address Standard Tool Co., Cleveland, O., A great deal of practice is required to properly temper equaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere. A of the SUPPLEMENT: A. You can increase the capacity synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and all mfrs. of twist drills, reamers, and special tools. of the machine by adding two layers of two parallel No. a spring. In the first place, to secure a proper spring temper, good spring steel is required. The steel foreign countries may be had on application, and persons Duplex Steam Pumps. Volker & Felthousen Co., Buf 18 wire each, or two layers of No. 12, which is the equiv must be uniformly heated to a cherry red, and care must contemplating the securing of patents, either at home or falo, N. Y. alent of two No. 18 wires, and, by increasing the size of abroad, are invited to write to this office for prices, be taken to not overheat it. 8. Does an engine take any *"Send for new and complete catalogue of Scientific the wire on the armature from 20 to 19, and increasing which are low, in acoordance with the times and our ex heat out of steam except what is due to expansion? A. and other Books for sale by Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, the speed about 25 per cent. This modification will en tensive facilities for conducting the business. Address A great deal of heat is lost by conduction through the New York. Free on application. able you to run about 12 lamps, but at a corresponding MUNN & CO., office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 861 Broad walls of the cylinder. 9. What is the best form for an increase in the expenditure of power. way, New York. account book for a mechanic working by the day? A. NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. (5) H. A. Z. asks: If an armature can Consult any work on bookkeeping. 10. Where can I e A TREATISE ON THE USE OF BELTING be inade to fit in the field magnets of dynamo described get rules for figuring on a building? A. Consult INDEX OF INVENTIONS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF POWER. in SciENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 161, that “Building Table and Estimate Book,” by Brown. By John H. Cooper. Third edition. will give a stronger current in volts than 6-3, can it be Price $1.50. “Builders' Guide and Estimators' Price made on same principle as the eight light dynamo arm Book,” by Hodgson. Price $2. Or “Architects and Philadelphia : Edward Meeks. Pp. For which Letters Patent of the 399. Price $3.50. ature, and what size wire and number of coils? If Builders' Pocket Companion and Price Book.” by soft iron wire or washers would be best for core? A. Wodges. Price $1.50. Which we can supply. United States were Granted This work, from the time of the appearance of the We cannot advise you to make a drum armature for first edition, in 1877, has been looked upon with decided your small dynamo. You can increase the voltage by (13) F. McF. asks: 1. Would a motor favor by large numbers of users of leather belting, as reducing the size of the wire upon the armature and made one-half the size of one described in March 17 May 22, 1888, being eminently practical and covering a wide range of field magnet. The reduction of one or two sizes in the number be strong enough to work one sewing machine? practice. It has numerous illustrations of approved wires will make a marked difference in the results. A. If made one-half the size (linear), it would have but and actual methods of arranging main driving and quar one-quarter the power of the machine as described. We AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE, ter-twist belts, with rules for calculating the size and (6) D. T. G. writes: I anticipate using think it advisable to adhere to the present proportions daiving power of belts, and directions for their care and the hand power dynamo for a motor, in a canoe. If I except in the matter of winding the armature. You USee note at end of list about copies of these patents.] management. The author also presents liberal quota wind it as directed in the article on making a drum ar might fill up the sections of the armature ring with No. tions covering the views and experience of the best mature for it, for motor, how much battery power will 20 wire, about six layers deep. 2. Will four bichromate it take to run it? A. The hand power machine described batteries be sufficient? A. Yes. 3. Is field magnet known engineers and managers of machinery, collected Acid esters, manufacture of salicylic, C. Kolbe.... 383,306 wound with same kind and size of wire as armature? through a long series of years. in SUPPLEMENT, No. 161, will answer very well as a Adjustable chair and swing, C. Bastian...... 383,206 motor without any alteration, except possibly the re A. The size of the wire on the field magnet may remain WOOLEN AND WORSTED CLOTH MANU Angle clamp for the corners of tables, desks, etc., duction of the amount of wire upon the field magnet to the same. 4. The brushes are connected up by means D. J. Brougher...... 383,167 FACTURE. By Roberts Beaumont. about one half its present quantity. A drum armature of flexible cords. Please explain. A. The connections Axles of sheet metals, making, T. C. Munz...... 383,188 New York : John Wiley & Sons. Pp. of a diameter suitable for this machine we think would of the brushes are clearly shown in the drawings. The Baking pan, Greene & Hendryx...... 388,177 390. Price $2.50. not be as efficient as an Harmature. flexible cords are used to permit of turning the disk Barrel cover attachment. B. F. Field...... 383,349 This book is designed to be a practical treatise for all which carries the brushes. Battery. See Secondary battery. (7) J. O'D. writes: I am trying to Battery zinc, J. Beattie, Jr...... 383,271 persons employed in the manipulation of textile fabrics. make the simple electric motor. I would like to know (14) G. I. K. asks for the calorific powers Bell, automatic, C. M. O'Leary...... 383,236 It treats of the physical structure and clothing proper of natural gas and coal gas. A. Natural gas varies Belting, L. Binns...... 383,208 ties of the raw materials used in the production of if the copper wire as used in the telephone will do? A. greatly in its composition. A fair tabulation would Belting, machine, C. A. Schieren...... - ... 383.373 woolen and worsted fabrics, the making of yarns and The wire used in the telephone is too fine for the motor. 2. I would like to know the size of the vulcanite. A. The give per 1000 cubic feet : Billiard marker, coin-actuated, E. C. Jones...... 383,228 their preparation for weaving, the manipulation of the Boiler. See Steam boiler. vulcanite is 2% inches in diameter and % of an inch loom, designing and coloring, and the operations to Natural gas...... 650,000 foot pounds. Boiler feeding attachment, M. P. Janney...... 383.227 which the cloth is submitted after weaving. The author thick. It need not be exactly of this size. Consult Coal gas...... 450,000 to 500,000 “ “ Book index cutting machine, A. Rothe.. ... 383,252 is a lecturer and demonstrator in the textile industries SUPPLEMENT, No. 641. Water gas is about the same as coal gas. 1 foot pound= Books, binding of, A. J. Megee...... 383,315 department of the Yorkshire College, Leeds, England, (8) C. K. S. asks if the simple electric 766*, pounds avoirdupois of water heated 1 degree Fah. Boom for yachts, etc., spinnaker, A. C. Crandall... 388,172 and therefore brings to his task a knowledge of the Boot or shoe, W. F. Kearney...... 383,303 motor deseribed in your issue of March 17 would be Boot or shoe trimming machine, C. H. Trask...... 383,331 technical details in one of the foremost manufacturing capable of running a small dynamo of same dimensions, (15) A. K. asks: What substance in the form of a varnish or paint, or similar covering material, Boots or shoes, detachable sole plate and spike districts in this specialty in the world. and if this dynamo would be capable of sustaining two for, Kffigston & McGunnigal ...... 383,133 16 candle power 40 volts incandescent lamps. A. The will resist the action of hydrofluoric acid? A. Melted [+/"Send for new and complete catalogue of Scien. Boots or shoes, manufacture of heels for, Mitchell motor is incapable of running a dynamo of sufficient beeswax or paraffin may be used as a resistant varnish, & Reynolds, Jr...... 383,139 tific and other Books for sale by Munn & Co., 361 Broad size to sustain two 16 candle power lamps; better use the or solution of gutta percha in bisulphide of carbon. Boring bars, automatic feed for, S. A. Brum way, New York. Free on application. current employed in driving your motor for running (16) J. W. I. asks for something to put baugh...... , 383,210 your lamp. Bottle stopper, G. S. Chamberlin...... 383,277 on posts to keep them from rotting in the ground. We Box. See Journal box. Telegraph call box. (9) W. T. asks: Can we decompose have nothing but spruce and some cottonwood, and Box sections, machine for cutting, P. Rodideau... 383,148 water by a dynamo-electric machine, and how? What find the spruce posts will only stand three or four Brake. See Car brake. Wagon brake. years, when they rot off at the ground. A. Creosote quantities in cubic feet of H and O per hour can two Brick machine, J. J. Kulage...... - - - - 383,399 horse power engine with a dynamo in favorable cir oil is an effectual preservative. Make a small shallow Bridle attachment, A. Geenen...... 383,176 tank into which pour one or two barrels. Place the ends Bridles, rosette attachment for, J. C. Harpham... 383.12.2 cumstances produce? A. Yes. By using iron terminals Buckle, N. Clement...... 383,102 and immersing them, not touching, in a vessel of caustic of the posts in the tank, as many as convenient. Allow HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. them to remain a few hours, then drain off excess of Buckle, F. C. Hall...... 383,121 soda, oxygen and hydrogen will be evolved, one gas Buckle or clasp, W. Gries...... 383.290 oil and lay by ready for setting. If the posts are of Names and Address must :*: all letters, from each pole. It is an expensive way of working. Bugs, machine for destroying potato, Hooey & or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our A 2 horse power engine will give about 5 cubic inches such size that you can burn the portion going into the Bailey...... 883,294 information, and not for publication. ground, before creosoting, so as to make on them a References to former articles or answers should. of hydrogen and half as much oxygen per second. Building construction, iron, L. S. Buffington...... 883,170 give date of paper and page or number of question. coating of charcoal, that is a good protection. Burner. See Gas burner. Inquiries not answe n reasonable time should (10) M. F. D. asks: Is Fordham a part (17) J. T. asks (1) how to make a fire Bustle, A. White...... - - - 383,421 repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that of New York City? A. Yes. Button, W. Starley.... - - some answers require not a little research, and, bed in a forge that will not crack and get loose. Cable covering machine, C. H. Gersch...... 883,353 though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter (11) H. M. P. writes: We have con A. Make the fire bed of your forge of pulverized fire Can. See Oil can. or in this department, each must take his turn. structed the electric motor, following as near as possi brick, which can be done with a hammer. Mix with Special Written Information on matters of Car brake, T. H. Burridge...... ------383,387 personal rather than general interest cannot be ble the instructions given in your paper. Being un just enough common clay and water to make the mass Car coupling, E. R. Yauger.. ... 383,424 expected without remuneration. able to get 12 coils on the armature, we wound it with 8 stick together, ram the bed slightly with a stick or Car heater, J. H. Elward ... 383,115 Scientific American Supplements referred Car heater, C. E. Struck...... 383,417 to may be had at the office. ice 10 cents each. coils No. 16. The commutator is made of a brass tube hammer, let it dry, and build a slow fire at first. 2. 1 inch long and 1 inch diameter, divided in 8 sections. What is the best way to temper small flat springs, such Cars, air heating device for, L. P. Converse...... 388,171 Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of Cars, apparatus for heating a railway, W. H. price. The battery consists of eight 1 gallon earthenware jars, as main springs in guns, etc.? A. Small springs as Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly Plumb...... 383,247 marked or labeled. each jar having 1 plate of zinc and 2 plates of gas car for gun locks should be dipped in salt water edgewise, Cars, automatic pipe coupling for railway, W. F. bon cut roughly in shape, and separated from the zinc so that the water will flow through the bend. Use as Grassler...... 383,288 plates by vertical strips of wood nailed to a horizontal low a heat as will allow of hardening. Much depends Cars, heating railway, C. Taylor. ... 383,380 (1) C. H. writes: I have just completed strip that supports the zincs. This battery runs the upon the quality of steel used as to heat required. To Carburetor, J. P. Wilson...... 383,204 a small motor, made after the instructions given in your motor for two or three hours, but does not give power draw temper, dip the spring in lard oil or linseed oil, Carpet cleaner and dust conveyer, H.A. Widman, valuable paper, but on a smaller scale. I made the mag enough for any work. The motor attains a high speed and heat over the fire until the oil takes fire, then dip Jr...... 383,422

nets one-half the width and thickness as the one you de when in the circuit of a small dynamo. How can we in oil. Casting mould, T. H. Pasco...... - Celluloid surfaces, ornamenting, A. Bensinger.... 383,272 scribed, put the same number of layers and convolu increase the efficiency of the motor so that it will run a (18) Mrs. F. P. writes, concerning how Chain cutter teeth, machine for making blanks tions, and wound the magnets with No. 20 covered wire. lather Is it necessary to make a new solution every to keep jelly from moulding. Grease a soft paper with for, C. H. Douglas...... 383,347 I applied it to the wires from a dynamo, and found it time we use the motor? You say to connect the coils to work excellently. This is my first attempt at such butter, and place it very carefully on the top of your Chair. See Adjustable chair. Folding chair. 2 inches parallel. What is meant by this? In taking Rattan chair. jelly, buttered side up, and do not leave the least air work. Would you please give me the dimensions of a twice the dimensions of motor, should there be 24 coils bubble visible, placing the paper close to the side of the Chair, A. D. Marr...... 383,231 motor, such as the size of field magnet, length of arm on the armature? Is the power of motor increased by Chalk, crayon. etc., machine for the manufacture ature core, size of wire, and the number of convolu cup all round, then paste another good paper, not too adding to the number of coils? How can I mould, of, C. H. Fuchs...... ------383,174 tions and layers to be wound on each, so that I could stiff, over the top of cup; you will find your jelly after plates for a battery from gas carbon? A. You would Chuck, drill, H. M. Preston...... ------383,248 ward as good as when first put up. make a motor with power enough to propel a small row probably secure better results if you were to connect Cigar bunching machine, C. Browning...... - 383,342 Cleaner. See Carpet cleaner. boat about 18feet long? A. We are pleased that you your battery for “quantity,” that is, connect all the (19) H. A. S.—Kerosene and petroleum Clutch coupling, G. F. Hutchins ...... 383.297 have succeeded so well in making your motor. We zincs together for one pole of the battery, and all the are used in burners for cooking purposes, and in a shall in the near future publish a description of a larger Clutch, friction, H. C. Crowell ...... 388,104 carbon plates together for the other pole. It was a small way for generating steam without the steam jet. Cock, stop, S. Hawkridge...... 383,356 electric motor adapted to your wants. mistake to reduce the number of coils—better increase Steam pressure of 3 or more pounds p is -1.--> Coffin fast , Lottridge & Einsfield. ... 383,311 (2) J. J. E. writes: I have built a dy the number than reduce it. To connect coils in par to make any reliable flame for steaming a boiler. It has Coffin fastener, W. J. Noble...... 383,235 namo according to description given in SCIENTIFIC allel is to connect corresponding ends of the coils to been tried without pressure on burners to boilers for Collar pad, horse, L. W. Noyes...... 383,143 AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 161, and it works beauti gether, so that the current will pass through both at house heating, but all such devices have been failures Concentrator, J. J. Droughton...... -383,284 fully both as a dynamo and a motor. As a motor it runs once, instead of passing through one after the other. from the fact that they cannot be trusted and are there Cork extractor. H. J. Boggis...... 383,093 Corn shuck compressor, R. F. Hageman et al...... 383,355 If you double the diameter of your armature, you fore a source of danger. We do not know enough of with a small current, and where I run it and magnet Corset shaping apparatus. Stone & Gardner...... 383,416 ized the field magnets, they put the current from 4 arc should use 24 or more coils. The power of a motor the particular burner you mention to venture an opinion. Cotton chopping, planting, and cultivating ma lamps as used on the streets, and it ran with uncount will be increased by adding to the number of coils, but (20) F. W. J. asks: 1. Will the lines of chine, combined, D. W. Pilond...... 383,146 able speed without heating at all. The first few turns of there must be a corresponding increase in the current. vision of a man standing on the equator and a man Cotton cleaning machines, elevator for, R. H. You cannot readily make your own battery plates. You the drive wheel generates a current. I have made an arc standing in the temperate zone, both looking in a will find it far cheaper and better to purchase them. lamp 18 inches by 6 inches, 34 inch carbons. Can you westerly direction, be converging, diverging, or parallel You will, however, find in recent answers to queries Coupling. See Car coupling. Clutch coupling. give me an idea how I can make some electric magnet lines? And if so, why? A. They will be parallel. that will cause the upper carbon to be raised about 34 full directions for making battery carbons. Hose coupling. Pipe coupling. All horizontal lines at right angles with a meridian are Cultivator, M. Bouse...... 383,094 inch when the current is turned on, so as to make an (12) E. C. B. asks: 1. Should the arma parallel for every degree of latitude. The reason is a Cultivator, Motherwell & Comly...... 383,186 arc A. An axial magnet formed of a few turns of wire ture touch the field magnet in the electric motor de geometrical one, derived from the axiom that a meri Cutter. See Sheet metal scroll cutter. heavy enough to carry the entire current, and provided scribed in SUPPLEMENT, No. 641? A. No. 2. How dian of the earth is in a geometrical plane, and all Dental plugger, pneumatic, W. S. Sherman...... 383,152 with a hollow cylindrical core or armature, carrying can I make the vulcanized fiber disk for the motor? A. lines at right angles to a plane are parallel. This has no Dental tool, J. J. R. Patrick...... 383,367 clutch adapted to engage the carbon or the carbon sup You will have to purchase the vulcanized fiber from a relation to the dip of the horizon, which will make all Derrick, hay, Hooper & Hamblen...... 383,358 porting rod, will probably answer your purpose. Die. See Screw cutting die. dealer in electrical supplies. A disk of hard rubber lines converge from a meridian or other circle. Display rack, J. A. Fitzgerald ...... 383,117 (3) W. C. S. asks: 1. Will the motor will answer the same purpose. 3. Would it be practi (21) L. C. N. asks how to enliven the Doll and phonograph, combined, W. W. Jacques. 388,299 cable to use a storage battery and dynamo run by wind used as a dynamo, wound with 16 and 20 wire, develop cushions on a billiard table. A. The cushions of billiard Door mat, Johnson & Larsson...... 388,132 mill to run the motor? A. The power of a windmill is Drier. See Fruit drier. as much current as the one in SUPPLEMENT, No. 161, tables are usually made of rubber, vulcanized; when too unsteady to run a dynamo direct for charging stor Drill socket, P. Grabler...... 383.289 when driven by a half horse power engine? A. Yes. 2. they become hard by age and use, there is nothing that age batteries. 4. How could I make the dynamo and Drum, heating, W. D. Urso...... 383,381 Can the so-called burglar alarm wire wound with two can be done but renewal. layers of cotton, costing 40 cents a pound, do in place storage battery? A. For information on dynamos Educational device, J. Dushane...... 383,389 of regular magnet wire to wind it? A. No. The insu consult SUPPLEMENT, No. 600. For information on (22) P. C. C. asks (1) a receipt for mak Electric cables, anti-induction composition for, D. Brooks, Jr...... 883.096 lation is too thick. 3. Would a better commutator, storage batteries, consult SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 346, 416, ing chloroform liniment. A. Take 1 ounce each chloro

Electric machine, dynamo, J. W. Easton.. - like that of the eight light dynamo recently described in and 342. 5. How is adhesive tape made, and where can form, ether, spirit of camphor, and laudanum, and 3% Electric machine, dynamo, L. N. P. Poland... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, increase its efficiency as a dy I procure it? A. Adhesive tape is made by covering ounce tincture of Cayenne pepper. , 2. How to make a Electric machines, automatic tightening device mo? A. It would undoubtedly be a better commu cotton tape with a varnish formed by dissolving pure blood purifier. Mix % ounce sulphite of manganese for armatures of dynamo, J. W. Easton...... 383,114 tator to use, but it would not be in accordance with rubber in benzole or turpentine, and adding a very small with 1 pint of water. Take a wineglassful three times Electric wires and cables, covering for, D. the spirit of the article, which calls for a commutator percentage of a fixed oil to prevent it from drying hard. a day. Brooks, Jr...... --...... 383,098 364 $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888.

Electric wires, support for, D. Brooks, Jr...... 383,097 Pen holder, perforated, F. M. Libby..... ‘...... 383,185 Truck wheel, hand, M. J. Cummings...... :...... , 383,214 2 (boerfieements. Electrophorus. J. D. Culp...... 388,105 Pencils, eraser holder for, J. Hoffman...... - 383,357 Tube expander, J. Duffy...... 383,111

Elevator. See Hydraulic elevator. Piano mover. W. S. Reynolds...... 883,190 Tug, hame, G. Schmidt...... , - - - - * * * * * ------... 383,151 Elliptic spring, W. A. Sweet...... 383,329 Pillow sham holder and lifter, D. C. King...... 383,304 Twine guide and cutter, L. Goodyear...... 383,120 Inside Page, ench insertion - - - 75 cents a line. Back Page, ench insertion - - - $1.00 m line. Engine. See Steam engine. Traction engine. Pipe coupling and check valve or chamber, com Twine holder, A. B. Tomlin...... 383.157 Eraser, C. Robinson...... 883,149 bined, W. T. Messinger...... 383,428 The above are charges per agate line-about eight Type case stand, W. P. Harmony...... - - - - 383,292 words per line. This notice shows the width of the line,

Evaporating apparatus, vacuum. H. T. Yaryan.... 383,384 Pipes, joint for cement lined, E. H. Phipps...... 383,413 Type writing machine, M. Weiss...... - - - - - 383,383 and is set in agate type. , Engravings inay head adver Plane. bench. T. H. B. Millsap...... 383.234 Umbrella, A. S. Hubbell...... 383.128 tisements at the same rate per agate line, by measure Explosive compound, C. W. Volney...... 383,420 ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be Extractor. See Cork extractor. Plastic material, box of, M. Gardner...... 883,175 Valve for steam or other engines, Moehring & received at publication office as early as Thursday morn Eyelets, machine for rolling flanged, A. G. Mead... 383,403 Plated wire stock, plate for the manufacture of, Pfluger...... 383,406 ing to appear in next issue.

J. S. Palmer...... - - - - - .... 383,241 Faucet. self-closing. T. McHugh...... 383,138 Valve gear, Moehring & Pfluger ...... ------388,408 Feed device, automatically adjustable, C. J. Bil Plow, drill, C. Herren...... ------383.224 Valve, governor, W. B. Mason ...... 383,427 lioë...... 383,145 Plow point. I. J. Martin...... 383,402 Valve, pop safety, A. Hattersley...... 383,125 SEBASTIAN, MAY&CU'S',

Plow, sulky, N. Lampman...... - - - .... 383,309 Fence, C. C. Bargdill...... - 383,335 Valve, steam engine, J. D. Fiske...... 38.3,287 Improved Screw Cutting

Fence, iron, W. H. Coker...... 383,343 Poison bottle indicator, J. C. Higgins...... - - - - - ... 383,394 Vehicle running gear, T. C. Munz...... - 383,409 Fence, iron, S. B. Husselman...... 383,296 Power. See Water power. Vehicle spring, C. M. Blydenburgh...... 383,339

Fence, metallic, G. H. Guile...... 383,222 Power mechanism. W. A. Howard...... 383,295 Vehicle, two-wheeled, G. Beebe...... - - - - 383.207 Pressure regulator, A. G. Hohenstein...... 383,225 Ferrule for umbrellas, canes, etc., O. M. Smith.... 383,378 Vehicle, two-wheeled, H. W. Jones...... - - - - - 383,229 :LATHES

Drill Presses, Chucks, Drills, - | Ferrules, making cant hook, E. Mansfield...... 383,135 Pressure regulator and safety valve, automatic, Vehicle wheel, T. B. Jeffery...... 383,129, 383,180 Dogs, and machinists and ama Fifth wheel. W. E. Rothwell...... 383,323 A. G. Hohenstein...... 383,226 Velocipede, G. Illston...... 383.396 teurs’ outfits. Lathes on trial. Fire alarm circuits, fusible coupling for electric, Pressure regulator, fluid, W. B. Mason...... 383,426 Velocipede, T. B. Jeffery...... 383,131 Catalogues mailed on application.' ...: 165 W. 2d St., Cincinnati, O. " s G. G. Smith...... ------383,377 Pressure regulator, self-acting or automatic, E. Ventilating wheel, E. Fox...... ------383.217 Firearm, magazine, J. P. Lee...... 383,363 A. McLaughlin...... 383,314 Ventilator, J. W. McKinnon...... 383,313 HISTORY OF THE ELECTRICAL ART Fire escape, T. Brice...... ------383,340 Pump, spraying, A. Weaber...... - - - - 383.261 Vise. Armstrong & Vandegrift...... - - - - 383,165 in the U. S. Patent Office.—By C. J. Kintner. An inter Punch, belt, H. L. T. Overbey...... ------383,237 Fire escape, H. B. Calkins...... - - - 383,211 Wagon, G. S. Conwell ...... 388,844 esting history of the growth of electrical science in this Fires in stoves, extinguishing, A. Doetschmann... 383,283 Punching and shearing machine, Weber & Wagon brake, R. J. Mitchell...... 383,187 country, and notices of some of the more important Flatiron, self-heating, J. B. Curl...... 383,346 Schneider...... - - - - - 383,200 Walls, finish for plastered, T. Jones...... 383,397 models in possession of the fatent office. Contained in Scientific AM Erican SUPPLEMENT No. 544. Pricell Folding chair, J. F. A. Spaet et al...... 383,255 Rack. See Display rack. Warming apparatus and stove, house. J. Fries.... 383,119 cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers.

Fruit drier. J. L. Phelps ...... ------383,245 Rail or bar bender, M. H. Brown ...... 383,168 Warp for pattern making, C. H. Landenberger.... 883,182 Fur plucking machine, J. W. Sutton...... 383,258 Railway switch stand and signal, N. W. Boyd...... 383,209 Washing machine. J. C. Drake...... 383,110

Furnace. See Hot air furnace. Oil furnace. Railway tracks, steel tie for, M. Fitzgerald...... , 383,118 Washing machine, O. F. Glidden...... 383,425 DELAFIELD's PAT. saw CLAM? ** Smoke consuming furnace. Railways, safety catch for cable, C. Vogel...... 383,159 Watch case pendant, H. Gerber...... 383,219 | | -

E- - Galvanic battery excitant, T. P. Whittier...... 383,263 Railways, three-throw switch for, F. S. Wash Watch, repeating, H. O. Stauffer ...... - 383,256 Galvanometers, differential expansion device for, burn...... 383,382 Watch, striking, J. Walzer...... 388,260 With saw for cutting metals. Saves all the broken

Bristol & Geyer...... ------383,095 Rattan chair, knockdown, B.J. Buckman...... 383.169 Watches, machine for making pendants for, A. hack-saw blades. In use over two years in all parts of Refrigerating and ice making by the use of am the country. The new clamps have the edges bevelled Gas and electric light fixture, combined, S. B. H. Stalnacke...... 383,326. that hold the saw. By mail, with one blade, 50 cents. Vance...... 383.158, 383,332 monia, apparatus for, R. F. Roswald...... 383,251 Water, electrical apparatus for purifying, A. R. Extra blades 834" x 34”, “Star,” 7 cents each, 70 cents per

Gas burner, Argand, E. Beach...... 383,337,383,338 Regulator. See Pressure regulator. Leeds...... ------383.184 dozen, by mail. Blades 8' x 1", “Stubs,”35 cents each, by mail. Discount to dealers. Gas burning torch, J. R. Smith...... 383,154 Rheostat, F. J. Crouch ...... 388,845 Water power, A. Gustlin...... 383.291 Norto'Ton MFG. WoRMS, Noroton, Conn.

Gas generator for locomoties, A. C. Huidekoper... 383.395 Ribbon spool, Necker & Gifford...... - - - - - 388,141 Watering trough for cattle, W. E. Haskins...... 383,124 Gate, J. Chandler...... 383,213 Rice hulling machine, E. C. Engelberg...... 383.285 Weigher, automatic grain, J. Henry...... 383,126 Generator. See Gas generator. Roofing, water and fireproof composite, W. Wheel. See Fifth wheel. Truck wheel. Vehicle ARTESIAN Goblet holder. E. C. Baker...... 383,092 Chadd ...... 383,101 wheel. Ventilating wheel. Wells, Oil and Gas Wells, drilled Gold plated shells, etc., plate for shaving, J. S. Rope transmission, slack take-up for, W. H. Window screen, H. Speer...... 388,155 by contract to depth, from 5. to 3000 feet. #: manufacture Palmer...... 383,239 Dodge...... ------383,282 Wire, making, W. A. Sweet...... 383,328 andfurnish eve required to drilland com same. Port Governor, steam engine, J. B. All free...... ------383,267 Rubber or its compounds into hardened rubber, Wire screen, etc., D. Wesemann...... 383,161 able Horse Power and Mounted Grader, road, A. Finks...... 383,370 composition for converting India, W. B. Wire splicing machine, W.I.. Haag...... 383,178 Steam Drilling Machines for 106to Grain meter, automatic, J. C. King...... 383,362 McGarvey...... 383,137 Wrench, J. D. Abbott...... 383,334 600 ft. Send 6 cents for illustrated catalogue. Grain separater, G. B. Bailey...... 383,166 Sad iron, W. Milfeil...... 383,404 Zinc ores, reducing, G. M. Westman...... 38,202 Piercewell FixcavatorCo. Grapes while maturing, envelope for protecting, Sad iron, T. H. Patterson...... 383,319 E.T. Starr...... 383,327 Sash and frame, window, C. Kruesi...... 383,134

Gripping device, intermittent, M. S. Rexford...... 383,371 Sash balance. J. H. Corsbie...... --- 383,280 TRADE MARKS. Guitar, G. W. Bowers...... 383,275 Sash balance, T. G. Russell...... 383,414 BROOK.I.VN Belting, leather. W. S. Nott Company...... 15,510 Gun, breech-loading, L. P. Diss...... --- 383,108 Saw gummer, J. P. & N. Romer...... 383,191 GENUINE RAW HIDE LACE LEATHER Gun, breech-loading, L. H. Smith...... 383,325 Saw handle, G. E. Siebler...... 383,376 Cocoa and chocolate, preparation of, Bensdorp & Handle. See Saw handle. Co...... 15,479 Has Phenomenal Strength. It Will Not Get Hard. Saw machine, upright, G. Philion...... 383,246 Try a sample side and be convinced. Harness, A. N. Jenkins...... 383,359 Sawtooth, inserted, F. W. Cook...... 383,103 Colors of all shades and tints, mortar, Ricketson Mineral Paint Works...... 15,513 CHAS. A. SC in IEREN & Co., Manufacturers, Harness hook, D. W. Brownell...... - 383,341 Sawing machine, power feed, G. B. Durkee...... 388,112 17 Ferry Street, New York. Screen. See Window screen. Copper, refined, Orford Copper Company...... 15,511 Harrow, W. E. Jacobs...... - 383,298 Corsets, C. A. Griswold...... 15.493, 15,494 Harrow, P. C. King..... ------383,305 Screw cutting die and stock, P. Grabler...... 383,354 Harrow and cultivator, combinedlrevolving, L. S. Seaming machine, can, G. W. Lore...... 383,400 Corsets and other white underwear, Rosenthal, Hydraulic -AN Helius Fleischer & Co...... 15,515 Evans...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 388,286 Secondary battery, L. Epstein...... 383,216 Harvester and thrasher, combined, D. C. Matte Secondary battery, S. Russell...... 383,150 Cotton and woolen fabrics, woven, Chia and Japan WATER MotoRS. Trading Company...... 15,484 son...... * ------383,233 Secondary battery, J. S. Sellon...... 383.193 Send for New Catalogue is Harvester, cotton, O.T. Bugg...... 383,099 Seed, machine for delinting cotton, A. Seibert.... 383,374 Cotton fabrics of all kinds, Lancaster Mills...... 15,505 Harvesters, swatching attachment for, C. N. Separator. See Grain separator. Dentifrices, J. C. Moore...... 15,506 Tuerk Hydraulic Power Co. Hose, rubber, Harper & Reynolds Company...... 15,496 Owen...... 383.317 Sewing machine, C. E. Tibbles...... 383,419 - 12 Cortland St., New York, Hat starting machine, R. Barrett...... 383,270 Sewing machine buttonhole attachment, H. J. Knit wearing apparel, Lackawana Mills...... 15,501 39 Dearborn St., Chicago. Hat stretching machine, W. Simmonds...... 383,254 Williams...... 883,423 Medical compounds for curing skin diseases, B. Heater. See Car heater. Tire heater. Shafts, means for securing pulleys on, W. H. Jaffe & Darmstaedter...... - 15,478 Hog trap. J. R. Gentry...... 383,218 Dodge...... 383,281 Medical powders, C. F. Cleaveland ...... 15,485 Güln a £ Holder. See Goblet holder. Lamp shade holder. Sheet metal bending machine. G. R. Everson...... 383,391 Medicine, expectorant, W. H. Riker...... 15,514 Nails, horse, Livingston Nail Co...... 15,502 IEEeloceratra Yrg, Tw. Y., D. s. A. Pen holder. Pillow sham holder. Twine Sheet metal blanks, machine for making, C. W. Builders of Steam Pumps for Water and every de holder. Judson...... 883,302 Oil, illuminating and lubricating, Kosmic Oil Co... 15,500 scription of Liquids or Semi-liquids, Vacuum Pumps of the highest efficiency. Filter Press Pumps, Air, Hook. See Harness nook. Snap hook. Sheet metal folder, G. R. Everson...... 383,390 Cysters, fruits, and vegetables in contradistinction to canned or preserved goods, fresh, C. H. Gas, nind Acid Blowers. Air Compressors. Hose coupling, C. Kiefer...... 383,300 Sheet metal scroll cutter, Kittridge & Adriance... 383,398 Boiler Feed Pumps, etc. Pearson & Co...... 15,512 IIose coupling, H. A. Wahlert...... 383,160 Shoes, machine for treeing, Copeland & Crisp..... 383,279 Hot air furnace, II. Callahan...... 383,100 Sifter, ash, J. E. Crosby...... 383,173 Perfumery, Doussan French Perfumery Company. 15,487 Improved m Be n # h nterin ering Chuck ... r.' Will d.square, perfectly and center Pills, liniment, tonic, cough sirup and female regu Hydraulic elevator, W. H. Marsh...... 383.232 Sifter, ash, M. Lynch...... 383,312 | in.to lator, D. R. Fly & Co...... 15,489 indicator. See Office indicator. Poison bottle Sifter, coal, F. H. Perry...... - ..... 383,412 Plaster composition for architectural purposes, indicator. Station indicator. Street and sta Singletree, J. R. Freeland...... ------383,351 tion indicator. Siphon for starting the flow of liquids, M. Siers Adamant Manufacturing Company...... 15,476 Potato flour and potato starch and all potato starch Ingot or bar for tools, F. W. Seaman...... 383,192 dorfer...... - 383,153 products, including dextrine, Norddeutsche Injector, W. E. Dodge...... 383,109 Sleigh, W. S. Marble...... - . 383,401 Kartoffel mehl Fabrik...... 15,509 Inkstand and frame, C. Vehring...... 383,199 Sleigh knee, H. P. Titus...... 383,259 15.520 Iron. See Flatiron. Moulder's draw iron. Sad Smoke consuming furnace, J. D. Lee...... 383,310 Radiators, Williams & Tompkins...... iron. Snap hook, J. M. Basinger...... 383,336 Ribbons, Johnson, Cowdin & Co...... 15.498, 15,499 Iron ores, reducing, G. M. Westman...... 383,201 Soldering cylindrical cans machine for, J. S. John Rubber boots, shoes, umbrellas, and conducting SEVERN AND MERSEY TUNNELS.– hose, Dunlap. Lawton & Hall...... 15.488 Full description of these two important engineering stone...... ------383,301 Ironing table, C. Ostrander...... - - - - - 383,189 works, with two engravings. Contained in SciENTIFIC Jack. See Lifting jack. Sole machine. E. S. Abbott...... 383.266 Salve. A. Berthold...... 15,480, 15,481 AMERiCAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 604. Price 10 cents. To

Shirt bosoms. J. Schloss...... - - .....15,517, 15,518 be had at this office and from all newsdealers. Jewelry, manufacture of gold plated wire stock Spring. See Elliptic spring. Vehicle spring. Shirts, V. H. Rothschild & Co...... ------15,516 for, J. S. Palmer...... 383,240 Square, bevel, protractor, and level, combined. MODOE’s Jewelry, preparing hollow stock for the manufac W. Palmer, Jr...... 383,242 Soap, hard, Butler Brothers ...... 15,483 ture of. J. S. Palmer...... 383,238 Stain for brickwork, S. Tullar...... 383,330 Soap, harness, J. M. Gwinnell...... 15,495 () Ulli BNSāl Allgl: lilill Journal box, J. M. Normand...... 383,410 Stamp, rubber. E. Reynolds...... 383,321 Soap, toilet, Maine Balsam Fir Co...... 15,503 Ladder and bench, combined, step, J. W. Pea Stand. See Railway switch stand. Type case Soaps, cosmetics, hair oils, and perfumes, per PATENTED. fumed, W. S. Thomson...... 15,519 cock...... ------383,243 stand. Combining an elbow and Ladder, extension fire, L. Dederick...... 388,106,383,107 Stains from mortars and cements, S. Bowen's union, and can be set at Station indicator, J. C. Ludwig...... 383,230 any angle at which it is de Lamp, electric. E. C. Ohmart...... 383,411 Staves, jointing machine for barrel, W. Ritter.... 383.249 Sons...... 15,482 Starch, blue, and other laundry preparations, J. sired to run the pipe. Lamp shade holder and shade, G. E. Stockwell.... 383,415 Steam boiler, C. P. Marshall...... 383,364 Manufacturers & Wholesale Agents, Ascough...... 15.477 Lamps, manufacture of incandescent electric, O. Steam engine, F. M. Rites...... 383.322 ROLLSTONE MACHINE CO., 48 Water St., FITCHBUR3 MAS3. A. Moses...... 383.140 Steam or other motor, Moehring & Pfluger...... 883,405 Tableware, metal, Holmes & Edwards Silver Lathe, turning. G. Philion...... 383,369 Stereotype plates, machine for planing, L. Goss... 383,221 Company ...... 15,490 WOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Level, spirit, E. A. & C. M. Stratton ...... 383,196 Stopper. See Bottle stopper. Tin plates and terne plates, Merchant & Co...... 15,504 Lifting jack. M. Hedges...... 383,293 Stove, cooking. J. Strupp...... 383,418 Tobacco, smoking and chewing, Gradle & Strotz... 15,492 FRI[TION PULLEYS CLUTCHES ald ELEWATURS Lithographic stones, transferring phototypes to, Stove, gas, M. J. O'Rielly...... 383,316 Toilet application for the skin, L. H. Gordon...... 15,491 PROVIDENCE. R. i. O. Krebs...... 383,308 Stove, heating, M. Peckham...... 383,144 Tooth powder or preparation, Horsey Manufactur Lock. See Nut lock. Stoves, dust flue for, J. A. Buckwalter...... 383,386 turing Co...... ------. .... 15,497 OIL ENGINE * Underwear, cotton, A Cohen...... 15,486 Loom for weaving loom harness, F. Eckermann... 383,215 Stoves, oven for cooking, J. Rau...... - - - - 383.147 For Printers, Steam Yachts, Loom stopping mechanism, H. Wyman...... 383,163 Strainer, milk, G. W. Knapp...... 383.307 Yarns, worsted, woolen, and silk, Nonantum pumping water,sawing wood, making ice-cream, Carpen Mat. See Door mat. Street and station indicator, S. M. Friede...... 383,392 Worsted Company...... 15,508 ters, Mechanics. J to 5.H.P. Measure for fitting gloves, hand, A. E. McDonald 383,365 Stringed instruments, tail piece for, S. M. Burson 383,276 Yarns, worsted, woolen, silk, and cotton, Nonan Fuel, Kerosene. No dust. Automatic in fuel and water tum Worsted Company...... - .... 15,507 Measuring machine, rattan, Taft & Jones...... 383,197 Stump puller, Tichenor & Walker...... 883,198 supply. Illustrated Cata Measuring vertical and horizontal distances, in Sweat pad fastener. J. S. Cusson...... - - - - 383,388 logue free. Mention SCIEN strument for, J. Short...... 383,375 Syringe, B. F. Sutton...... 383.257 Tific AMERICAN. Mechanical movement, Moehsing & Pfluger...... 383,407 Table. See Ironing table. Trimming table. DESIGNS. SHIPMAN ENGINE CO. Metal bars, reticulated or open work of, T. Robin Table, G. Woiz...... ‘...... 383,333 92 Pearl St., Boston, Mass. Brush case, air, C. L. Burdick...... ------18.329 son. ------..... 383,250 Tack heading machine, strip, G. W. Copeland..... 383,278 Button back. S. Cottle...... 18,831 Metallic blanks, apparatus for tapering, C. Nobs... 383,142 Tank, N. Sorensen...... 383,194 Costume, lady's, J. Sheils...... 18,346 Meter. See Grain meter. Tanning hides, composition of matter for, Snow Costume, Miss’, M. B. Kent...... 18.835 T0 BUSINESS MEN, Middlings purifier, Weiss & Fraenkel...... 383,262 & Howard...... 383,379 Cuff, shirt, D. O'Brien...... 18,343 The value of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as an adver

Mill. See Paint mill. Target, flying, F. Erh, Jr...... - - - - - ..... 383,343 Door trimming, G. J. Wells...... 18,351 tising medium cannot be overestimated. Its circulation Mould. See Casting mould. Teaching fractions and percentage, device for, L. Fabric, C. B. Smith ...... 18.347 to 18.350 is many times greater than that of any £ Moulder's draw iron, G. A. White...... 383.203 W. Johnson...... 383,300 now published. It goes into all the States and Territo Hame attachment. J. S. Schott...... 18,345 ries, and is read in all the principal libraries and reading Motor. See Steam or other motor. Telegraph call box, district, J. B. Gill..... - 883,220 Oil cloth, C.T. & W. E. Meyer...... 18,336 to 18,342 rooms of the world. A business man wants something Nut lock, O. L. Castle...... 383.212 Telephone conveyer, S. R. Ballard...... 383,269 more than to see his advertisement in a printed news Organ stop knob, M. Clark...... 18,330 paper. He wants circulation. This he when he Nut lock. H. B. Baker...... ------388,268 Telephone, mechanical, G. F. Shaver...... 383,324 advertises in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. And do not Skirt, walking, L. Roys...... - 18,344 Nut lock, Neiman & Melhorn...... - - - - - 383.306 Testing machine. A. V. Abbott...... 383,385 let the advertising agent intiuence you to substitute Stove, cooking, J. L. Gobeille...... - - - - 18,332, 18,334 some other paper for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, when Nut lock, A. J. Wylie...... ------...... 383.162 Theatrical appliance, J. T. Kilham...... 383.361 Stove, heating. J. L. Gobeille...... 18,333 selecting a list of publications in watcm you decide it is Oar and oar lock, G. K. Pheatt...... 383,244 Timber hangers, machine for making, C. H. Wil for your interest to advertise. This is frequently done,

Office indicator, R. R. Gareau...... 383,393 liams...... ------383,265 for the reason timat time agent gets a larger commission Oil can, J. Rau...... 383,370 Tinning copper sheets, machine for, D. Evans.... 383,116 A printed copy of the specification and drawing of from the papers having a small circulation than is allow any patent in the foregoing list will be furnished from ed on the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Oil furnace, A. A. Harwood...... ------383.123 Tire heater, J. O. Sperbeck...... 383,195 For rates see top of first column of this page, or ad Orange grading device, A. Ayer...... 883.205 Tongue support, L. W., Jr., & R. E. L. Leavell.... 383,183 this office for 25 cents. In ordering please state the dress MUNN ct CO., Publishers, Ordnance, breech-loading, C. Rostel...... 383,372 Traction engine, D. B. James ...... 383,179 name and number of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. 361 Broadway, New York. Owen attachment, C. E. Hollingsworth...... 383,127 Tramway, electrical, H.T. Blake...... 383,273 Packing, piston, M. J. Russell...... 883,253 Tramway, electrical, Blake & Sterling...... - 383,274 Canadian Patents may now be obtained by the *****-*::=EEE's **: Packing pulverulent substances, machine for. C. inventors for any of the inventions named in the fore Trap. See Hog tran. THE ONLY PRACT I CAL J. Mattison...... ------383,136 Trimming table, S. W. Patterson...... ------383,368 going list, provided they are simple, at a cost of $40 ELECTRIC MOTORS Pad. See Collar pad. Trough. See Water, trough. each. If complicated the cost will be a little more. For for Fa'ili Sew". Mac-, - is Paint mill. A. J. Gaston...... 383,352 Truck, car, L. K. Jewett...... 388,180, 383,181 full instructions address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, - E * Lt C T * > -D Y NAM'C Co E Pan. See Baking pan. |Truck, car. W. Youmans...... 383.164 New York. Other foreign patents may also be obtained. 224. As ER s = *- : * : * >= JUNE 9, 1888.] $rientific American. |THE Long & ALLs TATTER Co."'"

HEAVY Double, Single, Angle-Bar, Gang, Hori |||||||||RMI BIUS, "Mill'it': Wi: |- - - *# zontal, Twin, Boiler, Spacing, Gate, Mul A New and Thoroughly Modern Book. tiple, Belt, and HEAVY Useful, Beautiful, and Cheap, The Most Complete and Waluable in any Steam-Driven SINGLE Language. MACHINE. To any person about to erect a dwelling house or sta PUNCHES ble, either in the country or city, or any builder wishing cr"Drs"T" TFR.E.A.DY". to examine the latest and best plans for a church, school A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Soap and AND house, club house, or any other public building of high Candles, based upon the Most Recent Experiences in or low cost, should procure a complete set of the ARCHI the Science and the Practice; comprising the Chemistry the Raw Materials, the Machinery and Utensils, an S.HEARS. TECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION of the SCIENTIFIC Various 1"rocesses of Manufacture, including a Great AMERICAN. Variety of Formulae. Edited chiefly from the German of oVER 300 Size:S. Dr. C. befte, A. Engelhardt, Dr. C. Schaedler and others. The information these volumes contain renders the D With Additions and Lists of American P * - e n ts rel a. ti work almost indispensable to the architect and builder, to these subjects. By William T. Brannt, Send for New Catalogue. and to persons about to build for themselves they will Practical Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Fats and oils;” one of the Editors of “The Techno-Chemical find the work suggestive and most useful. They contain Receipt Book.” Illustrated by about 163 engravings. In colored plates of the elevation, plan, and detail draw one volume, 8vo, of over 677 pages. RIDE WHEEL's 1 ings of almost every class of building, with specifica # $7.50, by mail, free of postage to any address in the Clark's Adjustable Wing tion and approximate *orict. The best is the cheapest, and cost. we are prepared Four bound volumes are now ready and may be ob [*An illustrated circular showing the contents and to show you specimens of the engravings of this valuable book, 8 pages tained, by mail, direct from the publishers or from any quarto, will be sent free to any one in any part of the wor For Ventilation of every de newsdealer. Price, $2.00 a volume. Stitched in puper twho will furnish us with his address THE VICTORS scription. covers. Subscription price, per annum, $2.50. Address ALSO RECENTLY PUBLISHED ARE THE BEST and remit to A Practical Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Fats & and Oils, as well as the Manufacture of Artificial But Bicycles, Tricycles, FOR DRYERS. MUNN & CO., Publishers, ter, Lubricants, including Mineral Lubricating Oils, etc., AND and on Ozokorite. By Wm. T. Brannt. Illustrated % £ Results Guaranteed. 361 Broadway, New York. 244 engravings. 739 pages, 8vo...... $7. Safety Bicycles Catalogue Free. An illustrated circular of this book, 8 pages, 4to, will be Screw Plates. sent free to any one furnishing his address. In the world. Illustrated catalogue free. GEO. P. CLARK, Adjustable Die. -- * A Practical Treatise on Petroleum. By Benjamin J. Box L., send for --> Crew, illustrated by 70 engravings and 2 plates. 8vo. $4.50 Windsor Locks, Conn, An illustrated circular of this book, 4 pages, 4to, sent free. Overman Wheel Co. CATALOGUE * The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free of postage, at the publication prices, to any address in the THE MIND CURE.-BY MARY J. FIN F. F. F. - ley, M.D. A review of the theory of metaphysical heal HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., Makers of Victor Cycles, ing in its relation to physiology and pathology. Con INDUSTRIAL tained in Scientific AMERICAN SuiPPLEMENT, No. PUBLISHERS, BookSELLERS & IMPORTERS BOSTON, MASS. 627. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from WELL8 BR08. & C0., "WN:", 810 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. A. all newsdealers. MANUFACTURERS OF Screw Cutting Machinery and, Tools for Machinists', Carriage Makers', and Blacksmiths' Use. Hot Steam! Steam! '''I''. / |Hik' 'HM, PHOTO. ENGRAN' #| || "'special' Mtws PAPER SMLTCM's Expose an Immense Heated We build Automatic Engines from 2 to 200 H.P., R} FRANKIMSYNY Machinesvc": equal to anything in market. ==< John GREENWooD & Co. Surface. - ROCHESTER N.Y. A Large Lot of 2, 3 and 4-H. Engines TAKE The 1. ETwkEN Extract all the Heat from C nic ago and | Louisville, In the Gases. Furnish Pure With or without boilers, low for cash. Shepard's New $60 Screw-Cutting Foot Lathe dianapolis, Cin. M[] UN ROUTE Icinnati, and all winter cities > Warm Air in Abundance. * - - of £rida and r Foot and Power Lathes, 1)rill the elusi"===== South. 1t * %. Fourteen Years of Test. B. W. PAYNE & SONS, Presses, Scroll Saw Attach E. O. McCormick, Gen. Pass. Agent, Chicago. Universally satisfactory. * ments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist Box 15, JElro.ira, TNT. "S-T © Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for “Our Furnace Book.” - i.athes on trial. i.athes on # payment. WOOD-EN GRAY You can buy our back-geared screw - | N. Abram Cox Stove Co., - Send for catalogue of Outfits £ Lathe. For $2.50 a FIN E CATALOG U E I LLUSTRATIONS G. MANUFACTURER8, c for Amateurs or Artisans. For $70 chinist)book thathe Complete gives full Practical instructions Ma - F.L.KLENK 86 NASSAU St NEW YORK Philadelphia and Chicago, - Address "; 1. SHEPARD, - for its use. Almost any boy can find time, before "go R. - ing for himself,” to master this lathe, and thus estab d 134 E":#d street G DRY AIR REFRIGERATING MACHINE. QUARANTINE SYSTEM OF LOUISI lish the foundation of a valuable trade. - (incinnati, Ohio. ana.—By Joseph Holt, M.D. Description of the methods Description of Hall's improved horizontal # refrig of disinfection practiced. With 4 figures. Contained in Workers of Wood or Metal, in The Workshop, GEOLOGY EXPLAINED IN ITS SIM erator, designed to deliver about 10,000 cubic feet of SciENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 627. Price 10 without steam power, by using outfits of Barnes’ Pat”d cold air per hour, when running at a speed of 100 revolu cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. Foot Power Machinery, can bid lower, and save more lest Form.—An interesting object lesson in £, tions per minute, and capable of £ the tempera fmoney from their jobs, than by any other means for do 'ontained in SciENTIFIC AMEiticAN SUP1’LEMENT, No, ture of 90° above to 50° below zero. With five £ ing their work. Send for Catalogue. 630. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from showing plan and side elevation of the ap - Bill W. F. & John BARNES Co., 1999 Ruby St., Rockford, Ill. all newsdealers. diagrams illustrative of its performance. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN St. PPLEMENT, No. 288. Price £ To be had as this office and from all news ": # !: 'm', ers. RUBBER BELTINC, This thermometer gives PACKINC, HOSE. a permanent and continu Oldest and Largest Manufacturers in the United States. ous record in ink of the temperature. The chart CARY &MCEN indicating hours of the day WUL.GANIIED RUBBER FABRICS Of and days of the week gives # the degrees of temperature For Mechanical Purposes. EVE #: from 20° below zero to 110° -Air" JEr"al-e JE Cose above. All instruments are accuratel adjusted A SPECIALTY. and £ he re cord is easily read and ab RUBBER MATS, 2nd £- MACHINERY # solutely correct. Sold by RUBBER MATTING, N.Y. Mach’y Depot, Bridge Store 16, Frankfort St., N.Y. - the leading instrument AND STAIR TREADS. -H dealers and opticians throughout the United COSTS IN MANUFACTURES.—A LEC States and Canada, and by NEw York BELTING & PACKING CO., 15 PARK ROW, N. Y. ture by H. Metcalfe, U.S.A., delivered in the Sibley The DRAPER Branches: College course.-An elaboration of a system for the John H. CHEEVER, Treas., 167 Lake St., Chicago; 308 Chestnut St., Phila.; 52 Summer St., Boston; management of factories and employes. A valuable MANUFACTURING CO. J. D. CHKEVER, Dep’y Treas. Post & Co., Cin., O. Europe'n Br'ch, Pickhuben 5 Hamburg (Freihafengebiet), Ger. paper. Contained, in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE Owners of the United MENT. No. 605. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office Thermometer. and from all newsdealers. - States and foreign patents, (£ 152 Front Street, New York OTTO GAS ENGINES, PEDESTAL TENONER. Size 14x20 in. Patented. Copyrighted. A SCIENTIFIC Invention is the Electric $h' Sig Over 25,000 sold. Special Machinery for nal, Patent No. 378.876, granted March 6, 1888. orks ICE-HOUSE Horizontal ..... Otto ...Gas Engines. Car Work and the latest to perfection. Invaluable to navigation. Prevents colli AND COLD ROOM.–BY R. sions with any obstruction above water. U.S. Patent G. Hatfield. With directions Vertical...... Otto....Gas Engines. improved Woodworking for construction. Four Twin Cylinder...Otto....Gas Engines. and Foreign Patent Rights for sale. Address J. W. engravings. Contained in SciENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP Machinery of all kinds. DOOLEY, Wyoming, Ills. pigment, 59. Price "0 cents. To be had at this office Combined...... Otto.. andGas EnginesPumps. and of all newsdealers. Combined...... Otto.. £ £, FOR SA LE City, ''' or State Rights, under (, B, R06EMS & [0, • Patent 340,454. Address Duplex Gas Regulator Co., P. O. Box 940, or 31 Broadway, New York. 0TT0 GAS ENGINE WORKS, Norwich, Conn. NICKELPLATING CHICAGO, PH1LADELPHIA. 109 Liberty Street, SCIENTIFIC BOOK New York. - New York Agency, &POLISHING MATERIALS. 18 Vesey Street. CATALOCUE, THE COPYING PAD.-HOW TOMAKE RECENTLY PU is Lish ED. HOW TO MAKE AN INCUBATOR.— and how to use; with an engraving. Practical directions Our new catalogue containing over 100 es, includ how to prepare the gelatine pad, and also the aniiine ink ing works on more than fifty different subjects. Will be Full directions. illustrated with 7 figures. Also direc by which the '' are made; how to apply the written mailed tree to any address on application. tions for operating the apparutus. Contained in letter to the pad; how to take off copies of the letter. MUNN & Co., Publishers Scientific American, CHEMICALCQ NEW YORKUSA SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 612. Price 10 Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. 438. Price. 10 cents. For sale at this office and by all 361 Isroadway, New York. newsdealers in all parts of the country.

BARREL, KEQ, GOVERNMENT BREEDING FARM FOR The Strongest, Cheapest, Cavalry Horses.—A paper by Lieut. S. C. Robertson, U. Hogshead, and Best Fastening for S.A., outlining a plan for the establishment of a breed AND Leather and Rubber Belt ing farm for horses maintained and controlled by the government, STAVE MACHINERY. ing. Beware of fraudulent and discussing the economic features of and poor imitations. None the scheme. Contained in SC1ENTIFIC AMERicAN Sup Over 50 varieties manu genuine without this trade PLEMENT, No. 606. Price 10 cents. To be had at this factured by mark and picture on the Trus. Hoor Driving. E. & B. Holmes, package. Greene, Tweed & Co. —i BUFFALO, N. Y. Manufacturers, to sell our Rubber Stamps. Free Catal e The SI American ITPAYS to agents. Chandler & Fisher. Cleveland,O. Parrrrro July 31, 1883. 83 Chambers Street, Mew York. MESSRS. MUNN & Co., in connection with the publi cation of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to ex STEAM and ELECTRIC LAUNCHES, amine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents Pleasure Boats, Sail Canoes, MODEL and a SEIlfortin PUBLICATIONS FOR 1888. for Inventors. # Canoes, Oars, Rowlocks, IlāIS, In this line of business they have had forty-one years Sails, etc. 80 page, catalogue. # experience, and now nave unequaled facilities for the Over seventy-five illustrations. C.E.JDME$&BIO, The prices of the different publications Send 5 cents. None free. Men are as follows: preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the A. CIMCIMNAT1, 0. RATES £ of £ for Patents in the United * tion the Scientific American. BY MAll. tates, Canada. and Foreign Countries. Messrs Munn & - J. H. RUSHTON W ORK SPEGIALTy. (Mention this Paper. The Scientific American (weekly), one year $3.00 Canton, N. Y. - Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats. Copyrights Th:" American Supplement (weekly), one for Books, Labels, Reissues. Assignments, and ports THE AGE OF THE STARS. – BY on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to Encyclo- Diamond Book free, The Scientific American, Export them is done with special care and promptness, on very pedia of Drills and 25c. for Prof. Janssen. History of the discoveries that have led Edition (monthly) reasonable terms to the introduction of the doctrine of evolution in the one year, ...... 5.00 7oo Engrav Lightning mailing it. science of astronomy. Contained in SciENtific Ameh The Scientific American, Architects and Builders A. £ sent free of cnarge, on application, con ings of Hvolraulic American ICAN SUPPLEMENT, NOS. 630 and 631. Price 10 cents Edition (monthly), one year. . . . . 2.50 taining full information about Patents and how to pro W #1. L W£ Well Works, cure them; directions concerning each. To be had at this office and from all "' COMBINED RATES. Labels, Copyrights, TO OLS, Machines. Aurora, Ill, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues. Infringements, As The Scientific American and Supplement, $7.00 signments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Pa suPERIOR , etc. t # night. The Scientific American and Architects and Build A STATIONARY ENGINES ers Edition, . . . We also send, free of charge, a Synopsis of Foreign Pa 0 ight and pro . 5.00 - - fitable busi The Scientific American, su lement and Archi- tent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing with Plain and Automn: - *&^ tic Cut-off. Vertical nnd tects and Builders £" * "…", patents in all the principal countries of the world. ness, Magic Lanterns and Views of popular sub - ects. Catalogues on £ Part 1 Optical. 2 *-TR. | Horizontal. Proportionate Rates for Sia: Months. MUNN & Co., Solicitors of Patents, Mathematical, 3 Meteorological, 4 Magic Lanterns, etc. Penna. Diamond Drill Co., 1. MANAssE. 88 Madison Street, Chicago, Ill, Birdsboro, Pa. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal 361 Broadway, New York. or express money order, or draft to order of BRANCH OFFICES.–No. 622 and 6.24 F Street, Pa cific Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D.C. MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. SPECIALLY SIGNED FOR LISHIBURN £ DRIVING &c DERFECT:ee APER ... I RED5' | 2 | "#DEAF THE P £ewsPAP'ILE "NICKEL ELETED $25026.4% REID ROSEWOOD-TRIMMINGS ######HILADA PECR's PATENT IMPRoved CUSH The Koch Patent File, for preserving newspapers, Mag roNED EAR DRUMs Perfectly Re azines, and pamphlets, has been recently improved and store the #### whether deaf price redu Subscribers to the SCIENTIFIC AMER1 ness is caused CAN and SciENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT can be supplied for the low price of $1,50 by mail, or £1.25 at the #: HARRISON CONVEYOR: office of this paper, Heavy board, sides; inscription For sic, conversation, wh rs heard dis *SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN” in gilt. Necessary for Handling Grain,00al, Sand, Clay, Ian Bark, Cinders, Ores, $88ds,&t. £"W:####### every one who wishes to preserve the paper. Address Sole # MuNN & Co., Publishers SquENTirio AMERICAN. &: B0RDEN, SELLECK & CO., Ma're, Chicago, Ill. "

366 $rientific American. [JUNE 9, 1888.

^{opertieements. THR#G#C##' We are prepared to furnish ####":the finest 'A'.quality of £ EHINTG-IINTE WORIA, for the manufacture of which we have un Inside Page, each insertion - - - 25 cents a line. equalled facilities. Hen: i) ston & Sons, Incorporated, Back Page, each insertion --- $1.00 a line. Jobbing Department, Front & Laurel Sts., Phila, Pa. The above are charges per agate line-about eight £ words per line. This notice shows the width of the line, £he Baldwin” ME R Y ~ R IND . and is set in agate type. Engravings may head adver A the late American Institute Fair. New York. CHALLENGE * Polls all-c tisements at the same rate per agate line, by measure & | Third and cul-ELELAND PHILA. ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be * Tse wer engine in connection with storage bat received at publication office as early as Thursday morn 2' incandescent electric lights (and without THE PHONOGRAPH.-A DETAILED ing to appear in next issue. lights), giving a perfect light, with all the steadi ... can be obtained from the high-s steam engines description of the new and improved form of the pho Ion useforelectric lighting, and permittin #. Dulln nograph just brought out by Edison. With 8 engray lights to be shut off or turned on without affecting the ings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE hing lights in the slightest degree. A marvel of beauty MENT, No. 632. Price 10 cents. To be had at this Action, and power, adapted to lighting, pumping, and all office and from all newsdealers. Moses where a safe and cheap power is required. Manu tured and guaranteed by *->tis Eircotliers tío CO. BUFFALO FORGE CO. MAKE E E S T LINE These Hack Saws will cut Iron and Steel be Elevators and Hoisting Machinery, yond all expectation. 38 PAIt is Row, NEW YORK. Iron working mechanics everywhere must and ar FORGESBLOWERS EXHAUSTERS will use them. They do the work of files at one tenth the cost, and in one-tenth the time. One HAND & POWER DRILLS ex-A, M. Patent Nickel-plated Steel frame, and one dozen MAGNESI A SECTIONAL STEAM-PIPE AND 8-inch Blades, sent by mail, prepaid, on receipt THE MAGNESIA of $1.50. Hardware dealers will furnish them at TELESCOPIC OBJECTIVES AND MIR at the same price. All saws marked with a star, SECTIONAL rors. Their preparation and testing-By H. Grubb, F. and bearing ourname are fully warranted. R. 8. An interesting description of the processes now Covering Co. employed in the construction of telescopic objectives. MILLERS FALLS CO., prefaced with a short history of the manufacture of ©3 Reade Street, New York PHILADELPHIA. glass. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPL MENTS, Nos. 548 and 549. Price, 10 cents each. To be Local Agents Wanted" obtained at this office or from any newsdealer. Everywhere. GALL FOR AUTOMATIC[UIUFF ENGINES - - | HOME-MADE INCUBATOR.—PRACTI STEIEITs. E.A.T.srss. M^*A* UPON SCII-I-D-E--- * cal directions for the manufacture of an effective incu L. L. E. N.GINE C. C. E. F. E. P. bator that has been carefully tested and found to per For Anti-Friction Bearings, of form all that may be reasonably ex ; wit Best Cast steel. #: tions for operating. With 4 figures. Contained in SCI Ground, and Burnished, 3-16 in Telescopes, spera *#): ENrific AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 630. Price 10 to 8 in diameter. ICROSCOPES : Sill. f/0. WANI THE #: cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. In quality and density of Metal, barometers, photographic outfits for inateers * in uniformity of temper, and in ac £ curacy and nicety offinish warrant Illus. price list free. pecial Bargaia-Li ###". unequaled. *" Samples and prices on applica */11, GAS ENGINEERING, RECENT PRO Simond's Rolling-Machine Co., Fitchburg, Masa gress in-By A. Macpherson. Regenerative system of \|| || | retort firing. Improvements in gas purification. Burn W. E. EURNS PROPI. ers and regenerative lamps. The Welsbach gas light, ELECTRIC CONVEYORS.-DESCRIP Paraffin as a rival of coal gas, oil in # making. Ces tion of two ingenious systems for the electric carriage of residual products. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERI of small packages. Illustrated with 13 engravings. Con CAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 601. Price 10 cents. To be 464. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from "L" E. E. had at this office and from all newsdealers. all newsdealers. LITTLE W $vientific Ameritan Flo. oNDERs

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- U_* <--> - @#) BICYCLES - This widely circulated and splendidly illustrated TOOLS FOR E MERY WHEELS. paper is published weekly. Every number contains six FIG. 3. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF STEAM £TRICYCLES teen pages of useful information and a large number of and hot water for transmitting heat and power.-An elaborate discussion of the subject, by Charles E. Emory. original engravings of new inventions and discoveries. FIG-. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. #TANDEMs representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, 615. Price ten cents. To be had at this office and New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, -D-LATE from all newsdealers. GUARANTEED=HIGHEST GRADE PATE-D-AJ © Chemistry, Electricity, Telegraphy. Photography, Archi ILLUSTRATEDCATALOGUE-FREE

- -- tecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc. - -\ And shaped Diamond Carbon Points, indis - - ..pensable for Truing Porcelain, Hardened * - -* PoPEMFG.Co. Complete List of Patents each week. --- £ut Scut. teel, Chilled Iron, and Paper Calender 79 FRANKLIN ST-BOs TON Terms of Subscription.-One copy of the screw and Copper Rolls, also for Truing Inside of < ***'. # £: Practical Mechanics and Paper Súň ERASS BRASS NWR & RNR £ st.NEw York TIFIC AMERICAN will be sent for one year-numbers akers '' them pronounce these Points & postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States Mention this paper. Houses||zel Navasash avechicago. a marvel of the age for efficiency and dur or Canada, on receipt of three dollars by the pub ability, doing that which no steel tool can do. After turning the Rolls, when inspect lishers; six months, $1.50; three month-l. ed by a microscope, there is no perceptible THE DUNNING PATENT WROUGHT IRON BOILER, (07:r 13,500 ill:8) Clubs.-Special rates for several names, and to Post wear. They are now extensively used in Masters. Write for particulars. Rolling and Paper Mills, both in this coun E. Dunning Boiler, Self-Fee ding, is the best for Low. Pres try and in Europe. The subscriber is sure Steam Heating , and in sures a warm house night and The safest way to remit is by Postal Order. Draft, or *relent * with the * */ Wheel.” trade * day i.e. Acid Smoke, Made in Express Money Order. Money carefully placed - as the Pioneer Maker of Diamond Tools elev'iz: suitable to heat the smallest Cottage to the since introducing the use of his Points and largest Business Block in five different styles: of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressel. tools for the above purpose. Numerous As a Magazine Boller, which requires attention but once in seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Ad composite wheels and new industries have twenty-four hours. dress all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., pay been created where their "value” ht as a Surface Burning Boiler, which will burn Hard or Soft proved incalculable. Diamond Points re Coal. Wood, Coke or Gas. able to ground and sharpened. Carbon Tools reset and new car As a Hot Water Boiler, for Green House and hot water M. UISTINT & CO., bons furnished for the same. Also, glaziers' diamonds heating. reset. "Send number of Tool desired to As a Portable Boiler, to be set without brickwork. 361 Broadway, New York. J. DICKINSON, 64 Massau St., N.Y. * Also in Two Sections, to pass through any door or window. where whole one cannot enter. Steam Engi nes and Boilers of *I* racist all kinds and machine generally, Manufactured at the - New York Central ron Works, Geneva, N. Y., U.S.A. lock Box40. * Send for New Illustrated Catalogue. Scientific American Supplement ESTABLISHED HALFA CENTURY. This is a separate and distinct publication from The Boston Hydraulic Motor C0. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, but is uniform there with of FER FOR SALE in size, every number containing sixteen large pages full of engravings, many of which are taken from foreign papers, and accompanied with translated descriptions. The SciENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT is published - 'S APFRE&BURGLAR weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It FOR BLOWING presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in CHURCH 0RGANS, all the principal departments of Science and the Useful Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, ALL CoMPLETE, Natural History, Geography, Archaeology. Astronomy. Together with all its Pat Chemistry, Electricity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Eng HESE are in every respect strictly first-class ents, Patterns, good will Y-ATED neering, Steam and Railway Engineering, Mining. Paints, composed of purelinseed oil and the of Business, etc. HAVE "##ovemen's Ship Building, Marine Engineering. Photography, highest grade of pigments. They are pre Established 13 YEARS. *echnology, Manufacturing Industries, Saritary En ~. pared ready for the brush, in 54 newest shades - *- Address, uND IN gineering, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Econe and standard colors, and, on account of their my, Biography, Medicine, etc. A vast amount of fresh purity and great covering properties, we offer C. F. HALL, 82 Devonshire set., Boston, Mass. them as the Most DURABLE and EconoMICAL and valuable information obtainable in no other pub Paints ever produced. One gallon will cover PATENT THAT willwell REFAY AN lication. from 250 to 275 sq.ft., two coats. 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A lecture delivered before the Institution of Steam-Pipe and Boiler Coverings, etc. Vulcabeston Mechanical Engineers.-Definition of wave...The differ THE BEST SAFE and remit by postal order, express money order, or check Piston Rod Packing Rings, Gaskets, etc. ent kinds of waves. Waves produced in water by boats MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. and the wind. How the wave procession is kept ' .//ARV//VSAFE CO. Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK. Effect of a ship's build in causing waves: With eight figures. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICANSUPPLR NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, Chicago, Philadelphia, London. MENT No. 615. Price ten cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. LONDON. E.N.C.L.A.N.D. - Euilders Edition.

- AND FINE GRAY IRON ALSO STEEL SHIELDS & BROWN CO. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ARCHITECrs' Asn LLEAFL's '''rea's #COMPLETESTEAM Pump BUILDERS". EDITION is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. *\n", c., fist Tinning NE. - Manufacturers of OMN'``'`û MASTE". £ "'-'. £ sectional HoNLY SEVEN Dollars Single copies, 25 cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal DEMAND THIS PUMP to about two hundred ordinary book pages; forming a OF YOUR oR W RITE large and splendid Magazine of Architecture, rich ly adorned with elegant plates in colors, and with other " ... TO US FOR PRICES. ''': fine engravings; illustrating the most interesting ex VAN DUzen's PATENT amples of modern Architectural Construction and -R'OR | 95 MILKST, B0STON, MASS, Steam, Gas and Water Pipes, Drums, Heaters, etc. allied subjects. The Best Non-Conductor of Heat & Cold in the World. VAN DUZEN & TIFT. A special feature is the presentation in each number This Company owns the Letters Patent Send for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper. SOLE MAKERS of a variety of the latest and best plans for private res 143 worth Street, 240 & 242 Randolph St., | NC IN NA" | . dences, city and country, including those of very mod granted to Alexander Graham Bell, March NEW YORK, CHICACO - erate cost as well as the more expensive. Drawings in 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th, perspective and in color are given, together with full 1877, No. 186,787. Plans, Specifications, Sheets of Details, Estimates, etc. PIPE Covenings The elegance and cheapness of this magnificent work The transmission of Speech by all known have won for it the largest Circulation of any forius of Electric Speaking Telephonesin Made entirely of ASBESTOS, Architectural publication in the world. Sold by a newsdealers. $2.50 a year. Remit to fringes the right secured to this Company Absolutely Fire Proof. BRAIDED PACKING, MILL BOARD, SHEA THING, CEMENT, FIBRE AND SPECIALTIES. MUNN & CO., Publishers, by the above patents, and renders each 361 Broadway, New York. individual user of telephones not furnish ox-Aramaxi-s-s-rürwors, co-, roo'r El- Barrat ser-, ra. Y. BRANCHES: Phila, 32 s. 2d St. Chicago. 46 E. Lake St. Pittsburg, 37 Lewis Block. ed by it or its licensees responsible for such unlawful use, and all the consequences Machines. York Pa FRINTING "Scientific American" is printed INKs. with CHAs tent. Yoithí MFG. ENEU JOHNSON & Co.'s Tenth and Lom thereof, and liable to suit therefor. ICE & REFRIGERATING Co., York, Pa. bard Sts., Phila, and 47 Rose St., opp, Duane St., N.Y.