Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland

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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885.

]PROCEEDINGS.

PART I, 1901. REPORT OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. COUNCIL REPORT, 1900-rgor. BALANCE SHEET FOR 1900. REPORTS ON THE JANUARY

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. EXAMINATIONS. THE LIBRARY. GENERAL NOTICES. ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, Professor JOHN MILLAR THOMSON, LL D., F.R.S.

Issued under the supervision of the Proceedings Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registvar aid Seci~etnvy. 30, BLOOMSBURYSQUARE, LONDON, W.C., 30th April, 1901. View Article Online

A. P. BLUNDELL,TAYLOR & Co., Printers, 173, Upper Thames Street, E.C. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. View Article Online

CONTENTS.

LISTOF OFFICERSAXD COUSCIL .-...... 4- 5

DATESOF COUNCILMEETINGS ...... 5

COMIIITTEES ...... 6

REPORTOF THE AXNUALGENERSL MEETING ... 7

REPORTOF COUNCIL ... ,...... I0

BALAscE SHEET FOR 1900 ...... 14-15

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. ABSTRACTSOF THE REPORTSOF THE ESAIIINEKS... 16

THELIBRARY ...... 30

ALTERATIONS IN THE REGISTER ...... 31

GENERALNOTICES ...... 31

THEPRESIDENT’S .!!DDRESS ., ...... 38 View Article Online

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending March 3rd, 1902.

PRESIDENT : JOHK MILLAR THORISON, LL.D., F.R.S.

VICE-PRESIDENTS : WALTER ERNEST ADENEY, D.Sc. FRAKK CLOWES, D.Sc. OTTO HEHKER. FBAKCIS ROBERT JAPP, LL.D., F.R.S. THOMAS STEVENSON, M.D., F.R.C.P. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS TILDEN, D.Sc., F.R.S.

TREASURER: DAVID HOWARD. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: GEORGE BEILBT. BENNETT HOOPER BROUGH, Assoc. I1.S.M. CHARLES EDWARD CASYAL. FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAT, M.A., D.Sc. JAMES KEAR COLWELL. CECIL HOWARD CRIBB, B.Sc. WILLIAM JOSEPH DIBDIN. PERCY FARADAT FRANKLAND, Ph.D., F.R.S. RICHARD JOHN FRISWELL. HENRY WILSOX HAKE, Ph.D. TVBLTER NOEL HARTLET, F.R.S.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKIKSOS, Ph.D, JOHX JAMES HUMNEL. EDWARD TVILLIA4RITAYLOR JONES. EDWARD KIXCH. FBEDERIC STANLEY I

CENSORS: THE PRESIDENT, ex-officio. OTTO HEHNER. DBVID HOWARD. WILLIAM JAMES RUSSELL, Ph.D., F.R.S. THOMAS STEVESSON, M.D., F.R.C.P.

HON. AUDITORS: ERNEST JOHN PARRY, B.Sc. SLFRED CHAYTON CHAPMAN HORATIO BALLANTPNE.

REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHAED BERTRSM PILCHER.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY: STANLEY EItNEST CARR.

DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS

The Council will meet at the Offices of the Institute, at 4.30 p.ni. on the following Friday afternoons :- Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. ,4pril 26th, May 31st, June 2Sth, October %th, Kovember 22nd, and December 13th, 1901 ; and January 24th, and February 21st, 1902.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, Mnrch 3rd, 1902, at 4 p.m.

NoTE.--Menibers desiring to bring iiiatters before the Council are requested to communicate the saiiie to the Secretary not less than ten days before the date fixed for meeting. View Article Online

COMMITTEES 1901-1902.

FINANCE COMMITTEE:

THE PRESIDEKT, WITH MESSRS. J. KEAR COLWELL, CECIL H. CRIBB, H. IV. HAKE, DAVID HOWARD, FRANCIS E. RIATTHETVS, PERCY A. E. RICHARDS, AND SAMUEL RIDEAL.

HOUSE COMMITTEE :

THE PRESIDENT, WITH MESSRS. FRANK CLOWES, PERCY F. FRANKLAND, RICHARD J. FRISWELL, .AKD DAVID HOWARD.

LIBRARY COMMITTEE

THE PRESIDEKT, WITH MESSRS. FRANK CLOWES, OTTO HEHNER, A. GORDON SALARION, THOMAS STEVENSON, ASD THE EXAMINERS.

NOMINATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS COMMITTEE:

THE PRESIDENT, WITH RIESSRS.WALTER E. ADENEP, GEORGE Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. BEILBE', CHARLES E. CASSAL, FREDERICK D. CHATTAWAP, FRANK CLOWES, J. KEAR COLWELL, CECIL H. CRIBB, WILLIAAI J. DIBDIN, PERCY F. FRANKLAND, RICHARD J. FRISWELL, OTTO HEHNER, WILLIAM R. E. HODGKINSON, JOHN J. HUXIRIEL, EDWARD KINCH, F. STANLEY KIPPING, G. LEWIX, TV. IVISON MACADAM, WILLIAM H. PERKIN, JuN., THOMAS STEVENSON, WILLIAM A. TILDEN, ASD JOHN A. T70ELCIiELl.

PROCEEDINGS COMMITTEE:

THE PRESIDENT, WITH NESSRS.BENNETT H. BROUGH, CHARLES E. CASSAL, OTTO HEHNER, DAVID HOWARD, F. STANLEY KIPPING, JULIUS LEWKOWITSCH, ASD SAMUEL RIDEAL. View Article Online

Report of the Annual General Meeting of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland (incorporated by Royal Charter), Friday, March Ist, 1901.

H E Fifteenth‘:’ Annual General Meeting of the Institute T of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held at 30, Bloomsbury Square, London, I\T.C., on Friday, the First day of March, 1901,at 4 p.ni., Professor John Millar Thonison, President, in the Chair.

Present : 48 Fellows, 3 Associates, and I Student.

The Minutes of the Fourteenth Annual General Meeting having been read and confirmed, the President alluded to the sad death of Her Most Gracious Majesty Lady Queen Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Victoria, and read the Address of condolence and sympathy which had been forwarded from the Institute for the accept- ance of His Most Excellent Majesty King Edward VII. (see P. 35)-

The Financial statement for the year 1900 was then submitted, together with the Report of the Auditors, and it was moved by Mr. David Howard, seconded by Mr. E. W. Voelcker, and resolved :-‘‘ That the Statement of Accounts for the year 1900, and the Report of the Auditors, be received and adopted.” * Twenty-third since foundation. View Article Online

The Report of Council having been taken as read, it was moved from the Chair, seconded by Major Charles E. Cassal,

and resolved :-rL That the Report of Council for the year 1900-1901be received and adopted.”

The nomination of Scrutineers for examining the ballot- ing papers was then proceeded with : Dr. C. hl. Luxmore being appointed by the President, and Mr. A. E. Ekins by the Ail ee t in g.

The ballot for the four Censors having been taken, the following Fellows were declared elected :- hlr. Otto Hehner, Mr. David Howard, Dr. W. J. Russell, and Dr. Thomas Stevenson.

The Meeting then proceeded to elect the three Auditors. On the motion of Dr. Thomas Stevenson, seconded by Professor Frank Clowes, Messrs. E. J. Parry and A. C. Chapman were declared re-elected. On the motion of Mr. Oscar Guttmann, seconded by Mr. John Hughes, it was resolved to elect Mr. Horatio Ballantyne to fill the vacancy

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. caused by the retirement of Mr. E. Grant Hooper.

Professor John Millar Thomson, the President, having delivered his Address (see p. 38), it was moved by Professor R. Meldola, seconded by Mr. Otto Hehner, and unanimously

resolved :-rb That the best thanks of the Meeting be accorded to the President for his Address, and that he be requested to allow the same to be published in the Proceedings of the Institute.’

The Report of the Scrutineers having been submitted, the Officers and Members of Council for the year 1901-1902 were declared duly elected. (See pp. 4-5.) View Article Online

On the motion of Dr. John A. Voelcker, seconded by Mr. G. N. Huntly, a vote of thanks was unaniniously accorded to the Officers and Members of Council for their services during the past year.

The Treasurer having replied, RI r. John Spiller proposed a vote of sympathy to Mr. Pilcher on his recent illness. This was carried unanimously, and the Meeting was then dissolved. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. View Article Online

Report of the Council of the Institute of Chemistry

FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH ist, 1901.

The Council have the pleasure to report to the Fellows and Associates on the progress of the Institute during the past year.

In the Report received and adopted at the last Annual General Meeting for the year ending March Ist, 1900, it was stated that the Institute numbered 854 Fellows, 126 Associates, and I 13 Students.

During the year the Council have elected 41 new Fellows, 29 new Associates, and have registered 41 new Students. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. The Council regret to report that the Institute has lost 7 Fellows by death, amongst whom were several well-known Cheniists :-Mr. H. S. L. Gurney, of Lythani, Lancs. ; Mr. F. W. Harris, of the Great Western Railway, Swindon ; Sir JohnzBennet Lawes, Bart., D.Sc., F.R.S., of St. Albans ; Mr. Frederick Manning, of Billiter Street, E.C. ; Mr. Richard Reynolds, of Leeds ; Dr. Stevenson Macadam, of Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh; and Mr. T. M. \Vyatt, A.R.C.Sc., of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.

Two Fellows, one Associate, and five Students have resigned, and the names of ten Fellows, one *Associate and View Article Online

four Students have been removed from the Register for non- p a y men t of subscriptions . The Register, therefore, contains at the present time the names of 876 Fellows, 132 Associates, and 118 Students.

Four examinat ions for Membership have been held during the year : two in July, 1900, and two in January, 1901. For these Examinations, 94 Candidates entered, of whom 63 passed, 28 failed, and 3 were prevented attending from various causes.

The following table shows the number of Candidates examined in each of the various Examinations and the number of those who passed :- Nuiiiber Humber Examination. Examined. Passed. A.I.C. Examination (Old Regulations). .. I . .. I

Intermediate ... 1 I, ...... 33 ... 25 Final :- Branch A (Mineral Chemistry) . .. 19 ... I3 ,, I3 (Metallurgical Chemistry)... 4 ... 3 ,, C (Physical Chemistry) ... 2 ... I

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. ,, I3 (Organic Chemistry) ... 14 ... 6 ,, E (Analysis of Food and Drugs, and of Water) ...... 18 ... 14 -- Total ...... 91 63 - -_- - It is satisfactory to note that the number of Candidates examined is increasing; thus in 1895 the number of Candidates examined was 40; in 1896, 52; in 1897, 58; in 1898, 51 ; and in 1899, 80.

Particulars of the exercises and papers given at the July Examinations, together with the Pass Lists, were published in Proceedings, Part II., 1900. The Pass Lists and Papers View Article Online

of the January Examinations will form part of Proceedings, Part I., 1901,to be issued in March.

The Examiners on each of the above occasions were Dr. Bernard Dyer and Dr. W. Palmer \Vynne, who has been appointed in succession to Professor Percy F. Frankland. The Examiners are indebted to several Fellows for the loan of apparatus, and also to others who have kindly provided accurately analysed and reliable samples of materials for use in the Examinations. The Council have again much pleasure in acknowledging their great indebtedness to Dr. Stevenson for his services as Honorary Examiner in Therapeutics, Pharmacology, and Microscopy. Thirty-one Candidates have been examined in these subjects at the Examinations held on July 16th, 1900, and January 14th, 1901. 11 Fellows and 12 Associates have received the Certificate approved by the Local Government Boards for England, for Scotland, and for Ireland. Particulars of the Examinations ill be found in the Proceedings.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. During the year the attention of Fellows and Associates has been directed to the Regulations as to the competency of Public Analysts, issued under the date of 8th March by the Local Government Board in England and \Vales. In these Regulations it was stated that the Board accept as sufficient documentary evidence of the requisite qualification for appointment as Public Analyst under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, the Diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, together with the Certificate granted by the Institute to those ~vhopass an Examination conducted by them on lines approved by the Board, in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. View Article Online

The Local Government Board for Scotland also issued, under the date of 17th April last, similar regulations bj- which the above-mentioned qualifications were also recognised, it being remembered that the Local Government Board for Ireland has also intimated full recognition of the Examinations of the Institute.

The Council record with great pleasure that Professor Percy F. Frankland, Ph.D., F.R.S., has kindly presented the sum of one hundred pounds towards the

establishment of the Examination in Branch “ F” (Biological Chemistry) of the final Examination for the Associateship. An Examination in this Branch will be held during the year 1901? due notice of which will be given.

The Library has again been increased during the year by gifts and by the purchase of a large number of works referring to Chemical Ihdustries. The Library Committee look to the generous co-operation of the Members to render the Library worthy of the Institute and of more value to the M em b er s . Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. The Financial Statement for the year ending December 31st, 1900, does not show any great change from that of the year 1899. The Balance on General Account of k267 18s. 5d. shows an increase from that of the previous year, but this includes Professor Frankland’s Donation of LIOO referred to above. It is anticipated that the Reserve Funds of the Institute will be increased by an Investment during 1901.

30, BLOOJISBL-RYSQUARE, LOKDON,\V.C., Febwnyy IS^, 1901. View Article Online THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. Imxwpoiwted by Ro yaZ Chccrter, June, 1885. Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the Year 1900.

RECEIPTS. EX PEN D I T U RE. ;E s. d. f: 8. cl. ;t: 6. cl. 5i s. d. Balance at Bank on December 31st, 1899, General A/c 93 8 6 Printing ...... 190 14 1 Stationery and Ofice ...... 81 G 5 EntranceFees ...... 138 12 0 Postage ...... 54 7 7 LifeCompositions ...... 111 CJ 0 BciG 8 1 l8 (I Rent ...... 11.5 10 7 Subacriptions - "' Rates and Taxes ...... S9 17 7 Fellows' ...... 806 7 1 Gas and Water ...... 35 0 11 Associates' ...... 122 13 7 Redemptioii Preiiiinlns ...... 133 15 4 Students' ...... 31 2 G g;o 2 2 Insurance ...... (i 4 0 ___- YS5 5 Dividends ...... cis 1 9 8 Salaries and Wages ...... 376 15 8 Exmiination Fees ...... 399 Repairs and Furnishing ...... 103 5 2 Sale of the Book of Regulations for Admission to the Examinations and Laboratoi ies ...... 388 5 1 Institute and Register, 1899-1900 ...... 3 17 8 Advertisement.: ...... 30 G I Society of Public Analysts (use of Council Room) .. Miscellaneous ......

ASSETS. LlABl LIT1ES. 2 Y. d. f s. (1. ;t: s. d. $ s. (1. Balance, as above- Subscriptions received in advmce- General Account...... 267 1s 5 Fellows' ...... 18 1ti 0 Library Account ...... 41 11 5 -- YO9 9 10 Associates' ...... 110 Value of Leese and Redemption Premiums (Scottish Provident Institution) ...... 1,553 il 0 Stuclents' ...... 0 -5 0 Value of Laboratories and Redemption Premiums (Sun Assurance -- 18 2 0 Company) ...... 2,200 0 0 Fees for the January (laol),Exaniinatioii received ,4pproximate Value of Furniture ...... 500400 0 0 in advance 18ti 18 0 Approximate Value of Apparatus ...... 0 ...... Approximate Value of Library...... 'XM 0 0 Printing ~ccount,~roceec~ings, P,u t II., 1900 .. 30 0 0 $2,000 22 per cent. Consols, cost price ...... 1,W3 7 9 &362 9s. 10d. ?Iletropolitan 3 per cent. Stock, cost price .... 400 0 0 Balance of Library Accouiit, as above .... 41 11 5 ____~ Hltviiig examined the Books adVouchers and verified the investment^ in Consols and Metropolitna 3 per cent. Stock standing to the credit of the Institute in the Books of the Bank of I3nnglnnc1, we certify that the above Statement is correct.

January 16tlr, 1901. View Article Online

Examinations in Practical and Theoretical Chemistry,

JANUARY 15th to 25th 1901.

45 x.aatinars : BERNARD DYER, Esq., D.Sc., W. PALMER WYNNE, Esq., D.Sc., F.R.S.

REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS.

GENTLER.IE s , We beg to submit our Report on the recent examinations in Practical and Theoretical Chemistry. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. The examinations were conducted at the laboratories of the Institute, and were divided into two periods of four days each, the first beginning on January 15th and the second on January aand, except for Candidates in Branch E, whose examination commenced on January 14th. The earlier week was devoted to Candidates in Branches B, D, and E of the Final Examination, and the later week to Candidates for the Intermediate Examination and for Branch A of the Final Examination for the Associateship.

Forty-two Candidates in all presented themselves for examination. The number presenting themselves in each View Article Online

Branch and the number who passed are shown in the following table :- No. of Candidates No. of Candidates examined. passed. Intermediate Examination ... 9 6 Final Examination, Branch I1 8 Do. do. I3 I Do. do. D I1 5 Do. do. E I0 8 -- 42 28 No Candidate presented hiniself in Branch C (PhysicaI Chemistry) of the Final Examination for the Associateship.

In the Intermediate Examination the papers on Theo- retical Chemistry have hitherto been given on the last day, and thus there has been no opportunity of testing the weaker Candidates viva uoce. On this occasion, by arrangement with the Candidates, the written Examination was held on the second day, and as the plan worked well, we would suggest that in future the Intermediate Examination should begin and not end with the papers in Theoretical Chemistry.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. The standard of knowledge in Theoretical Chemistry shown in the written Examination was on the whole satisfactory, and the inorganic qualitative and quantitative work was generally well done. But we have to record that the exercises in qualitative and quantitative Organic Chemistry seemed to show that several of the Candidates had paid too little attention to this branch.

We were glad to note a considerable improvement in the appearance of the Candidates’ benches during the Examina- tion, such untidiness of working as has been prevalent on some occasions being exceptional this time. In our last report we thought it right to call special attention to this lack View Article Online

of order and neatness, and it is a pleasure to us to be able to record so distinct and general improvement.

With regard to the Final Examination in the various Branches we have to note that in Branch A (Mineral Chemistry) the qualitative work set was well done, but in some of the quantitative work-as, for example, in the analysis of a simple copper and zinc alloy-there was a general lack of the precision that might fairly be expected from Candidates presenting themselves in the special subject of mineral or inorganic Chemistry. Some of the Candidates, too, were unable to reduce to ammonia, and determine with any approach to accuracy, the nitrogen existing in a simple mixture of potassium and sodium nitrate and nitrite.

In Branch D (Organic Chemistry) no fewer than 11 Candidates presented themselves, but as their work showed, several had under-estimated the scope of the Examination, and had not advanced much beyond the stage of preparations and routine qualitative work. Several of the Candidates seemed to be quite new to the use of the Polarimeter, and

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. in the course of investigation of a sugar (lactose) made no attempt to determine the molecular weight (although the molecular rotation was required), or the cupric reducing power. In these circumstances it seems desirable to point out that a knowledge of the physical methods commonly employed in chemical Laboratories is expected in this section.

In Branch E (Analysis of Food and Drugs), the standard of work was on the whole fairly good, 8 Candidates passing out of 10. Of the 8 Candidates who passed in the ordinary analytical examination, 4 also successfully presented themselves in the subjects of Therapeutics, Pharmacology, and Microscopy, and are therefore recommended for the Certificate View Article Online

in these special subjects in addition to the Associateship. In the case of the other 4 Candidates, by reason of the date of their registration, presentation in these subjects was not com- pulsory as a condition of admission to the Associateship, and these Candidates either did not present themselves or were insufficiently prepared to satisfactorily pass the portion of the examination entitling them to the Certificate in Thera- peutics, Pharmacology, and Microscopy, but will be entitled to present themselves at a subsequent examination in these subjects, as in the case of Fellows and Associates already on the Register.

Your obedient Servants,

Signed BERNARD DYER. Exfl,,~inc~,s.

99 W. PALMER TVYNNE.[

Particulars of the exercises set, and the names of Candi- dates who were successful are here given :- Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Intermediate Examination. January 22nd to 25th, 1901; 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day.

PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY.

TUESDAY,JANUARY 22ND, 1901.

I. Analyse qualitatively the given mixture, neglecting traces :-

(a. Mercuric iodide, barium carbonate, potassium chloride ; View Article Online

b. Red lead, strontium carbonate, potassium iodide ; c. Mer- curic sulphide, calcium carbonate, potassium bromide.) One mixture was given to each candidate.

2. Estimate by a gasometric method the amount of urea contained in one litre of the given solution.

THURSDAY,JANUARY 24~~,1901. The given solution contains two sulphates and some sulphuric acid. Ascertain the amount of each sulphate in one litre of the solution. (Zinc sulphate and ammonium sulphate.)

FRIDAY,JANUARY 25~~,Igor.

I. Identify the given compound, and leave specimens of any organic substance obtained from it by decomposition. (Oxanilide.)

2. Estimate the percentage of sulphur in the given compound. (Thio-carbanilide.)

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Wednesday, January 23rd, 1901; 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Not more than fozw of the following questions are to be attempted :-

I. Explain why the formulae H,, CO and NO are adopted for hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide respectively.

2. Describe with all essential details the preparation of pure specimens of any Iwo of the following :- (a) Ethyl malonate from chloracetic acid. (b) Catechol from guaiacol. (G) Eenzaldehyde from toluene. View Article Online

Explain the reactions involved in the processes selected, and the manner in which you would identify the products. 3. The action of acids on metals has been the subject of much investigation. Give a summary of the more important results obtained. 4. Classify the carbohydrates and trace the relationships existing between typical members of this group of compounds. On what evidence would you rely if asked to determine whether a given compound belonged to this group or not ? 5. Describe the properties and discuss the constitution of oize of the following : Ozone, nitrous acid, sulphurous acid.

6. In what respects do nitro-derivatives differ from other compounds ? What modification in properties is observed when the nitrosyl radicle is introduced into the molecule of (0) a phenol, (bj a halogen derivative of benzene, and (G) a paraffin ?

2 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. Not more than fow of the following questions are to be attempted :- Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. 7. What is an acid? IVhat do you understand by the

‘‘ strength ” of an acid ? How would you proceed if asked

to determine the relative strengths ” of, say, hydrochloric, sulphuric, and ortho-phosphoric acids ? 8. Explain the reactions involved in- The separation of the respective sulphides from a precipitate containing arsenious, antimonious and bismuth sulphides. The separation of chromium and aluminium 11 y d ro side s . The mustard-oil test for primary amines. The nletaphenylenediamine test for nitrous acid. View Article Online

9. By what methods can the metallic peroxides be prepared and for what purposes are they employed? To what extent do these conipounds admit of classification ?

10. What compounds are represented by the formula C,H,O ? Describe their preparation, compare their properties, and sumniarise the evidence on which their constitu- tional formulz are based. r~.What do you understand by catalysis? Give examples in illustration of your answer, and, where possible, account for the action of the catalyst in each case.

12. How is phthalic acid prepared on the large scale. and what are its properties? On what grounds is this acid regarded as an ortho-disubstitution derivative of benzene ?

Final Examinations for the Associateship.

January 22nd to 25th, '1901 ; 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Branch '' A."-Mineral Chemistry.

TUESDAY,JAKU.4RT 22SD, 1901. Four samples of white powder are placed before you. Make a qualitative analysis of each, sufficient to enable you to determine of what it consists, disregarding possible traces of minor ingredients :- ( (I) Calcium sulphate ; (2) barium sulphate ; (3) strontium sulphate ; (4) lead sulphate. )

E D K E s DAY, JANUARY 2 3 R D , I go I. Make a quantitative analysis of the sample of alloy provided. (Copper and zinc.) View Article Online

THURSDAY,JANUARY Z~TH,1901. Determine by two distinct methods (one of which should be gasonietric) the quantity of total nitrogen contained in tlie mixture of nitrite and nitrate submitted to you.

FRIDAY,JANUARY 25~~,1901. Make a quantitative analysis of the sample of red pigment, so far as the principal constituents are concerned. Small quantities of minor ingredients, possibly present as impurities, may he neglected. (Red lead and ferric oxide.)

January 15th to 18th, 1901 ; 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day.

Branch lL B.’’-Metal I u rgical Chetn istry.

TUESDAY,JANUARY I~TH,1901.

Determine, by ordinary (‘ dry ” assay, the gold and silver in the given ore.

JANUARY Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. TVEDKESDAT, I6th, 1901. Determine tlie percentage of nickel in the sample of steel provided.

THURSDAY,JAXUARY I~TH,1901. Determine the sulphur and copper in the accompanying sample of pyrites.

FRIDAY,JANUARY I~TH,1901. Determine the percentage of chromium in the powder submitted to you ; and, so far as time allows, determine the nature and percentages of any other constituents of the powder. View Article Online

Branch ‘‘ D.” -Organic Chemistry.

TUESDAY,JANUARY I~TH,1901. Separate and leave specimens of the constituents of the given mixture. Identify these, and prepare from each a characteristic derivative. (Aniline, phenol, naphthalene.)

~JEDNESDAY,JANUARY 16,r~,1901. The given solution contains, in the form of potassium salts, an acid of the acetic series and another organic acid. Identify the latter. Separate the former, and determine its molecular weight. (Propionic and oxalic acids.)

THURSDAY,JAXUARY I~TH,1901. Identify the given substance, and determine its specific and molecular rotations. PreFare a characteristic derivative from it. (Lactose.)

FRIDAY,JAKUARY I~TH, 1901. Investigate the given compound, and state your conclusions as to its nature. Check your results by a determination of nitrogen by Kjeldahl’s process. (Toluidine-sulphonic

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. acid.)

Branch “E.”-Ttie Analysis of Food and Drugs, and of Water.

Caizdidates” iia Bmizclz cL E ’’ of the Final Exniiiiiintions eeleve veqzcired to take the Exnnziizntioit iiz Thevnpezitics, Phnmncology, mid Microscopy, oit Jnnicnvy 14th (see p. 28).

TUESDAY,JANUARY I~TH,1901. The accompanying sample of fat is supposed to have been obtained from a sample of commercial butter. Examine it as fully as you can within the limitation of one day’s work and report your opinion as to its composition, maliing full View Article Online

notes of the analytical evidence on which your conclusion is based. ~JEDKESDAY,JANUARYI~TH, 1901. Determine the percentage of nitrogen in the sample of cocoa submitted to you, and report, as fully as you can in one day’s work, as to its composition and genuineness.

THURSDAY,JANUARY I~TH, 1901. Determine the iron in the sample of tonic, stating your result in grains per fluid ounce. Report on the sample of sweet spirit of nitre. Examine the two samples of milk for preservatives.

FRIDAY,JANUARY I~TH, 1901. Assume that the stout of which a sample is placed before you is suspected of having caused death by alkaloidal poison- ing. Examine and report upon it, demonstrating personally to the Examiners the reasons for your conclusions. “Xxcept tliosc who cutered uittler ecirlier regulations.

Names of Candidates who passed the Intermediate Examination. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. JnllZLnvy 2211d--25tlE, 1901. Evans, John ...... School of the Pharmaceutical Society; and King’s Col- lege, London. Finlow, Robert Steel ... University College of North TL’ales, Bangor. Hinks, Edward ...... King’s College, London. Handcock, Walter Augustus Finsbury Technical College, London. Northall-Laurie, Dudley .. . King’s College, London ; also under E. Jackson, Esq., F.I.C. Steedman, George ...... Glasgow and IVest of Scot- land Technical College. View Article Online

Final Examination for the Associateship.

Austin, John Hilditch ... The University, Birmingham. Clark, Robert Macfarlane, The University, Glasgow. B.Sc. (Glasgow) ?Cotterill, John William .. . The University, Birmingham. Cunliffe, Fred...... Owens College, Manchester. Dick, William Douglas .. . King’s College, London. Gray, Archibald .. ., ... Glasgow and West of Scot- land Technical College. Lowson, William, B.Sc.( Lond.) Yorkshire College, Leeds. Robertson, Andrew John ... University College, Dundee ; also under R. R. Tatlock, Esq., F.I.C. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Bowen, William ...... The University, Birmingham.

Carter, Richard John, B.A. The University, Oxford. (Oxon) Etheridge, -\rthur Thomas, The University, Birmingham. B.Sc. (Lond.) Lloyd, John ,4lexander .. The University, Birmingham. Rogers, John ...... Glasgow and West of Scot- land Technical College. Taylor, William Henry . .. Finsbury Technical College, London. View Article Online

In Brmiclt E” (L4~znlysisof Food nizd Dncp nizd of Wntev, not

includiizg tJte Exniitiiintion irt Thevnpezctics, Pltnnnncology and ilf icvoscopy .)

Bayly, Harold Goodenough King’s College, London. Denney, Edwin James, Central Technical College, A.C.G. I. Kensington ; and under Francis Sutton, Esq., F.I.C. Hewitt, Henry Dison .. . Fins bury Technical College, London; and under A. C. Chapman, Esq., F.I.C. Johnston, John Haslam, ic1.S~. Owens College, Manchester. (Vict.)

Iai Bmiclz Li E ” (the Aitnlysis of Food nitd DY~I~s,iitclirdiPtg the Exnnrznntion in Tlterclpeiitics, Pltwntncology mtd Slicvoscopy). Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Chapman, Edgar Marsh ... School of the Pharmaceutical Society ; and at King’s College, London, Dewhirst, John Arthur ... Yorltshire College, Leeds ; and School of the Phar- maceutical Society. tMitchel1, Albert Henry, E.Sc. Owens College, Manchester ; (Lond.) and University College, London. Pinchin, Ernest Alfred, E.Sc. Royal College of Science, (Lond.) London. t FOYFtlloitlsJtip. View Article Online

28 Examination in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. MONDAY, JANUARY 14th, 1901.

Examiner-THOMAS STEVENSON, Esq., M.D.,F.R.C.P., V.P.I.C.

REPORT OF THE EXAMINER.

Fourteen Candidates presented themselves for Examina- tion, of whom 5 were Fellows, 2 Associates, and 7 were Candidates for the Final Examination for the Associateship in Branch E. The Examination consisted of a Practical Examination in Microscopy, and a written Examination in Pharmacology and Therapeutics. The Candidates were also examined practically as to the recognition of Drugs, and interrogated orally.

Four Fellows and 2 Associates passed, and I Fellow

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. failed. Of the Candidates for the Final Examination for the Associateship in Branch E, 5 passed and 2 failed; and I of those who passed was rejected in the other part of the Examination. (Signed) THOS. STEVENSON, Exaimheif.

The following exercises were given :-

I. Examine the given specimen of pepper by the microscope and report as to its purity. Leave a prepared slide on your bench. View Article Online

2. Examine the given specimen of wheaten flour and report as to its purity. Leave a prepared slide on your bench.

3. Examine, describe and state the nature of the prepared slide.

4. IL-hat two noxious impurities are met with in commercial sulphuric acid, and in what percentages ? JYhat results might be anticipated from the daily taking of an acid containing those impurities, the daily dose being half a gramnie ?

5. IVhat would probably be a fatal dose for an adult of each of the following substances :-opiuiii, a morphine salt, strychnine, tartar emetic, corrosive sublimate, chloral, atropine ?

Candidates were also examined practically, and inter-

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. rogated orally as to the Recognition of Drugs.

The following Members were granted the Special Certifi- cate in these subjects :-

Mr. Hugh Charles Herbert Candy, F.I.C. Mr. Andrew Scott, F.I.C. Mr. William Pearson Skertchly, F.I.C. Mr. George William Sla-tter, F.I.C. Mr. Thomas Tickle, A.I.C. Mr. Bertram William John Warren, A.I.C. View Article Online

30 The Library. Since the publication of Proceedings, Part II., 1900, the Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of gift of books from the following :-

LA~~~~~~,WILLIAM,F.I.C. : The Underground Waters of North-West Yorkshire.

AUSTRALIANIXSTITUTION OF MINING ENGINEERS : Report of First Ordinary Meeting. Melbouvize 1900. DIBDIN,W. J., F.I.C. : Lime, Mortar and Cement. Their Characteristics and Analysis, with an Account of Artificial Stone and Asp halt. Loizdo?i I 900. FINLASD: La Socikti: des Sciences de Finland. Ofversigt af Finska vetenskaps-societetens Fiirhandlingar, 42. Helsiitgfovs I goo. Bidrag till Kiinnedom af Finlands Katur och Folk. Vols. 59 and 60. Irlelsingfoovs I 900 : Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. GOWLAND,WILLIAM, Xssoc. R.S.M., I;. I.C. Remains of a Roman Silver Refinery at Silchester. Londou I goo. JENNISON, FRANCISH., F.I.C. : The Manufacture of Lake Pigments from Artificial Colours. LOltdOaPt 1900. NEW SOUTHWALES: Department of Mines and Agriculture, Annual Report of the Department, 1899. Sydiiey I goo. Proceedings of the Royal Society. h’yditey I goo.

THRESH,JOHN C., D.Sc., M.E., B.Ch., F.I.C., Report on the W-ater Supply for the County of Essex. Cldr1zsfod 1900. View Article Online

The Commit tee have also much pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of the following, which have been presented regularly as published :--The Aizahst, El Iizgeniero Espaizol y In Gncetn Sud Anievicnizn, The Joir~ianlof the Coinem Club, The Joziviznl of the Society of CIzeiitical Iidust~y,The Phnwznceirtirnl Joiind, The Piiblic Hcnlth Eugiiiecr.

Alterations in and Additions to the Register.

Since the issue of Proceedings, Part II., 1900, 9 new Fellows and 20 new Associates (of whom 14 were previously registered as Students) have been elected; 5 Fellows and I Associate have been re-elected; IS Associates have been elected to the Fellowship ; and 27 new Students have been admitted . During the same period the Institute has lost 3 Fellows by death. The Register now (30th April, 1901)contains the nanies

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. of 894 Fellows, 122 Associates, 135 Students, New Fellows. hclmitted. 1 /Ol.-Bayne, James, Royal Veterinarj- College, Camden Town, London, N.W. 5/2/Ol.-Cotterill, John William, The Poplars, High Street, West Bromwich. 30/4/01.-Drinkwater, Thonias William, L.H.C.P., L.R.C.S. (Edin.), Edinburgh School of Medicine, 5, Teviot Place, Edinburgh. 25/2dOl.-Dunn, John Thomas, D.Sc. (Dunelin), The Korthern Poly- technic Institute, Holloway, London, N. 26/2/01.-Enibrey, George, Belinont, Gloucester. i /Ol.-Henderson, John Brownlie. Brisbnnr, Qneenslaiiil, Austrdia. 18/12/1900.-Jee, Edwin Ch:irles, D.8c. (Lond.), 39,j:Yepl''s Eond. New Cross, Loncloii, 8.E. View Article Online

6/2/01.-Mitchell, Albert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Borough Analyst’s Laboratory, Tiverton, Devon. 25/2/0l.-Thudichum, George DuprB, 2, Edinburgh Mansions, Howick Place, Westininster, London, 8.W. Associates Elected to the Fellowship.

A. 7/19/97 ) Qndrews, Ernest Robert, Surbiton Villa, Oakhurst Grove, F. 17/1/01 j East Dulwich , S .E . A. 3/6/96 ) Barnes, Charles Kepler, B.Sc. (Vict.), 3, Harley Street, F.15/12/1900 i Warbeck Park, bintree, Liverpool. A. 19/8/97 )- Berry, Reginald Arthur, 5, St. Mary’s Passage, Cambridge. F.15/12/1900 J A. 31/7/94 \ Bloch, Olaf Frederick Charret, 229, Westminster Bridge F. 26/1/01 ; Iload, London, S.W. A. 27/8/97 ) Brnce, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Hudilers- P. 23/3/01 j- Seld.

A. 30,’8/t)7 )- BLI~FOWS,Harry, P1i.D. (Heiclelberg), Sssoc. R.C.Sc. (Loncl.\, r. 15;12/1900 I The Green, Southgate, Loadon, N. A. 31/1/98 ) Campion, Alfred, jun., The Royd Engineering College, F. 8/5/01 i Cooper’s Hill, Staines. A. 25/1/93 1 Dai nell-Smith, George Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), RIerchant I’. 18/4/01 1 Venturer’s Technical College, Bristol. A. 23/1/91 1 Hanley, John, 4, Guion Road, Litherland, Liverpool. p. 18/4/01 1 A. 25/1/98 Jacksoil, Percy George, 27, Molineux Street, Derby. P. 23/2/01 Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. 1 A. 1/9/97 1- Morgan, Gilbert Thomas, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.), F. / /Ol I Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W. A. 27/1/98 t Parkes, Albert Edward, 56, Lawrence Lane, Old Hill, Staffs. F. 92/4/01 J A. 25/1/93 Read, Edwin Jmies, B.A. (Cantab.), 69, Sheen Lane, Mort- F. 23/2/01 J lake, Surrey. A. 1/9/97 Swan, Jtines Robertson, c/o Messrs. Kynoch, Limited, The

17. 26/1/01 1 Thames, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. A. 24/1/96 Thomas, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Merchant T’enturer’s

$7. 83/2/01 1 Technical College, Bristol. A. 21/8/97 1 Turnbull, Robert Hutchison, Nobel’s Explosive Company, r. zqi/oi 1 Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire. i. 2G/1/9S ] Warren, Eertrani Willitin John, 6, Willes Road, Prince of E. 27/3/01 J Wales Road, London, N.W. Willcox, William Henry, M.B., B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, London, W. View Article Online

New Associates. 7/2/01.-Austin, John Hilditch. Allscott, Wellington, Salop. 5/2/01.-Bayly, Harold Goodenough, c/o A. H. -411en, Esq., F.I.C., 67, Surrey Street, Shefield. 11/8/0l.-Bowen, \Villiam, 45, Woodencl Road, Erding ton, Birmingham. 28/2/01.-Carter, Eichard John, B.A. (Oxon.), Elin Villa, Chestnut Walk, Worcester. 25/2/01.-Chapmen, Edgar Marsh, 52, Newborough, Scarborough. 9/4/01.-Clark, Robert Macfarhne, B.Sc. (Glasgow), Rochbank, Partick- hill, Glasgow. 6/2/01. -Cunliff e, Fred., Nount Villas, Ramsbottom, Lanes. 5/2/Ol.--l)ennev, Edwin James, S.C.G.I., The White House, North Walsham, Sorfolk. 11/2/0l.-Dewhirst, John Arthur, 125, Mount View Road, Stroud Green, London, N. i5/8/Ol.-Dick, William Douglas, 46, Priiiirose Hill Road, South Hamp- stead, London, N.W. 1/3/01.-Etheridge, Arthur Thomas, B.Sc. (London), c/o Mrs. JIitchell, Holmwoocl, Rectory Road, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. 7/2/Ol.-Gray, AArchibalcl,Middleton House, Dalry, Ayrshire. 5/8/Ol.-Hewj tt, Henry Dison, Ivydene, Felday Iload, Lewisham, London, S.E. tj/2/01.-Johnston, John Hadam, XSc. (Vict.), Eclensor Place, Rusholme, Nanchester. 15/3/01.-Lloyd, John Alexander, 6, Hall Hond, Handsworth, Birmingham. 6/2jOl.-Lowson, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), .iO, Caledonian Street, Leeds. 6/2/01.-Pinchin, Ernest Alfred, B,Sc. (Lond.), 38, Conyers Road, Streat hain, London, S.W.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. 7/2/01.-Robertson, Andrew John, Huntingtoweriieldverfielcl, Perth N.B. 5/2/01.-Rogers, John, Srdeer Factory, 8tevenston, i2yrahire. 5/2/01.-Taylor, William Heiiry, 19, Shafton Roncl, Victoria Park Road, London, N.E. New Students. 6/5/01.-Alhn, David, 44, Park Circus, Syr., N.E. (Glasgow and West of Scotland Techincal College.) 4/3/01.-Armstrong, Arthur Graham, 5, Sibella Rosd, Clapham, London, 8.W. (King’s College, Loiidon.) 27/1/01.-Bnrrowcliff, IIarmaduke, 103, Nottingham Road, New Basford, Nottingham. (University College, Notti ngham .) 37/4/01.-Bennett, Colin Noel, 31, Urunswick Square, London, W.C. (University College, London.)

27/12/1900. - -Brierley, Herbert nnwsoa, Helensleigh, Dean Road, Willesclen Park, London, N.W. (Finsbury Technical College.) View Article Online

l/li/Ol.-Campbell, John Alexander, Arliland, Inveraray, Argyllshire. (Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College.) 15/12/1900.-Clarke, Reginald William Lane, 6, Perry Vale, Forest Hill, London, S.E. (Finsbury Technical College.) 27/12/1900.-Cowie, Thomas Field, Eden Lodge, Eden Lane, Edinburgh. (The University, Edinburgh.) 21/2/01.-Davis, Bernard Furley, Fern Lea, The Park, Nottinghain. (University College, No tti ngham .) / /Ol.-Eaton, Bertie James, 46, Olga Road, Victoria Park, Dorchester, Dorset. (Finsbury Technical College.) 1/5/0l.-Finnemore, Horace, 17, Bloomsbnry Square, London, W.C. (Professor J. Norman Collie, Ph.D., F.R.S.) 27/4/01.-Garrard, William Robert, Chathani House, Rotherham. (University College, Sheffield.) / 101.-Gent, Percy William, Springfield, Misterton, near Gainsborough. (University College, London.) 30/4/01.-Glen, George William, 256, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgom. (Glasgom and West of Scotland Technical College.) 17/12/01.-Goodson, John Augustus, 19, Darnley Road, Hackney, London, N.E. (Finsbury Technical College.) 27/4/01. -Gresham, Harold Edward, 63, Lambert btreet, Hyhon Green, Nottinghain. (University College, Nottingham.) 27/4/01.-Moore, Harold Leslie, 75, Holland Road. Kensington, W. (Under J. B. Coleman, F.I.C.) 15/12/1900.-Okell, Frederick Leigh, Littleton Old Hall, near Chester. (Under IV. Foulkes Lome, A.R.S.M., F.I.C.)

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. 29/1/01.-Pelly, Russell George, 63, Rowan Road, Brook Green, London, TV. (Finsbury Technical College.) 29/1/01.-Pursglove, John Burbon, Strelley, near Nottingham. (University College, Nottinghain.) 2/5/01.-Ryland, Chawner, Great Easton, Uppingham, Rutland. (Under R. P. Charles, F.I.C. 1/5/01.-Spence, David, Udny Manse, Udny, Aberdeenshire, N.B. (Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College.) / /Ol.-Steednian George, Golftyn, Carrick Road, Ayr, N.B. (Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College.) 27/4/01.-Stott, Millie DOW,66, Adelaide Road, London, X.W. (University College, London.) 27/4/01.-Totton, Joseph Harold, 13, University Square, Belfast. (Queen's College, Belfast.) 2/5/01.-Walker, John Henry, Rusarenae, Renfrew, N.B. (Glasgom and West of Scotland Technical College .) / /Ol.-Young, Robert, 4, Caledonian Mansions, Kelvinside, Glas- gom, N.B. (Glasgow aid West of Scotland Tecliiiical College.) View Article Online

Deaths. Macadam, Stevenson, P1i.D. (Giessen), Snrgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh. Manning, Frederick, 18, Billiter Street, Lolidoil, E.C. Saunders, William Sedgwick, X1.D. (Castleton Ned. Coll., U.S.A.). R1.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Edin ), F.S.A. (Lond.), 58, Onslow Gardens, South Kensington, London, S.W.

General Notices.

On the occasion of the deeply lamented death of Her Most Gracious Majesty Lady Queen Victoria, the Officers and Council sent on behalf of the Institute, the following address of condolence to His Most Excellent Majesty, King Edward VII. “To HIS MOST EXCELLEKTMAJESTY, KIXG EDWARD VII.

“ May it please Your Majesty, We the President, Council and h4eimbers of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, Your Majesty’s most faithful subjects and dutiful servants do humbly approach Your Majesty to give utterance to our expression of deepest sympathy and sorrow with Your

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Most Excellent Majesty in the inestimable loss which you, our King, and we, your loyal Servants, have sustained in the deeply lamented death of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria. ‘‘ \k7e would venture to express our heartfelt acknow- ledgment for the manifold ways in which Her Most Gracious Majesty of blessed memory was pleased to assist and advance the various Branches of Science and its numerous applications to the Industries of the Nation and our deep sense of the benificent care and untiring devotion with which she ever guarded the best interests of her faithful People. ‘‘ We humbly pray that Your Majesty may long be spared to rule over a happy and contented Nation. View Article Online

" Signed on behalf of The Institute of Cheiiiistry of Great Britain and Ireland.

" (Signed) JOHN MILLAR THOMSON, Pwsident. D-IVID HO\17ARD. Tvenszcvev."

The next Esaniinations for the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute will commence on 2nd July, 1901. Students who have completed their training in accordance with the Regulations under which they were registered, can obtain forms of application from the Secretary. Candidates are advised to make application as soon as possible, a.s in the event of there being less than 40 presenting themselves, no second Examination will be held in July, and Candidates will be examined in the order in which their applications are received. The dates and full particulars of the Examinations will be forwarded shortly to those whose applications are accepted by the Council. _After careful consideration of the strong representations

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. made to the Institute frcm various Authorities in Ireland, the Council have decided to hold Esaiiiinations in Dublin in July, 1901,provided that at least seven Candidates be eligible and enter for the Esamination. Particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Applications should be forwarded before June 1st. The next Esamination in Therapeutics, Pharmacology, and Microscopy, will be held either immediately before, or after, the Final Examinations for Membership ; due notice will be givexi to all Fellows and Associates. Dr. A. P. Luff, F.R.C.P.. F.I.C., has been appointed Examiner in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, in View Article Online

succession to Dr. Thomas Stevenson who had held the position, honorarily, since the institution of the Examination in these subjects in October, 1898. The President, Professor J. Millar Thonison, has consented to act as the Delegate of the Institute, to attend the Ninth Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Glasgow, to L)e held in Glasgow from 12th to 14th June, 1901. Professor Percy F. Frankland and Dr. Thomas Stevenson have been appointed by the Council to act as the Delegates of the Institute of Chemistry on the occasion of the British Congress on Tuberculosis to be held in London in July nest. Owing to the lamented death of Dr. Stevenson Macadam, Member of Council, it has been necessary to appoint another Member in his place. The Council ha\-e elected Professor W. lvison Macadam, of Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh, to fill the vacancy thus caused. In recognition of his services in the office of the Institute, the Council have appointed Ah-. Stanley Ernest Carr to the position of Assistant Secretarj.. Associates elected prior to April, 1Sg8,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. continuously engaged in the study and practical application of Chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain forms of application for election to the Fellowship. The dates of Council Meetings for the consideration of applications will be found on page 5. It will facilitate the business of the Institute, if Candidates will forward their applications su that they may be received not less than ten days before the day fixed for meeting. The Library is open for the use of Members every week- day between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 pm., except on Saturday afternoons and during the period of Examinations. View Article Online

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN, It is my duty, at the end of niy first year of office as President of the Institute, to give you a short account of the most important events of the year connected with our Insti- tute, and to express to the Council and Members my thanks for their ever ready help and support in the conduct of affairs throughout the year. In doing so I am glad to be able to report a year of quiet, steady progress, undisturbed by fruitless discussions or dis- agreement ; and, although in consequence of the severe illness of our Registrar, Nr. Pilcher, which has necessitated his absence during the winter, more work than usual has fallen on the President’s shoulders, I trust that no matter of real importance to the Institute has been left uncared for. In connection with this I should like to take the opportunity of expressing niy personal thanks to R4r. Carr for the nianner in

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. which he has filled the gap during Mr. Pilclier’s absence, and assisted me in the management of our business, and at the same time to inform the Members of the restored health of our Registrar, whom I hope shortly to see with us again.

From the Report of Council which has been placed before you, you will see the increasing prosperity of the Institute. The Membership has increased during the past year to the extent of 32 Fellows and Associates, and the Register now contains the names of I ,008 Members. It must be remembered, also, that the majority of the 32 Members just mentioned have been elected only after passing the Examinations prescribed by the Institute. View Article Online

I deeply regret to report that during the year we have lost 7 Fellows, among whom were included several distinguished Members of our Profession. These are ilIr. H. S. L. Gurney, of Lytham, Lancs. ; Mr. F. W. Harris, of the Great Western Railway, Swindon ; Sir John Bennet Lawes, Bart., D.Sc., F.K.S., of St. Albans; Mr. Frederick Manning, of Billiter Square, E.C.; Mr. Richard Reynolds, of Leeds; Dr. Stevenson Macadam, of Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh; and Xlr. T. M. Wyatt, A.R.C.Sc., of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. Sir John Bennet 1,awes was one of the original Members of the Institute. Although of no actual professional use to him, he saw very early the advantage such an institution as this Institute would in time possess in connection with the education of future professional Chemists, and he readily gave his countenance and support to the movement by becoming a Member, a membership which he retained to the last. blr. Frederick A. Manning was also an original Member. In fact I think I am not going too far when I say that he might almost be regarded as one of the founders of the Insti- tute. It was in his house, in the latter part of r876, that a

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. meeting of six persons took place to discuss the advisability of originating an institution to take charge of the education and interests of professional Chemists. Of these, Mr. Manning and our late Treasurer, Dr. C. R. A. Wright, are gone ; the remaining 4 are still Fellows of the Institute. From failing health Mr. Manning was unable to come much to the Institute, but till within the last year always retained a keen interest in its progress. It is interesting to note that in early years after leaving the College of Chemistry, Mr. Manning was for some time in the Laboratory of Sir John Lawes at Harpenden. Mr. Manning was for some time Superintendent of the Milling and Rolling Departments of the Mint in I-Iong Kong, View Article Online

but returned to this country in 1868 and began practice as a professional Chemist in London. Mr. Manning had been in failing health for some time before his death. In Dr. Stevenson Macadam, the Institute has lost one of its Scotch Members, who always took a deep interest in its welfare, and who has from time to time rendered the Council useful help in questions relating to our Members in Scotland. Holding as he did the position of Professor of Chemistry in the School of Medicine, Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh, and having one of the largest consulting practices in the North, Dr. Macadam formed a most useful connecting link between the purely scholastic, and the professional sides of our work. Dr. Macadam’s two sons are Members of the Institute. lire have also lost a distinguished Member in Mr. Richard Reynolds of Leeds. He was for many years an ardent sup- porter of the Yorkshire College, Leeds, and, through his energy and perzeverance, enabled the College to surmount many of the early difficulties with which it had to contend.

The past year is characterised by having obtained the highest record in the number of Candidates examined for our

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. qualifications. Four Examinations have been held : two in July, 1900, and two in January, 1901. For these Examina- tions 94 Candidates entered, of whoni 63 passed. The next highest number of Candidates examined in one year being 80, in 1899-90. In connection with the Examinations it is satisfactory to note, and I think the Examiners will bear me out in what I say, that Candidates are beginning to realise more and more the requirements of the Institute with regard to both the preliminary and professional training, and that they do not now present themselves for examination until they are thoroughly prepared. Our Examiners at present are Er. Bernard Dyer, and Dr. View Article Online

W. Palmer IVyme, who succeeded Dr. Percy Frankland, and I think I may say that in them we possess two gentlemen to whom the decision as to the qualifications of the various Candidates and the upholding of the proper standard for our Examinations may be left with confidence. In connection with our Examinations, I could not let this opportunity pass without recording the deep debt of gratitude we owe to our esteemed past President, Dr. Stevenson, for his kindness in placing his invaluable services at the disposal of the Institute as Honorary Examiner in Therapeutics, Pharmacology, and Microscopy. 1Vhen the Council decided some two years ago to hold this examination, Dr. Stevenson most kindly offered his services, and we have thus had the benefit of his ripe esperience and judicious guidance in the initiation and conduct of examinations in this special branch. Under pressure, Lh-. Stevenson consented last year to undertake the examinations in July, 1900, and January, 1901,but with the reservation that he should be allowed to retire in March of this year. I deeply regret his loss, but we cannot trespass on his kindness longer, and I only trust that although not an Examiner he will still be willing to give us his counsel and

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. advice.

The Council has from time to time receixred representations from various authorities in Ireland as to the advisability of holding Examinations in that part of the Kingdom. The Council after due consideration have decided to hold an Examination in Dublin in July, I~OJ,provided that a sufficient number of Candidates present themselves. The difficulty of obtaining suitable laboratory accommodation fxthe proper conduct of such Examinations as ours at once presented itself to the Council, but I am glad to tell you that this difficulty has been removed. The Senate of the Royal University of Ireland have most kindly offered to the Institute the use of View Article Online

their Laboratories for the purposes of our Examinations, and notices have been sent to the different Colleges and Institu- tions in Ireland.

During the year the Council has again had under considera-

tion the importance of holding an Examination in Branch ‘(F ” (Biological Chemistry) of the Final Examination for the Associateship. One of the difficulties which presented itself in connection with this Exaniination was one, I am sorry to say, more or less common to all, namely, that of expense. It will give you pleasure, I am sure, to learn that Professor Percy Frankland has presented the sum of 6100towards the establishment of this branch and the purchase of apparatus necessary for holding the Examination. The Council, therefore, contemplate holding an Examination in this Branch during the year 1901.

In connection with the question of Examination, there is one other matter which has engaged the attention of the Council. I refer to the standards required for our Preliminary Examination for entrance to the Professional Examinations Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. of the Institute. You are perhaps aware that we accept what is termed the “Professional Preliminary of the College of Preceptors.” Originally the Second-Class Certificate of this College was accepted by the General Medical Council, the Pharmaceutical Society and other bodies ; but this standard having been found too low, the Professional Preliminary now stands at the First-class Certificate of the College of Preceptors.

This change adopted in conjunction with other professional bodies necessitated the Council examining into the standard of other preliminary Examinations of a similar character, and after full consideration they have determined to exclude View Article Online

several “Junior ” and 6‘ Lower ” Certificates from the list of Preliniin ary Examinations.

The Council have also had under their consideration matters relating to the recognition of various Institutions as Colleges of training for Students preparing for the examinations of the Institute. Whilst the Council have given most careful consideration to the claims put forward by the various Institutions, they feel that very great care niust be exercised in making any additions to the present number, and are resolved to maintain the highest possible standard.

It was mentioned last year that the Diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute, together with the Certificate granted to Candidates on passing the Special Examination in Therapeutics, etc., was accepted by the Local Govern- ment Boards for England and Ireland as sufficient documentary evidence that the holder possessed the requisite qualifications for appointment as Public Analyst under the Sale of Food and Drugs ,Acts. I am glad to be able to report that the Local Government Board for Scotland issued Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. in April last similar regulations by which our qualifications are also recognised.

The Library Comrnittee have carefully selected and pur- chased a number of Books, chiefly relating to Chemical Industries, and the Committee gratefully acknowledge a number of gifts of books from Members and others.

The financial condition of the Institute is, I am glad to say, in a satisfactory condition, and our thanks are due to Jlr. Howard for the care and trouble he has taken in guarding the interests of the Institute. View Article Online

I am glad to be able to report that, in connection with one department of the work of the Institute, namely that of the Censors, the duties during the past year have been light. Few cases have called for their attention, and in these the representation of the Censors has been willingly attended .to. I cannot but think that this indicates the intention of our Members to take a high view of the aims and objects of our Institute, a determination not to regard too selfishly, merely private advantages for the few, but the reputation of our whole body, and a remembrance that the Institute, in the highest sense, exists for the good of the community at large. Having given you this short account of our work for the past year, I would like to put before j70u some considerations which have been passing through my mind of the future part the Institute may reasonably be expected to play in helping to determine the character of the education to be given to such as intend devoting themselves to some one or other of the branches of Professional Chemistry. I am aware that the objection may at once be advanced that the Institute is in this respect an examining but not a teaching body. A well-constituted system of Examination,

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. however, is not only a test of the education received by the Candidates, but is naturally utilised by Teachers as a guide in determining the curricula of their students. Taking this point of view the important and far-reaching effects of Examinations can hardly be overstated. The Institute, moreover, exercises an additional influence by reason of the demands which it makes for evidence of training in collateral subjects. Insensibly such an examining body as the Institute of Chemistry plays the part of a guiding authority to those Colleges and Institutions which year by year are getting to make preparation for Membership of the Institute a more important branch of the scientific training given in the Colleges. View Article Online

I am not wrong therefore, I think, in considering that the Institute of Chemistry has assumed in this direction great responsibilities, and to me it seems highly important that it should realise in the future as it has in the past the necessity of constant revision of its schemes, for I take it that the Institute enjoys, as few Institutions do, the opportunity of continued progress. To make clear to you the outline which alone I have time to give you of what has been passing through my mind, it is necessary to glance briefly at chemical education for general professional purposes in the past.

It may, I think, be said that such education for a long time was purely scholastic in its nature, and that what was called Practical Chemistry was largely taught by demonstration alone. No doubt individual work existed to some extent; but it can hardly be said to have been encouraged, and the influences under which the developing Professional Chemists came were either of the purely scholastic character on the one hand, or the purely Commercial on the other. Except in rare instances, the fusion of the two was unknown, and it

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. was almost impossible for the Student of Professional Chemistry to benefit by the advice of Chemists other than those who made teaching their profession. Placed in works, a young man might pick up what he could, but no attempt at organised instruction was made. The influence of Professional Chemists, other than teachers, upon young men who may be called upon to take up any of the branches of our subject is, in niy opinion, of great value, and its importance in the future applications of Chemistry to industrial purposes cannot be overestimated. I will not say that it has been entirely reserved for the Institute to recognise the relations which ought to exist between teachers and other professional Chemists, but it View Article Online

undoubtedly has fostered them, and may do more to cement them in the future. One fact which has furthered the growth of tliese relations in later times is, I do not hesitate to say, the high standard of scientific ability of many of those who have devoted themselves to the chemistry of industrial processes. IVhereas in the past, the Professional Chemist had to go to the professor of the subject for advice and information, the reverse is often the case now, and it is highly important that the recognition of this fact should be allowed to exert its due influence in the field of education. This brings me, in considering the responsibilities of the Institute as a guide, to endeavour to give some thoughts to the proportions which the purely scholastic and the professionally practical sides should bear to one another in the matter of education. It is not my intention to attempt to review the whole question of technical education now, nor is it fitting in an address of this kind to make suggestions in detail. I can only hope to point out in most general terms the direction towards which I think the Institute may profitably turn its most careful thoughts.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. No doubt exists in any thoughtful mind that a thorough grounding in the principles of a subject must precede the successful application of those principles. Equally important is it to remember that the applications exert a profoundly modifying and enlarging effect on the very principles which gave them birth. From this point of view alone, the Institute has done wisely in encouraging practical men to take an active interest in the education of beginners. The question of the proportions of these influences under which it would be wise to bring the student, is one which I can only touch upon, and one which is moreover continually changing in its nature. View Article Online

Enthusiasni for technical education, pure and simple, has in many cases led to ignoring the value of a general education, the immediate application of which cannot, in the nature of things, be apparent during the course of that education. On the other hand, the reaction against early specialization has perhaps blinded its opponents to the growing necessity of realising that the methods of presenting Science to the learner are not fixed and unalterable, but in constant want of revision if they are to be suited to the requirements which arise from the fuller knowledge which conies from experience. The extended experience of Professional Chemists who deal with the manifold applications of our subject, has given to many of them a clear understanding of the kind of knowledge which 370ung men should acquire, if their work in life is to assist in the further development of such industrial processes as lend themselves readily to the benefits which accrue from scientific research. It is the exception for the teacher if he attend to his business to have opportunities for personal experience of the needs of chemical industries, and his services in this direc- Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. tion, which at one time were the only available ones, are year by year becoming less necessary. I think therefore it will be niore and more advisable, to prevent alike a waste of time, money, and energy, that the relations of the teacher and the technically experienced Chemist should be made closer and niore interdependent in the matters of education. I would insist, however, upon the iiztev-dependence. Il'hat

are called '' pure " and " applied " Chemistry are but aspects of one and the same subject. To pay attention to either aspect, to the neglect of the other, is to follow anabstraction, and must result in impoverishing the reality and in retarding its progress. View Article Online

IVhat we might call the purely scholastic method of teaching is rapidly going, but it will be a bad thing if in hurrying its departure we lose sight of what is valuable in it, and allow to arise in its place a disconnected and mechanical specialism. In niy opinion there need be no danger of this if constant opportunities be made for the friendly interchange of \. Tiews. between Teachers and Professional Chemists. It is outside the limits of this address to show in how many ways such interchange of opinions will be of benefit to both parties and to the Student. Instances are not wanting of Chemists connected with Industries, who would be glad to avail themselves of the services of advanced Students during- their education, whose accuracy could be relied upon, and who could with advantage to themselves devote some time to carrying out the Laboratory details of researches which the professional Chemist might be anxious to have completed. The effect upon the Student would be good, and if not allowed to become operative too en& ift his cnmev, would increase the value of any professional services which he might subsequently have the chance of offering.

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. I would pause here a moment to emphasize the expression ‘‘ not too early in his career.” The educational value of research work is of the highest, but the growing tendency to unduly exalt that value is to be deprecated. There is a great difference between research work based, on the one hand, on a good knowledge of, and a sound education in, the work of the past : and on the other, on the mere conduction of researches for others, which, as a rule, lead only to a certain measure of mechanical skill and a knowledge of unconnected facts. In my opinion to start a Student too early in his career on what is called research work is, except in a few brilliant examples, to waste both time and energy ; for until the View Article Online

student has received such training as is obtained from the systematic study of known facts he has no groundwork to g~ upon. He is unable to learn the lessons which research work could teach him, without redisco\.ering for himself the truths which are already in the history of the subject ; and although it may with some justice be said that this process of rediscovery impresses these truths firmly in his mind, it seems to me that for any true thoroughness to be acquired in this direction the time occupied must be so long that it is reasonable to consider that the final result amounts in the aggregate to a considerable waste of the energy expended by others in the past. Hence I would, while warmly encouraging the conduction of research work, as a means of education, by senior students? point out the serious mistake which may be niade for the future of the student if a system be adopted which f a1'1 s to recognise that, although research work should rightly be an end in view there are other factors in education which can be employed in early training, as a means to that end, wore usefully than the disconnected application of the end itself. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. Another effect upon the teacher which I need hardly point out to you would be to stimiilate him to turn his attention to fitting his students to do such useful work. In this direction therefore much might be done to bring Chemists into closer touch with collegiate teaching, and their friendly criticism would help to increase its value. Knowledge and ideas are at hand, and with careful consideration it would not be difficult to make them effective. In industrial competition, success will in the long run be with those who bring the fullest knowledge to bear upon their enterprise, and if younger Chemists are to do good and useful service to their country, they must be assisted by those View Article Online

to whom experience has revealed the directions for future developments. How the Institute of Chemistry may assist in this is a question to be debated elsewhere. That it is in its power to help, and to help materially, follows, I think, if we recognise that by its examinations and its requirements with regard to training, and by its growing authority, it is exerting an increasing influence upon the schemes of education which teachers must arrange to prepare candidates for its diplomas. I would repeat, therefore, the necessity for constant and careful revision of its examinations, and for due appreciation of its opportunities of gaining for its Students valuable advice and encouragement from many of its professional Members. I feel that I may claim for the Institute that it has done much in our profession to help to bring about those advanta- geous relations to which I have referred. On its Council both Professional Chemists and Teachers serve to do the work of thz Institute; and in the matter of education, what

Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24. I may call the pure and applied interests have operated in harmony together. I have thought it fitting to draw especial attention to this point because it seems to me that a proper recognition of it may help the Institute to still further advance in the matter of utilising the advantages for education which the varied knowledge of its Members offers. If cordial relations in this direction are maintained much saving of energy should result, for the most experienced Teacher, even in technical subjects, must, if he attends to his teaching, soon find it difficult to keep abreast with the latest applications of his subject unless he is free and induced View Article Online

to consult in matters of education with the man who is applying the principles he is teaching. I have dwelt more particularly upon the educational side of the work of the Institute, not because I am unmindful of its duty to guard the interests of its Members, but because I feel confident that if it keep always in view its chief business, namely, that of assisting by education the fitness of its Students to become Members, their interests in the future will be studied in the best and most lasting manner. Published on 01 January 1901. Downloaded by University of Warsaw 22/10/2014 16:29:24.