Fish Diversity and Assemblages According to Distance from Source Along a Coastal River Gradient (Ehania River; South- East of Ivory Coast)
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Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(1)112-129 2015 Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from source along a coastal river gradient (Ehania River; south- east of Ivory Coast) Konan K.F.1,2,3; Edia O.E.1; Bony K.Y.1,2; Kouamé K.M.1,3; Gourène G.1 Received: May 2013 Accepted: December 2014 Abstract Fish assemblage was investigated during the study of longitudinal profile of the Ehania River Basin in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire. This area is subjected to intense human activities with many plantations (palm tree, banana, pineapple, coffee, rubber and cocoa). Samples were collected, with gillnets of different mesh sizes, through 6 sampling surveys during dry and rainy seasons from February 2010 to December 2010 at 6 sampling sites. A total of 70 fish species belonging to 48 genera, 28 families and 10 orders were recorded. The temporal variation of diversity index is less marked than spatial variation. The upstream, with 35 species, was less rich in species than the medium area and downstream areas (respectively 46 and 68). The upstream and downstream areas gathered 35 species. Thirty three species were common to the upper and middle areas and 46 species appeared both in the lower courses and the middle area. The 21 species restricted to the lower part of the river are mainly estuarine/marine origin. The beta diversity value revealed low similarity between the lower and upper course of Ehania River. The lowest Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 values of Shannon’s diversity index and equitability index were observed in the middle part of the River which characterized by high population density and intense agricultural activity with many plantations. Keywords: Fish assemblages, Diversity, Spatial gradients, Artisanal dams, Anthropogenic impact, Coastal river, West Africa 1-Laboratory of aquatic environment and biology, department of sciences and environment management, University Nanguy Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Ivory Coast. 2-Department of environment, University Jean Lorougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa, Ivory Coast. 3-Water and sanitation for Africa, National Representation of Côte d’Ivoire, 18 BP 80 Abidjan 18, Ivory Coast. *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]. 113 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from… Introduction Study of factors structuring biological 1981). Disturbance to physical habitat communities has a rich and long history. (Marchetti and Moyle, 2001; Quist et al., Reyjol et al. (2005) noted that, as 2003) and water quality (Rabeni and ecosystems are structured both spatially Smale, 1995; Bonner and Wilde, 2002; and temporally, one of the major Ebrahimi and Taherianfard, 2011) have questions when studying an ecosystem resulted in fish assemblage shifts, and its component organisms is the decreased native species diversity, strategy of its occupation with respect to community homogenization, range space and time. Increasingly, bio- reduction and extinction. Fish assessment measures have become a assemblage structures such as guilds widely shared tool to estimate the (feeding, reproduction, behavior, etc.) ecological condition and identify can be used to determine habitat impacts to aquatic organisms in the river degradation associated with nonpoint systems (Tejerina-Garro et al., 2005; source pollution (Moyle, 1994). Flinders et al., 2008). This technique has Moreover, understanding spatial advantages with regard to more patterns in fish assemblage structure is traditional methods of evaluating water critical for the conservation and quality and pollution loading because of management of native fish (Jackson et its ability to detect low level and non- al., 2001; Wright and Li, 2002). point source pollutants (Barbour et al., In West Africa, many streams that 1999), physical habitat alteration (Kutka drain the coastal regions are an and Richards, 1996; Nerbonne and important resource for human Vondracek, 2001), and long-term populations, especially in rural areas. ecosystem effects of disturbance events Indeed, these rivers are used for Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 (Barbour et al., 1999). Moreover, the domestic activities (drinking, cooking, growing environmental awareness has bathing...), agriculture (irrigation, cattle led to an increase in demand by water drinking); and fish constitute an resource managers for ecological important food resource for local information on which to base population (Konan et al., 2006; Konan et management plans and decisions al., 2013). However, in this region (Simon, 2000). Indeed, unless living freshwater resources are under pressure resources in general and in particularly from a multitude of stressors. The those of hydrosystems are used and watershed of the Ehania River, subject managed rationally, natural production of this study, is particularly under faces the risk of collapsing (Yapi- multiple forms of human pressure. Gnaoré et al., 2000). Because the fish Indeed, its catchment area shelters large assemblages are strongly influenced by plantations of palm tree, banana, rubber, physical habitat, they have long been cocoa, and coffee. It is also the place of used to quantify the effects of discharge of domestic and some disturbance on the environment (Karr, industrial waste. These anthropogenic Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(1) 2015 114 pressures could profoundly affect the belongs to the Western Guinean integrity of both water resources and its ichtyoregion, sector Eburnéo-Ghanaian biodiversity. To expand the scope for (Daget and Iltis, 1965; Hugueny and assessing the potential impacts human Lévêque, 1994; Paugy et al., 1994). This stresses impose on freshwater small coastal river is located in lowland ecosystems, it is imperative to collect rainforest. The Ehania River, a tributary relevant information, both on water of the Tano River, has a catchment area resource and its contains living. Ibanez of 1050 km2, a main-channel total length et al. (2007) pointed out that to ensure a of 140 km and a slope of 2.36 m.km-1. Its sound management and sustainable mean annual flow corresponds to 15.7 exploitation of freshwater biodiversity, m3.s-1 (dry season: 14.3 m3.s-1; rainy it is vital to develop a deeper season: 19.8 m3.s-1). Five sampling sites understanding of the factors and were retained in the main-channel from processes that determine aquatic upstream to downstream areas of the diversity at different spatial scales. stream (Fig. 1). The sixth station is The purpose of this study was to located on the Tano River, characterize the spatial and seasonal approximately 1.5 km downstream of patterns in fish assemblage structure in the river mouth Ehania. Table 1 gives Ehania River and to discuss some characteristics of sampling sites. conservation implications. Canopy closure was relatively high in upstream and downstream sites (60- Materials and methods 80%), medium in middle sites (40-60%) Study area and sampling sites and human activities occurred mostly in The Ehania River, located (05°17'– middle courses of Ehania basin (Konan 05°43' N and 02°46'–03°03' W) in the et al., 2006; Konan, 2008). Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 South-East of the Côte d’Ivoire (Fig. 1), 115 Konan et al., Fish diversity and assemblages according to distance from… Figure 1: Location of Ehania River and the sampling sites (S1 to S6). Table 1: Some characteristics of sampling stations identified on the river Ehania. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Position of site on Distance of *Influence of human Sites river source (km) *Canopy (%) activities (%) S1 upstream 7.2 70 65 S2 middle stream 41.2 60 85 S3 middle stream 53.5 40 95 S4 downstream 107.9 60 2 S5 downstream 139 80 50 S6 downstream 140.5 60 5 S1 to S6 = sampling sites. *sources: (Konan et al., 2006; Konan, 2008) Fish sampling December)). The 6 sampling sites were Samples were collected during 6 sampled during each survey. Each site sampling surveys from February 2010 to was also characterized spatially by its December 2010 (i.e. 3 during the rainy distance from the source. The sites season (April, June, October) and 3 covered a river section of approximately during the dry season (February, August, 1.5 km in length (i.e. reach scale). This Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(1) 2015 116 river section length was selected to cover and temporal variations of the diversity a fair degree of habitat heterogeneity. of fish population along the river: Fish were collected with two sets of 8 H’ = -Σqi Log2(qi); where qi is the gillnets of varying mesh (12 mm to 45 relative abundance of each species; mm knot to knot, stretched mesh size), E = H’ / Log2(Rs); where H’ is the allowing the capture of almost all the Shannon’s diversity index and Rs is the fish longer than 80 mm total length. total number of species. These gillnets were 30 m long and 1.5 m Between-sampling sites, differences high. At each sampling occasion, fishing in species richness (number of species, was done overnight (17.00 to 7.00). All Shannon diversity and equitability) were fish specimens were identified evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, according to the identification keys of a non-parametric analysis of variance, Paugy et al. (2003). Each specimen was followed by Mann-Whitney test to measured (standard length) to the identify specific differences. Shannon’s nearest mm and weighed to the nearest diversity index, equitability index and gram. all statistical analyses were carried out by the software Paleotological Statistic Data analysis (PAST) version 2.15 (Hammer et al., Species turnover analysis is important 2001). because it shows the degree to which habitats have been partitioned by Results species; β-diversity values may be used Fish species composition to compare habitat diversity between The composition of fish population different systems; with α-diversity, β- (species, genera, families, order) diversity measure total diversity, or the sampled during this study is shown in Downloaded from jifro.ir at 13:43 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 biotic heterogeneity of a specific area Table 2.