DOCSLIB.ORG

Background to Environmental Degradation in Ogoniland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Background to Environmental Degradation in Ogoniland Background to Environmental Degradation in Ogoniland An Ogoni woman draws water from an open well. With a rich and diverse culture, the Ogoni have lived in the Niger Delta for hundreds of years © UNEP UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF OGONILAND Agbada Formation and Akata Formation. The Background to Benin Formation is comprised of multiple layers Environmental of clay, sand, conglomerate, peat and/or lignite, all of variable thickness and texture and covered by Degradation in overburden soil. Clay beds are discontinuous and groundwater is therefore present both as localized Ogoniland aquifers or in hydraulically interconnected aquifers. The ground characteristics are consistent Ogoniland is characterized by typically deltaic with deltaic environments, where erosion and features: uneven terrain, numerous creeks, shallow deposition of sediments constantly shift the course brackish water bodies and a variety of vegetation of channels, tributaries and creeks. types including swamp forest. The following section describes in detail Ogoniland’s environmental Groundwater setting and oil industry operations. Ogoniland’s aquifers are a crucial resource upon 2.1 Environmental setting in which the region’s entire population depends for Ogoniland and the Niger Delta drinking water. The protection of these aquifers is therefore vital. These aquifers are very shallow, with Geology the top-most groundwater levels occuring anywhere between close to the surface and a depth of 10 The Niger Delta is the product of both fluvial metres. To tap the aquifers, Ogoni communities and marine sediment build-up since the upper typically construct open, hand-dug wells about Cretaceous period, some 50 million years ago. 60 cm in diameter and water is abstracted either Over time, up to 12,000 metres of shallow manually or with pumps. In some areas affected by marine sediments and deltaic sediments have localized pollution of water closer to the surface, accumulated, contributed mainly by the Niger wells can be up to 50 metres deep. In such cases, River and its tributaries. The main upper immersible pumps are used to draw water. Water geological layers consist of Benin Formation, levels in these aquifers are highly seasonal. An Ogoni fisherman 30 s5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs 2 BACKGROUND -AP /GONILANDISMARKEDBYNUMEROUSDELTAICCREEKS ° EBERI/ OMUMA IKWERRE ETCHE OBIO/AKPOR OYIGBO ELEME PORT HARCOURT TAI KHANA OKRIKA OGU/BOLO GOKANA IMO RIVER BONNY RIVER ANDONI RIVER DEGEMA ANDONI BONNY OPOBO/ NKORO Satellite : Landsat Kilometres Acquisition date : 1986 0510 ©NASA UNEP 2011 Fresh groundwater can also be found in the Surface water shallow, sandy and unconfined aquifers of the coastal beach ridges, river bars and islands in The Rivers State region is drained by the Bonny the mangrove belt, as well as at varying depths and New Calabar river systems and numerous in confined aquifers. A large number of wells associated creeks and streams. Ogoniland itself drilled in the coastal area produce brackish (salty) is bounded to the east by the Imo River and to water which is not fit for drinking. In some areas, the west by a series of creeks (Map 3). The Imo brackish groundwater can be found at depths receives freshwater inflow during the rainy season greater than 200 metres below ground level. but is also influenced by tidal variations. The s5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs 31 UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF OGONILAND width and velocity of freshwater creeks increase They live in close-knit rural communities, their downstream to form meandering or braided livelihoods based on agriculture and fishing. The channels in the delta. total population of the four local government areas (LGAs) – Eleme, Gokana, Khana and Tai Tidal systems are confined to the southern part – according to the 2006 National Census was of the UNEP study area and comprise saline and brackish mangrove swamps with meandering tidal approximately 832,000 (Table 2). creeks. Within Ogoniland, four main languages are spoken, which although related are mutually exclusive: Vegetation Eleme, Gokana, Khana and Tai. Linguistic experts The coastal area comprises three vegetation zones: classify Eleme, Gokana and Khana as a distinct (i) beach ridge zone, (ii) saltwater zone and (iii) group within the Beneu-Congo branch of African freshwater zone. The beach ridge zone is vegetated languages or, more specifically, as a branch in the by mangroves on the tidal flats and by swamp New Benue-Congo family. trees, palms and shrubs on the sandy ridges. The saltwater zone is mainly vegetated by red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). The coastal plain and 4ABLE .UMBEROFINHABITANTSBYLOCAL freshwater zone is vegetated by forest tree species and GOVERNMENTAREA,'! ;= oil palm. The Niger River floodplains are covered LGA Inhabitants by rainforest trees, oil palm, raffia palms, shrubs, Eleme 190,884 lianas, ferns and floating grasses and reeds. Gokana 228,828 Mangroves have traditionally provided a variety of Khana 294,217 ecosystem services and products to the community, Tai 117,797 including fishing grounds, timber for housing, and Total 831,726 fuelwood. Tree and shrub cover remains important in uncultivated areas. Other non-timber forest products which are important, especially for poorer households, include grass cutters, bamboo for staking of yam (edible perennial herbaceous vines), medicinal plants, vegetables, fruits and snails. An agriculture-based economy and an increasing population have meant that most of the rainforest that once covered Ogoniland has been cleared for farming. In many places the practice of integrating farming and forestry remains, covering large areas of land and consisting mainly of oil palm and rubber plantations. The farm animal population too has increased with population density, with the animals also involved in nutrient recycling [5]. In Ogoniland, only small-sized sacred forests (shrines) of usually less than 1 ha remain in a relatively undisturbed state, while most of the remaining vegetation is highly degraded. Original vegetation consists mainly of mangroves. Local communities The Ogoni are a distinct people who have lived in the Niger Delta for hundreds of years. Ogoni women carrying wood and produce 32 s5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs 2 BACKGROUND Ogoniland is home to an estimated 832,000 people s5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs 33 UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF OGONILAND The creeks in Ogoniland also form important transportation routes Eleme LGA occupies the western end of Ogoniland. Gokana LGA was created out of the former It has 10 clans within two administrative political Gokana Tai Eleme LGA and came into being on blocs or units: the Nchia bloc with six clans (Akpajo, 23 September 1991. It comprises 17 autonomous Aleto, Alesa, Alode, Ogale and Agbonchia) and communities. The Gokana people are mostly the Odido bloc with four clans (Onne, Ebubu, fishermen and farmers. Gokana is located within Eteo and Ekporo). Each clan has numerous sub- the South East Senatorial Zone and has both communities; the Ebubu clan for example includes riverine and upland communities. It was also one the Ejamah, Ochani, Obollo, Egbalor and Agbeta of the major oil-producing areas in Rivers State. It communities. shares boundaries with Tai in the north, Khana in the east, Ogu/Bolo in the west and Bonny in the The oilfields in Eleme LGA, which encompass south. The LGA is situated about 50 km south of locations in Ebubu (Ejamah, Agbeta, Obollo, Port Harcourt and 30 km from Onne industrial Egbalor), Ogale (Ajioepuori, Nsisioken, Obajeaken, area. Nsisioken) and Onne (Ekara), were discovered in October 1956. Oil from operations in Eleme was Khana LGA is the largest of the four LGAs in included in the first shipment of 22,000 barrels Ogoniland, with a total of 106 communities and of crude oil exported from Nigeria to Europe in a population of 294,217 (as at the 2006 census). 1958. The people are also predominantly farmers and fishermen. The LGA has four districts: Babbe, The communities of Eleme host several major Ken-Khana, Nyorkhana and Bori Urban. The Yorla national and international establishments. oilfield lies in Khana LGA. Eleme’s main river is the Imu Ngololo, along Tai LGA was created out of the former Tai- which the Nigerian Naval College is based. Eleme LGA in 1997, which in turn was a 34 s5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs5NITED.ATIONS%NVIRONMENT0ROGRAMMEs 2 BACKGROUND successor in 1991 to Gokana Tai Eleme LGA. Its that the problems of Ogoniland cannot be solved administrative headquarters are at Saakpenwa. It in isolation. is one of the major oil-producing LGAs in Rivers State and is composed of 27 communities and These issues are particularly significant with villages inhabited predominantly by farmers and regard to pollution in creeks. Oil pollution, once fishermen. The LGA has three districts – Tua-Tua it reaches the creeks, can move back and forth District, Nonwa Area and Kira Central District with the tides. Consequently, an oil spill, even (Tai Central) – and is bounded by Oyigbo to around Bonny Island at the southern edge of the north, Gokana to the south, Khana to the Rivers State, can reach the coast and waters of east and Eleme to the west. Korokoro Tai, in Ogoniland. Similarly, pollution from Ogoniland
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (FNP) Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria
    Biodiversity Assessment of Finima Nature Park (FNP) Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria October, 2019 Finima Nature Park Biodiversity Assessment 2019 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Wildlife and Mammals ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.0 Methods Employed in this FNP Mammal Study ..................................................................................................... 8 3.0 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Highlights of the Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 17 4.0 Towards Remediation of the Problems that Mammals and other Wildlife now Face or May Face in the Future, in the FNP and Environs ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016
    Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016 Overview Nigeria is currently the largest oil producer in Africa and was the world's fourth-largest exporter of LNG in 2015. Nigeria’s oil production is hampered by instability and supply disruptions, while its natural gas sector is restricted by the lack of infrastructure to commercialize natural gas that is currently flared (burned off). Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, holds the largest natural gas reserves on the continent, and was the world’s fourth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2015.1 Nigeria became a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971, more than a decade after oil production began in the oil-rich Bayelsa State in the 1950s.2 Although Nigeria is the leading oil producer in Africa, production is affected by sporadic supply disruptions, which have resulted in unplanned outages of up to 500,000 barrels per day (b/d). Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Source: U.S. Department of State 1 Nigeria’s oil and natural gas industry is primarily located in the southern Niger Delta area, where it has been a source of conflict. Local groups seeking a share of the wealth often attack the oil infrastructure, forcing companies to declare force majeure on oil shipments (a legal clause that allows a party to not satisfy contractual agreements because of circumstances beyond their control). At the same time, oil theft leads to pipeline damage that is often severe, causing loss of production, pollution, and forcing companies to shut in production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ogoni of Nigeria A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of 2002 The goniO of Nigeria A. Olu Oyinlade University of Nebraska at Omaha, [email protected] Jeffery M. Vincent University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Oyinlade, A. Olu and Vincent, Jeffery M., "The gO oni of Nigeria" (2002). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 113. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/113 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 7 The Ogoni of Nigeria A. Olu Oylnlade and Jeffery M. VIncent CULTURAL OVERVIEW The People The Ogoni are a minority ethnic people who live in the Western Niger Delta Region of southern Nigeria. During the 1970s, Ogoniland, or the Ogoni Nation, became part of the Rivers State of Nigeria. There are ap­ proximately 500,000 Ogoni who represent less than 0.05 percent of Ni­ geria's 100 to 120 million people. The population density of this region equals 1,233 people per square mile, making it one of the most densely populated areas of Nigeria. Reliable information about the origin of the Ogoni is limited. Archaeo­ logical and oral historical evidence suggests that the Ogoni have inhabited the area for over 500 years. Presently, two theories exist about the origin of this people.
    [Show full text]
  • 61 Traditional Settlement of Dispute Amongst Ikwerre Ethnic Nationality in Rivers State, Nigeria: an Appraisal
    An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 7 (1), Serial No. 28, January, 2013:61-72 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070--0083 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v7i1.5 Traditional Settlement of Dispute amongst Ikwerre Ethnic Nationality in Rivers State, Nigeria: An Appraisal Ogoloma, Fineface I. - Institute of Foundation Studies (IFS), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Tel. +2348038889545, +2348051515676 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Traditional Settlement of Dispute is the search for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as against the conventional peaceful methods of settling disputes and resolving conflict situations using the least expensive method without much acrimony. This system of resolving disputes has been the African traditional way of resolving conflicts in Nigeria, the sub-saharan societies and the entire Africa before the advent of European colonialism. The system therefore is a time tested exercise with many variations as one moves from one linguistic locality to another. Nevertheless, we are going to examine the practice as it is done by the Ikwerre ethnic nationality in Rivers State. Ikwerre ethnic nationality is the most populous ethnic nationality in Rivers State and from where the current Governor, Chibuike Amechi hails. Copyright© IAARR 2013: www.afrrevjo.net 61 Indexed African Journals Online: www.ajol.info Vol. 7 (1) Serial No. 28, January, 2012 Pp.61-72 Introduction The Nigerian state we have today came into existence in 1914 after the amalgamation of the North and South by Lord Lugard. She got independence in 1960 and became a republic in 1963 after renouncing the Dominion Status.
    [Show full text]
  • Final (Report) Word Doc Embedding Environmental
    EMBEDDING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION and HEALTH VALUES for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT in GREATER PORT HARCOURT COMMUNITIES Anthony Wakwe Lawrence* and Ibisime Etela** *Community Inter-Relations and Conciliation Initiative (CIRCI) http://www.circi-ngo.org **University of Port Harcourt (UniPort) http://www.uniport.edu.ng with support from Prof. Onyewuchi Akaranta1 RCE Port Harcourt http://www.uniport.edu.ng Abstract Rapid environmental degradation, oil pollution and resource erosion in the Niger Delta of Nigeria prompted Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) to sponsor a series of awareness campaigns and two-day workshops in rural communities on aspects of the new Sustainable Development Goals for 18 rural communities in Greater Port Harcourt and neighboring areas of Rivers State. About 1,200 participants (elders; women; youths) from 18 rural communities were trained on principles of sustainable development, benefits of protecting the environment, and in some of the communities this included healthy stress-free living lifestyle. Participants appreciated biodiversity conservation, dangers of illicit drug and alcohol use, prevention of and care for people living with HIV/AIDS, and the dangers associated with oil pipeline vandalism. More strategic partnerships and increased funding support from more governmental and nongovernmental partners are needed Paper presented at the 6th African RCE Conference, jointly organised by NEMA-Kenya and UNU-IAS, Tokyo, Japan from 24-26 August 2016, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. to conduct post-training impact assessment studies and for project scale-up via Train-the-Trainers workshops to new and the 18 communities already visited. Introduction The Regional Centre of Expertise (RCE) Port Harcourt, formally, acknowledged on 24th June 2015 by the United Nations University - Institute of Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), Tokyo Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Ikwerre Intergroup Relations and Its Impact on Their Culture
    83 AFRREV VOL. 11 (2), S/NO 46, APRIL, 2017 AN INTERNATIONAL MULTI-DISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, ETHIOPIA AFRREV VOL. 11 (2), SERIAL NO. 46, APRIL, 2017: 83-98 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070-0083 (Online) DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v11i2.7 Ikwerre Intergroup Relations and its Impact on Their Culture Chinda, C. Izeoma Department of Foundation Studies Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola Phone No: +234 703 667 4797 E-mail: [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract This paper examined the intergroup relations between the Ikwerre of the Niger Delta, South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria and its impact on their culture. It analyzed the Ikwerre relations with her Kalabari and Okrika coastal neighbours, as well as the Etche, Eleme, Ekpeye, Ogba Abua and the Igbo of Imo state hinterland neighbours. The paper concluded that the internal developments which were stimulated by their contacts impacted significantly on their culture. Key words: Ikwerre, Intergroup Relations, Developments, Culture, Neighbour. Introduction Geographical factors aided the movement of people from one ecological zone to another in migration or interdependent relationships of trade exchange. These exchanges and contacts occurred even in pre-colonial times. The historical roots of inter-group relations of the Ikwerre with her neighbours, dates back to pre-colonial times but became prevalent from the 1850 onward when the Atlantic trade became emphatic on agrarian products as raw materials to the industrial western world. This galvanized the hitherto existing inter-group contact between the Ikwerre and her neighbouring potentates. Copyright © International Association of African Researchers and Reviewers, 2006-2017: www.afrrevjo.net.
    [Show full text]
  • The Andoni People of Rivers State
    The Andoni people of Rivers State, of Nigeria, are considered to be an Ijaw tribe by some, a distinct ethnolinguistic group by others, and a people closely related to the Annang, Igbo, Ibibio and Efik people of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State in Nigeria. Like these people, the Andoni people refer to God as Awaji or Owaji.[1] Historically, the Andoni (Idoni or Indo) Is the first son among the many sons of Ijo (Ujo) heir to the throne of Oduduwa (Adumu) of Ile-Ife before the colonial era and had commercial contacts with European traders and with neighboring Ijaw clans, such as the Bonny, Okrika, Kalabari, and Nkoro. The Andoni frequently fought wars with the Kingdom of Bonny. The Andoni people speak Obolo as the only native language. Obolo language is a combination of words from Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Okrika, Ijaw, and Nembe [2] . There is a historical link between the Okrika and the Andoni people. The Andoni people are the fiercest warriors in the Niger Delta, they have fought many wars with the Ogonis yet they are the best of friends. The Andoni (Obolo) clan of Ijaw is very wide with Ohafia and Aro (Arochukwu) people in Igbo land, Eastern Obolo, Ibeno-Eket and Oron in Akwa Ibom states and Andoni, Kala-Ido and Ogoloma in Rivers State. The Andoni people are very cultural, among the key towns are Ngo (Gogo), Ebukuma, Ikuru (Ikwut), Ataba, Ekede, Agwut-Obolo, Okoromboko, Okoroete, Iko, (Eastern Obolo axis), Asarama, Unyeada, Dema and Ilotombi. The Nwantam masquerade of Andoni celebrated every first January is one of the highlights of Obolo festivities, which they share with the Opobo, Nkoro, Bonny and Ndoki Ijaws.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria: a Case Study of Rivers State: 1999 – 2007
    Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, Vol.2. No.2 2010 DEMOCRACY AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF RIVERS STATE: 1999 – 2007 Nekabari Johnson Nna & Prince Ikechukwu Igwe ABSTRACT This paper seeks to examine the extent to which Nigeria’s democratic experience (1999-2007) has elevated the living standards of the majority of the people. It specifically aimed at search lighting the impact of the regime’s key poverty reduction strategies vis-à-vis the overall poverty situation in the country in general and Rivers State in particular. The study focused on two poverty reduction strategies: National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the Rivers State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (RIVSEEDS). The study utilized the primary and secondary sources of data in realizing its central objective. The Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) method was also adopted in the course of this research work. The sample population was drawn from ten Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State; Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Ikwerre, Emohua, Etche, Omuma, Ahoada East, Ahoada West, Abua/Odual and Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni LGAs. The research work employed the Political Economy (P.E.) method of analysis. The PE approach elucidates in very clear terms how the policies and reforms of successive governments in Nigeria have debilitated the productive forces of a great number of her population. The findings of this study showed that the democratic experience has impacted little to the poverty situation of the people of Rivers State. It also revealed that the present government’s poverty reduction programme is yet to be complemented by other macroeconomic policies to yield the desired results of poverty reduction, wealth creation and capacity building.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Incident Monthly Tracker Rivers State: March -A P R Il 2 01 8
    Conflict Incident Monthly Tracker Rivers State: March -A p r il 2 01 8 B a ck gro und LGA. The clash reportedly resulted from a belonging to the company in the area. misunderstanding over a young Gwara girl This monthly tracker is designed to update Others: In January, a day-old baby that was that was allegedly abducted and raped by Peace Agents on patterns and trends in reportedly dumped in a refuse bin in front of some Gwure youths. In March, there was a conflict risk and violence, as identified by the a church by the mother was found dead in peaceful protest by residents of about six Integrated Peace and Development Unit Port Harcourt. In February, an aircraft communities over the destruction of their (IPDU) early warning system, and to seek belonging to a local airline reportedly land and poor amenities in their feedback and input for response to mitigate skidded off the runway while landing at the communities in Tai LGA. The protesters areas of conflict. Port Harcourt International Airport. The marched to the Rivers State Government incident is believed to have been caused by Patterns and Trends House, calling on the Federal government to strong wind and storm as a result of heavy J anuar y -M arch 2 0 1 8 rebuild their land that was destroyed over 24 rainfall. years ago. According to Peace Map data (see Figure 1), Protest: In February, there was a protest at incidents reported during this period Recent Incidents or the reception center of the Port Harcourt included communal tensions, gang/cult International Airport by a group of Nigerians Issues, April 2018 violence, and other criminal activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers Conflict Tracker June 2018
    Conflict Incident Monthly Tracker Rivers State: May - Ju ne 20 1 8 B a ck gro und land and poor amenities in their Ethno-nationalism: In May, many members communities in Tai LGA. The protesters of the Movement for the Actualization of the This monthly tracker is designed to update marched to the Rivers State Government Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) were Peace Agents on patterns and trends in House, calling on the Federal government to reportedly arrested by the police in Port conflict risk and violence, as identified by the rebuild their land that was destroyed over 24 Harcourt. The supporters of the movement Integrated Peace and Development Unit years ago. were celebrating the ‘National Day’ and 18th (IPDU) early warning system, and to seek Criminality and communal conflict were key year anniversary of the agitation for the feedback and input for response to mitigate drivers of violence affecting women and girls sovereign state of Biafra. areas of conflict. (VAWG) during the period. Others: In May, a jetty, boats and other Patterns and Trends Violence Affecting Women and Girls marine equipment worth billions of naira M arch -M ay 2 018 (VAWG): In April, gunmen ripped open the were destroyed by fire reportedly caused by womb of a teenager who was pregnant and illegal oil bunkering in Obio/Akpor LGA. According to Peace Map data (see Figure 1), took away the fetus in Emohua LGA. Separately, rainstorm destroyed several incidents reported during this period Separately, five persons including a pregnant property, including buildings, cars, and included communal tensions, gang/cult woman were reportedly killed during a clash electricity poles in Obio/Akpor LGA.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatio – Temporal Changes in the Geomorphic Shoreline of Bonny Island
    Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 2 ~ Issue 11 (2014) pp: 75-80 ISSN(Online) : 2321-9467 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Spatio – Temporal Changes in the Geomorphic Shoreline of Bonny Island Mark Ogoro Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Received 21 November, 2014; Accepted 06 December, 2014 © The author(s) 2014. Published with open access at www.questjournals.org ABSTRACT:- Increased inundation of coastlines which causes loss of habitable island, properties, mangrove vegetation is attendants’ effects of climate change. The present study examines the vulnerability and spatio – temporal changes in the shoreline of Bonny Island, Nigeria sequel to rises in sea level over time. Satellites imageries of Land-Sat Tm of 30m x 30m of 1986 and 2001 and Niger Sat Image of 30m x 30m of 2006 and 2011 were employed to determine changes in bonny shoreline. From the analysis, 1,819.4sq km and 4,588.38 sq km of land was lost to sea between 1986 through 2001, and between 2001 through 2006 respectively, while 1,781.96 sq km of land was lost between 2006 and 2011. Hence the study recommended among others that there should be integrated coastal zone management and developmental planning to enhance shoreline protection and mitigation of the impact of sea level rise on the region. Keywords:- Bonny Island, Sea Level Rise, shoreline, Vulnerability, Inundation I. INTRODUCTION Bonny Island is one of the most densely populated Local Government Areas in Rivers State, Nigeria. Majority of its inhabitants’ live in the riverside and coastline area prone to natural hazard such as shoreline retreat/inundation, coastal inundation, flood etc the physical Geography of the area features its long coastline and the Equatorial climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Esia) Report for the Proposed Bonny Deep Sea Port Project in Bonny Island
    DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED BONNY DEEP SEA PORT PROJECT IN BONNY ISLAND, BONNY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE BY FEDERAL MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT HEADQUARTERS MABUSHI, ABUJA DECEMBER, 2020 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL and social impact ASSESSMENT (esia) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED BONNY DEEP SEA PORT PROJECT IN BONNY ISLAND, BONNY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE PREPARED BY ESCHOLES INTERGRATED SERVICES RESOURCES LIMITED NAME FUNCTION SIGNATURE 1st Reviewed by Dr. Eseoghene okereka 2nd reviewed Kelvin Olisameka by QA/QC L. A. MORAKINYO Compiled EZEH CHINENYE AYO LAWAL SOPHIA OGE STATUS 01 - DRAFT - December DRAFT ESIA REPORT OF THE PROPOSED BONNY DEEP SEA PORT PROJECT AT BONNY L.G.A, RIVERS STATE BY FEDERAL MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION TABLE OF CONTENT List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates List of Abbreviation and Acronyms ESIA preparers Acknowledgement Executive Summary CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information 1-1 1.2 Project Proponent 1-2 1.3 Objectives of the ESIA 1-3 1.4 Terms of Reference for the Study 1-4 1.5 Administrative and Legal Framework 1-6 1.5.1National Regulations 1-6 1.5.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Act 86 of 1992 1-8 1.5.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Sectoral Guidelines for 1-10 Infrastructures 1995 1.5.1.3 National Policy on Environment 2017 1-10 1.5.1.4 National Guidelines and Standard for Water Quality 1999 1-11 1.5.1.5National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems 1-11 (EMS) 1999
    [Show full text]