Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(1)112-129 2015

Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from source along a coastal river gradient (Ehania River; south- east of )

Konan K.F.1,2,3; Edia O.E.1; Bony K.Y.1,2; Kouamé K.M.1,3; Gourène G.1

Received: May 2013 Accepted: December 2014

Abstract Fish assemblage was investigated during the study of longitudinal profile of the Ehania River Basin in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire. This area is subjected to intense human activities with many plantations (palm tree, banana, pineapple, coffee, rubber and cocoa). Samples were collected, with gillnets of different mesh sizes, through 6 sampling surveys during dry and rainy seasons from February 2010 to December 2010 at 6 sampling sites. A total of 70 fish species belonging to 48 genera, 28 families and 10 orders were recorded. The temporal variation of diversity index is less marked than spatial variation. The upstream, with 35 species, was less rich in species than the medium area and downstream areas (respectively 46 and 68). The upstream and downstream areas gathered 35 species. Thirty three species were common to the upper and middle areas and 46 species appeared both in the lower courses and the middle area. The 21 species restricted to the lower part of the river are mainly estuarine/marine origin. The beta diversity value revealed low similarity between the lower and upper course of Ehania River. The lowest Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 values of Shannon’s diversity index and equitability index were observed in the middle part of the River which characterized by high population density and intense agricultural activity with many plantations.

Keywords: Fish assemblages, Diversity, Spatial gradients, Artisanal dams, Anthropogenic impact, Coastal river, West Africa

1-Laboratory of aquatic environment and biology, department of sciences and environment management, University Nanguy Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Ivory Coast. 2-Department of environment, University Jean Lorougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa, Ivory Coast. 3-Water and sanitation for Africa, National Representation of Côte d’Ivoire, 18 BP 80 Abidjan 18, Ivory Coast. *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]. 113 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from…

Introduction Study of factors structuring biological 1981). Disturbance to physical habitat communities has a rich and long history. (Marchetti and Moyle, 2001; Quist et al., Reyjol et al. (2005) noted that, as 2003) and water quality (Rabeni and ecosystems are structured both spatially Smale, 1995; Bonner and Wilde, 2002; and temporally, one of the major Ebrahimi and Taherianfard, 2011) have questions when studying an ecosystem resulted in fish assemblage shifts, and its component organisms is the decreased native species diversity, strategy of its occupation with respect to community homogenization, range space and time. Increasingly, bio- reduction and extinction. Fish assessment measures have become a assemblage structures such as guilds widely shared tool to estimate the (feeding, reproduction, behavior, etc.) ecological condition and identify can be used to determine habitat impacts to aquatic organisms in the river degradation associated with nonpoint systems (Tejerina-Garro et al., 2005; source pollution (Moyle, 1994). Flinders et al., 2008). This technique has Moreover, understanding spatial advantages with regard to more patterns in fish assemblage structure is traditional methods of evaluating water critical for the conservation and quality and pollution loading because of management of native fish (Jackson et its ability to detect low level and non- al., 2001; Wright and Li, 2002). point source pollutants (Barbour et al., In West Africa, many streams that 1999), physical habitat alteration (Kutka drain the coastal regions are an and Richards, 1996; Nerbonne and important resource for human Vondracek, 2001), and long-term populations, especially in rural areas. ecosystem effects of disturbance events Indeed, these rivers are used for

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 (Barbour et al., 1999). Moreover, the domestic activities (drinking, cooking, growing environmental awareness has bathing...), agriculture (irrigation, cattle led to an increase in demand by water drinking); and fish constitute an resource managers for ecological important food resource for local information on which to base population (Konan et al., 2006; Konan et management plans and decisions al., 2013). However, in this region (Simon, 2000). Indeed, unless living freshwater resources are under pressure resources in general and in particularly from a multitude of stressors. The those of hydrosystems are used and watershed of the Ehania River, subject managed rationally, natural production of this study, is particularly under faces the risk of collapsing (Yapi- multiple forms of human pressure. Gnaoré et al., 2000). Because the fish Indeed, its catchment area shelters large assemblages are strongly influenced by plantations of palm tree, banana, rubber, physical habitat, they have long been cocoa, and coffee. It is also the place of used to quantify the effects of discharge of domestic and some disturbance on the environment (Karr, industrial waste. These anthropogenic

Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(1) 2015 114

pressures could profoundly affect the belongs to the Western Guinean integrity of both water resources and its ichtyoregion, sector Eburnéo-Ghanaian biodiversity. To expand the scope for (Daget and Iltis, 1965; Hugueny and assessing the potential impacts human Lévêque, 1994; Paugy et al., 1994). This stresses impose on freshwater small coastal river is located in lowland ecosystems, it is imperative to collect rainforest. The Ehania River, a tributary relevant information, both on water of the Tano River, has a catchment area resource and its contains living. Ibanez of 1050 km2, a main-channel total length et al. (2007) pointed out that to ensure a of 140 km and a slope of 2.36 m.km-1. Its sound management and sustainable mean annual flow corresponds to 15.7 exploitation of freshwater biodiversity, m3.s-1 (dry season: 14.3 m3.s-1; rainy it is vital to develop a deeper season: 19.8 m3.s-1). Five sampling sites understanding of the factors and were retained in the main-channel from processes that determine aquatic upstream to downstream areas of the diversity at different spatial scales. stream (Fig. 1). The sixth station is The purpose of this study was to located on the Tano River, characterize the spatial and seasonal approximately 1.5 km downstream of patterns in fish assemblage structure in the river mouth Ehania. Table 1 gives Ehania River and to discuss some characteristics of sampling sites. conservation implications. Canopy closure was relatively high in upstream and downstream sites (60- Materials and methods 80%), medium in middle sites (40-60%) Study area and sampling sites and human activities occurred mostly in The Ehania River, located (05°17'– middle courses of Ehania basin (Konan 05°43' N and 02°46'–03°03' W) in the et al., 2006; Konan, 2008).

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 South-East of the Côte d’Ivoire (Fig. 1), 115 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from…

Figure 1: Location of Ehania River and the sampling sites (S1 to S6).

Table 1: Some characteristics of sampling stations identified on the river Ehania.

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Position of site on Distance of *Influence of human Sites river source (km) *Canopy (%) activities (%) S1 upstream 7.2 70 65 S2 middle stream 41.2 60 85 S3 middle stream 53.5 40 95 S4 downstream 107.9 60 2 S5 downstream 139 80 50 S6 downstream 140.5 60 5 S1 to S6 = sampling sites. *sources: (Konan et al., 2006; Konan, 2008)

Fish sampling December)). The 6 sampling sites were Samples were collected during 6 sampled during each survey. Each site sampling surveys from February 2010 to was also characterized spatially by its December 2010 (i.e. 3 during the rainy distance from the source. The sites season (April, June, October) and 3 covered a river section of approximately during the dry season (February, August, 1.5 km in length (i.e. reach scale). This

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river section length was selected to cover and temporal variations of the diversity a fair degree of habitat heterogeneity. of fish population along the river:

Fish were collected with two sets of 8  H’ = -Σqi Log2(qi); where qi is the gillnets of varying mesh (12 mm to 45 relative abundance of each species;

mm knot to knot, stretched mesh size),  E = H’ / Log2(Rs); where H’ is the allowing the capture of almost all the Shannon’s diversity index and Rs is the fish longer than 80 mm total length. total number of species. These gillnets were 30 m long and 1.5 m Between-sampling sites, differences high. At each sampling occasion, fishing in species richness (number of species, was done overnight (17.00 to 7.00). All Shannon diversity and equitability) were fish specimens were identified evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, according to the identification keys of a non-parametric analysis of variance, Paugy et al. (2003). Each specimen was followed by Mann-Whitney test to measured (standard length) to the identify specific differences. Shannon’s nearest mm and weighed to the nearest diversity index, equitability index and gram. all statistical analyses were carried out by the software Paleotological Statistic Data analysis (PAST) version 2.15 (Hammer et al., Species turnover analysis is important 2001). because it shows the degree to which habitats have been partitioned by Results species; β-diversity values may be used Fish species composition to compare habitat diversity between The composition of fish population different systems; with α-diversity, β- (species, genera, families, order) diversity measure total diversity, or the sampled during this study is shown in

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 biotic heterogeneity of a specific area Table 2. A total of 70 fish species (Wilson and Shmida, 1984). Beta belonging to 48 genera, 28 families and diversity index (Harrison et al., 1992) 10 orders were captured in Ehania River. was used to examine the pairwise The most abundant order was differentiation between sampling zones: Perciformes with 39% of all captured βH = ((S/α) – 1).(N -1)) * 100; where S families and 40% of all species. It is is the number of species in the two sites followed by Siluriformes (18% of combined; α is the average richness of families and 19% of species), the two; N is the number of sites. (11% and 16%), and Harrison et al. (1992) ranges βH from 0 (7% and 10%). Only one (complete similarity) to 100 (complete family belonging to , dissimilarity). accounted for 9% of species. Among the Using Shannon’s diversity index families collected, Cichlidae (19% of (Shannon and Weaver, 1963) and species), (13%), equitability index (Piélou, 1969), we (9%), (9%) and Clariidae made a comparative study of the spatial 117 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from…

(7%) are largely represented. Twenty two introduced species (Oreochromis eight marine/brackish species (i.e. 40% niloticus and Heterotis niloticus). of the species) were collected, as well as

Table 2: Fish species collected in the Ehania River during this study. Sampling zones Upstream Middle zone Downstream S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Perciformes Anabantidae Ctenopoma petherici 17 0 17 33 67 83 Channidae Parachanna obscura 100 83 50 83 50 33 Eleotridae Eleotris senegalensis * 0 0 0 50 17 33 Kribia nana * 0 0 0 0 0 67 Gerreidae Eucinostomus melanopterus * 0 0 0 0 67 100 Gobiidae Awaous lateristriga * 0 0 0 0 67 83 Sicydium crenilabrum * 0 0 0 0 0 67 Monodactylidae Monodactylus sebae * 0 0 0 0 67 67 Polynemidae Polydactylus quadrifilis * 0 0 0 0 67 83 Haemulidae Pomadasys jubelini * 0 0 0 0 83 100 Pomadasys perotaei * 0 0 0 0 67 100 Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Carangidae Caranx hippos * 0 0 0 0 83 83 Hemicaranx bicolor * 0 0 0 0 100 100 Trachinotus teraia * 0 0 0 0 67 67 Cichlidae Chromidotilapia guntheri 83 83 83 83 83 83 Hemichromis fasciatus 83 67 83 83 67 100 Sarotherodon galileus * 50 0 0 0 67 100 Sarotherodon melanotheron * 0 0 0 33 17 17 Oreochromis niloticus ** 50 50 67 50 50 100 Tilapia busumana 0 17 0 33 67 67 Tilapia guineensis * 0 17 67 50 100 100 Tilapia mariae 17 83 67 83 83 100 Tilapia zillii 17 33 17 33 67 100 Thysochromis ansorgii * 0 0 0 33 50 33 Tylochromis intermédius * 0 0 0 0 83 100 Tylochromis jentinki * 0 0 0 0 50 100

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Tabale 2 continued : Tylochromis leonensis * 0 0 0 0 17 83 Lutjanidae Lutjanus goreensis * 0 0 0 0 0 50 Siluriformes Malapterurudae Malapterurus electricus 67 50 33 50 17 67 Claroteidae Chrysichthys maurus 0 17 33 17 50 67 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus 0 17 50 33 83 83 Chrysichthys sp. 0 17 0 17 33 33 bastiani 0 0 0 33 67 67 Schilbeidae Parailia pellucida 17 50 83 67 83 100 Schilbe intermedius 50 67 67 83 83 67 Schilbe mandibularis 0 33 33 83 67 100 Claridae Clarias anguillaris 0 17 17 67 83 83 Clarias buettikoferi * 0 0 0 17 33 67 Clarias ebriensis 17 0 50 83 67 67 Heterobranchus isopterus 0 50 50 50 50 67 Heterobranchus longifilis 0 0 50 33 50 83 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus nigromarginatus 67 33 50 50 17 33 Charaiformes

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Hepsetidae Hepsetus odoe 17 17 67 33 50 67 Alestidae imberi 50 33 33 33 33 33 Brycinus longipinnis 100 100 0 100 100 100 Brycinus macrolepidotus 17 83 83 67 83 83 Brycinus nurse 50 33 33 17 17 17 Micralestes elongatus 33 50 50 17 0 0 Micralestes occidentalis 17 17 33 0 83 67 Osteoglossiformes 50 50 17 50 17 17 Arapaimidae Heterotis niloticus ** 33 0 33 50 83 100 Mormyridae Brienomyrus brachyistius * 0 0 0 33 50 83 Marcusenius furcidens 83 83 83 67 67 67 119 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from…

Tabale 2 continued : Marcusenius senegalensis 67 50 17 33 17 50 Marcusenius sp. 100 83 83 67 83 83 Marcusenius ussheri 83 67 83 33 33 33 Mormyrops anguilloides 50 67 33 33 33 33 Mormyrus rume 33 33 17 33 50 100 Petrocephalus bovei 67 50 67 50 33 33 Pollimyrus isidori 17 17 0 0 50 67 Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza falcipinnis * 0 17 0 17 50 67 Elopiformes Elopidae Elops lacerta * 0 0 0 0 100 100 Clupeiformes Clueidae Pellonula leonensis * 67 67 17 50 83 67 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barbus ablabes 83 50 50 33 0 0 Barbus trispilos 67 67 67 33 0 0 Barbus wurtzi 0 17 17 67 50 67 coubie 33 67 67 50 50 83 Labeo parvus 0 33 17 17 83 100 senegalensis * 33 0 0 17 50 100 Pleuronectifomes Paralichthyidae

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Citharichthys stampflii * 0 0 0 0 83 100

S1 to S6 = sampling sites; Values = fish species occurrences percentage at sites during study period ; * = species with estuarine/marine affinities ; ** = introduced species.

Fish population analyzed basin. Finally, 46 species were common Fish diversity varied with spatial to the lower courses and the middle area. gradients in Ehania River (Fig. 2A). The The Mann-Whitney test revealed a upstream, with 35 species, was less rich significant difference (p<0.05) between than the middle and downstream areas the species richness of the sampling sites (46 and 68 respectively). Thirty three (Fig. 2B). Sampling sites S5 and S6, (33) species were very common and which are located more downstream, occurred in almost every sampling zone have the highest species richness (Fig. (Table 2). The upstream and 2B). The 21 species restricted to the downstream areas gathered 35 species. downstream of the river are mainly Moreover, 33 species were common to estuarine/marine species (Table 2). the upper and middle areas of Ehania

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Along longitudinal gradient, beta value, which was observed between the diversity index recorded was 18 between lower and upper course (32), revealed the upstream and the middle area, and 19 low similarity between both those last between the middle area and the sampling zones. downstream. The highest beta diversity

Figure 2: Variations of fish species richness in Ehania River along the longitudinal gradient. S1 to S6 = sampling sites; SR = fish species richness; DS = distance from source; vertical bars (A) represent the standard error. The different alphabets (B) indicate significant difference in the Mann-Whitney test (p< 0.05).

The Shannon’s diversity index and and 4). As for the lowest values (Mann- equitability index varied across the river, Whitney test, p<0.05), they were respectively 1.30 (S3_08) to 5.54 observed at station S3 in the middle part (S6_04) and 0.34 (S3_08) to 0.94 of the River. The temporal variation of (S6_02) (Figs. 3 and 4). Along the diversity index is less marked than longitudinal gradient, the lowland area spatial variation (Fig. 4). Species had the highest (Mann-Whitney test, richness, Shannon diversity and Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 p<0.05) diversity index values (Figs. 3 equitability index do not change significantly from one season to another.

Figure 3: Variations of Shannon-Wiener diversity (A) and equitability (B) index in Ehania River along the longitudinal gradient. S1 to S6 = sampling sites. The different alphabets indicate significant difference in the Mann-Whitney test (p< 0.05). 121 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from…

6.0 S6_04S5_04S6_02 5.5 S6_08 S6_12S5_02S5_08 S6_10 5.0 S6_06 S4_04 4.5 S2_04S5_10S5_06 S4_08S2_08 S5_12 4.0 S4_06 S1_08 S2_12 S4_02 3.5 S1_04 S4_12 S4_10S3_06 S1_02 3.0 S2_02 S1_12 S1_10S2_06 S2_10 S1_06

index of diversty (H') 2.5 S3_04 S3_10 S3_02 2.0 S3_12 1.5 S3_08

1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

index of equitability (E)

Figure 4: Spatial and temporal variations of fish diversity along the river basis on Shannon’s diversity and equitability index. S1 to S6 = sampling sites; Numbers (_02, _04, _06, _08, _10, _12) = sampling months (from February 2010 to December 2010).

Discussion listed in this study (70 species). The Examination of the ichtyofauna of the differences between these data were river Ehania shows that Perciformes, mainly related to the sampling

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Siluriformes, Osteoglossiformes, procedure, the sampling periods and the Characiformes and Cypriniformes are types of habitats prospected. Indeed, the orders containing the most families during this study, we surveyed along the and species, as also observed by Teugels river (from upstream to downstream) et al. (1988), Da Costa et al. (2000), through six sites during all four seasons Konan et al. (2006) and Froese and (two dry seasons and two rainy seasons). Pauly (2012) in some rivers of the same In addition, sampling sites were chosen region. About families, five of them so as to explore the maximum habitat. dominate by species number (i.e. This study increased the richness of the Cichlidae, Mormyridae, Alestidae, Tano Basin from 79 (Teugels et al., Cyprinidae, Clariidae), as also 1988; Konan et al., 2006; Niamien- mentioned by Da Costa et al. (2000) and Ebrottié et al., 2008; Froese and Pauly, Konan et al. (2006). 2012) to 104 species. The number of species (48), Fish diversity varied with spatial reported by Konan et al. (2006) in the gradients in Ehania River. Along the Ehania sub-basin, is inferior to those longitudinal gradient, total diversity

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presented a peak in the lowland area, Preventing migration of fish followed distantly by the middle zone. (estuarine/marine species example) Indeed, the downstream (68 species) above upstream, the dams have the was richer in species compared to the effect of reducing the species diversity middle and headwater areas of fish fauna in the upper and middle (respectively 46 and 35), as also areas of the river. Indeed in this study, observed by Hugueny (1990), Tito de we collected 27 estuarine/marine species Morais and Lauzanne (1994), Da Costa at station S5 just after dams, against 9 et al. (2000), Koné et al. (2003), Konan estuarine/marine species collected by et al. (2006) and Kouamé et al. (2008) in Konan et al. (2006) at stations S3 and S4 other tropical river systems. The reason before dams in the same river. In generally seems to be related to the addition, these barriers profoundly alter gradual raise in habitat heterogeneity the spatiotemporal distribution and and diversity (Vannote et al., 1980; structure of fish in this river. It was also Quist and Guy, 2001; Fischer and reported by Diouf et al. (1991), Pouyaud Paukert, 2008). Petry and Schulz (2006) (1994), Lévêque and Paugy (1999), underlined that fish assemblages reflect Quist and Rahel (2006), Konan et al. structural and physicochemical changes (2013), that dams impede from the upper to the lower reaches. estuarine/marine fish from migrating The beta diversity index calculated upstream during floods, which disturbs between the defined zones indicated their life cycle, especially reproduction significant differences in the species in favorable habitats. In the Bia River for composition pattern among the lower example, Da Costa et al. (2000) and upper course. We observed biotic observed that estuarine/marine species, zonation with two distinct fish fauna previously observed in the upper course

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 zones: upper river fauna comprised of of the Bia River, were restricted to the native fish species and lowland fauna lowland after the construction of two dominated by species with dams, which have been recognized as a estuarine/marine affinities. Such pattern major threat to aquatic fauna (Allan, clearly would denote a longitudinal 1995). The massive presence of gradient in fish assemblage distribution estuarine/marine species (38% of in Ehania River basin. The homogeneity species found in Ehania River) can be in fish composition among up and due to the use of additional food middle stream stations may result from resources, hence optimizing the energy higher connectivity between stations, costs of reproduction. This can occur in since they are contiguous and fish may the lagoon (Albaret and Legendre, swim more easily between them than 1985), freshwater systems (Bruslé, between this upper zone and the lower 1981), and sometimes in the sea (Pillay, course. In the river Ehania, dams have 1965). been built by fishermen between stations Among the 22 species reported for S4 and S5, in downstream, to trap fish. the first time in the Ehania River, two 123 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from…

introduced species appeared: H. habitat, and the introduction of new niloticus and O. niloticus. The presence species (Brown, 2000). Leveque and of this non-native species in Ehania Paugy (1999), Karr and Chu (2000), River may be related to the many farm Bozzetti and Schulz (2004), Rashleigh et ponds established along this river. al. (2009) argue that continental water Attention should be paid to their spread systems are particularly affected by in this River basin because, according to human activities taking place both in the Rahel (2002), Sax et al. (2002), Schulze aquatic environment and on the basin. et al. (2006), Leprieur et al. (2006), According to Wootton (1992) and Benejam et al. (2007), Trujillo-Jiménez Fischer et al. (2010) the resulting living et al. (2009) exotic species can have conditions might be unfavorable to some harmful impacts on native species. fish species. Moreover, according to Analysis of the diversity indices Harmelin-Vivien (1992), Leveque along Ehania River showed that the (1995), Lemoalle (1999), Brown (2000), lowest values were observed at station Quinn and Kwak (2003), Petry and S3 in the middle stream. According to Schulz (2006), fish populations respond Amanieu and Lasserre (1982), Zabi quickly to disturbances of their (1993) and Dajoz (2000), the low values environment that cause changes in of diversity indices characterize species composition, staffing and undiversified communities with a low trophic structure. degree of organization. The low level of No seasonal significant differences organization of fish communities were seen in fish community structure in observed in the middle zone could be any sampling site. Species richness, related to modes of occupation of the Shannon diversity and equitability index basin. Indeed, the middle part of Ehania were not changed significantly from one

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 River traverses an intense agricultural season to another in some rivers in the activity area with many plantations same sub-region, as also observed by Da (palm tree, banana, pineapple, coffee, Costa et al. (2000), and Konan et al. rubber and cocoa). The seasonal (2006). In other tropical regions, drainage flows associated with these Ostrand and Wilde (2002), Bozzetti and agricultural activities constitute sources Schulz (2004), Flinders et al. (2009) of pollution to aquatic ecosystems. In suggested that the assemblage structure addition, many villages along this part of is determined more by average or the river discharge their waste (solid and persistent differences in environmental liquid) in the stream. This highly conditions among sites, than by seasonal anthropogenic environment could variation in environmental conditions. imposea significant stress level on the As a result of this study of ichthyofauna fish fauna of this part of the river Ehania. diversity patterns along spatial Alterations to stream environments can gradients, we suggest the following: take many forms, including changes in  Adequate fishery activity water quality, instream habitat, riparian management, taking into account the

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non-random spatial structure and fish (Silurus glanis) in the Iberian diversity along the longitudinal gradient; Peninsula: first record in the  Maintenance of a monitoring Llobregat river basin. Limnetica, program allowing the study of the fish 26(1), 169-171. diversity pattern dynamics of such small Bonner, T.H. and Wilde, G.R., 2002. coastal rivers. Effects of turbidity on prey consumption by prairie stream Acknowledgements fishes. Transactions of the We are grateful to the Research Group American Fisheries Society, 131, directed by Prof. Theophile Gnagne for 1203-1208. their valuable help and advice. This Bozzetti, M. and Schulz, U.H., 2004. study was funded by the partnership An index of biotic integrity based on between Water and Sanitation for fish assemblages for subtropical Africa, National Representation of Ivory streams in southern Brazil. Coast and FEM/ONG. Hydrobiologia, 529, 133-144. Brown, L.R., 2000. Fish communities References and their associations with Albaret, J.J. and Legendre M., 1985. Environmental variables, lower San Biologie et écologie des Mugilidae Joaquin River Drainage, California. en lagune Ebrié (Côte d’Ivoire): Environmental Biology of Fishes, Intérêt potentiel pour l’aquaculture 57(3), 251-269. lagunaire. Revue d’Hydrobiologie Bruslé, J., 1981. Sexuality and biology Tropicale, 18, 281-303. of reproduction in grey mullets.. In: Allan, J.D., 1995. Stream ecology. Aquaculture of grey mullets, Oren, Kluwer Academic Publishers. O. H. (ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press,

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