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A Transdisciplinary-Based Coupled Approach For Vulnerability Assessment in the Context of Natural Resource-Based Conflicts Using Remote Sensing, Spatial Statistics and Fuzzy Logic Adapted Models Dissertation der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Deutschland vorgelegt von: Lawrence Monday Ibeh aus Nigeria Eingereicht am 12. November 2018 München 28 And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose. Romans B 8:28 (KJV) 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfram Mauser 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Claudia Binder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 6. Februar 2019 Acknowledgements Acknowledgments Everything that has a beginning also has an end. The successful and excellent completion of this Ph.D. program has given me an assurance in life and a message to my generation that there is no challenge in life that cannot be surmounted when you are determined, persistent and remain motivated by your innate passion. There are many people who made this dream possible that I must sincerely acknowledge. I’m first of all very thankful to God for orchestrating the opportunity for the position at the Rachel Carson Center (RCC). I’m grateful to the Lord Almighty for His Mercies and grace all the way. I would like to thank the founders of the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, LMU for this opportunity to fulfill my dream of having a Ph.D. at one of the world’s universities. I would like to appreciate the RCC professors: Professor Dr. Christof Mauch, the Director and founder of RCC and his deputy, Professor Dr. Helmuth Trischler, as well as Professor Dr. Eveline Dürr and other RCC Board members. Thanks to you all for believing in me. Many thanks to the Ph.D. program coordinators, the past and the present. I wish to especially appreciate Professor Wolfram Mauser for showing interest in my research topic. I will say more about the support of this intelligent professor later in this piece. I thank Professor Dr. Anne Van der Veen for his initial invitation to me at the Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, known as ITC to do a Ph.D. I thank the Federal Government of Nigeria and Ebonyi State University for nominating me for the scholarship through the Education Trust Fund (ETF). I acknowledge the support of the then Vice-Chancellor of Ebonyi State University (EBSU), Nigeria, and the then Deputy Vice Chancellor for their support. To the entire staff and academic members of the Department of Soil Science and Environmental Management, EBSU I have good news at the end. My trip to Europe was a huge success after all. To all friends and colleagues at EBSU, thank you. Throughout the program, I was privileged to meet a family of God's people, Gods Family Church (GFC). Throughout my stay in Munich during the research Gods, Family Church was my second home. On this note, I want to appreciate Pastor O.U Alpha, the founder of GFC and his wife, Mrs. Lilian Apha (Mummy). Thank you for your training, love, and care. I also thank the leaders of the GFC for being there as co-workers in God's vineyard. My trust in God has paid off at last. My sincere gratitude goes, especially to Bro. Charles and the wife, Deaconess Sylvia. I still have your food containers in my house. I appreciate all of you: Pastor Bery, Deacon Oke, Bro Tolu, Brother. Tatenda, Deacon Andre, Sister Marion, Sister Loveth, Deaconess Blessing, and her husband as well as Sister Santana. God bless you all. Special thanks to Brother. Efe, Pastor Roselyn and Brother Dirk, I appreciate your support. God bless you. Professor Wolfram Mauser, you are simply a brilliant professor. Thank you for stretching me, for believing in me and for the patience to see me complete this Ph.D. thesis. I have wondered severally why you did not give up on me despite all the challenges I had to go through during the process of my Ph.D. Thanks also to my Second Supervisor, Professor Claudia Binder for your support. The few occasions I spoke with you before you left for Switzerland, your contributions made a big difference to my Ph.D. I Acknowledgements work. I thank Professor Ralf Ludwig and PD Dr. Tobias Hank; I am really motivated by your academic excellence even when watching you from afar. To Daisy, you are more than a friend. Dr. John Agbonifo, when you came to RCC for your fellowship, your company was quite encouraging. Thank you so much. Bro. Tatenda, thank you for your support and sacrifice despite your tight schedules. Special thanks to the European Space Agency (ESA) for supplying high-resolution data sets. Thanks to the staff of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), National Space Research and Development Agency (NSRDA) and the National Center for Remote Sensing (NCR), Jos for their support in the research process. Thank you, Andy, for your help at the NCR during my fieldwork!. Thanks also to Regional Center for Training in Aerospace Survey (RECTAS). Thank you so much, Gabriel and other research team members for assisting in the fieldwork. Gabriel, all the quarrels and arguments facilitated the process. Thanks to Professor Fabiyi for facilitating the process of the fieldwork and the joint research. I also thank the National Population Commission (NPC) staff members, especially Ms. Victoria for support and supply of socio-economic data sets. Thanks to all the community leaders within the Ogoni and Okrika territories of River State for their support. Thank you, Natasha, for your support and encouragement, you are God sent. I appreciate Fyneface, Celestine and the entire staff of Social Action NGO for their support in the workshops and fieldwork exercises To many colleagues at the Geography Department, LMU and the RCC Doctoral Program, Environment and Society, my profound thanks to you. I specifically acknowledge the help of Ben, Jonas, Elizabeth, Vfroni, Martins, Franziska, and Christoph for their time and support. Thank you very much, Ben, for your listening ears. I cannot end the acknowledgment without giving special thanks to my parents and my brothers. Special thanks to my Dad, Chief L. E Ibeh, Dad, you left when I was making corrections of this thesis for the final submission. I really wish you had stayed to see or hear about my graduation. Your love for academia was a big motivation. Rest in peace Dad, the Oki-iroro1 of Idumuesah!. God knows the best. To my dear Mum, Mrs. Janet Ibeh I love you. God will still keep you. By the grace of God, you must enjoy your labor in my life. Thanks to my brother Ijeoma and his wife for supporting me financially when I was embarking on my trip to Europe. To all my brothers, Mr. Martins Ibeh, Mr. Oyibo Ibeh (Ireke), Simon, Friday, and Goddy, God bless you all. Special thanks to my family friend, Stella and her husband, Andy. Stella, you are more than a sister. To my dear friends, Vicky, Linda, Bell, Adanna, Rumbi, Rutendo, and Natasha, thanks to you all for being there for me. Evion (Masterpiece), thanks for your love and support, know that with God all things are possible. To the entire family and the members of our new ministry, Christ House, this dream shall go global in our time and shall be there until the end and the coming of our Lord in Jesus name. Christ House, you made it into this acknowledgment just before the publication of this thesis. Glory be to our God Almighty and our savour Jesus Christ! II Table of Contents -__________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. I List of Tables .................................................................................................................... VIII List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... X List of Equations ............................................................................................................... XV List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................. XVII 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 A Transdisciplinary Approach to Risks and Vulnerability Assessment in the Context of Natural Resource-Based Conflicts. ................................................................ 1 1.2 State of the Art on Natural Resource-Based Conflicts (NRBCs) .............................. 4 1.2.1 From the Top-down (Large-N) Global Assessment to the Bottom-up (Community Based) Disaggregated Assessment ......................................................... 5 1.2.2 From Conflict to Cooperation: Knowledge Co-creation for Sustainable Peace ... 5 1.3 A Transdisciplinary Research (TDR) Process ............................................................ 7 1.4 Knowledge Integration and Co-creation Processes for Sustainable Peace ............... 7 1.4.1 Co-Design and Joint Problem Framing ............................................................... 8 1.4.2 Co-Production of Knowledge ................................................................................ 8 1.4.3 Co-Construction and Co-Communication of Conflict Management Scenarios ... 8 1.5 Motivation, Scientific Objectives, and Structure of this Thesis ................................ 9 2 The Niger Delta Region Case
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