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Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information Speaking for the people asks us to think again about the role of party in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century popular politics. By focusing critical attention on the problematic nature of politicians' claims to represent others, it challenges conventional ideas about both the rise of class politics and the triumph of party between I867 and I9I4. Popular Toryism, the problems of Liberal unity and the growth of Labour are all examined from fresh perspectives. The book emphasises the strongly gendered nature of party politics before the First World War, and sug­ gests that historians have greatly underestimated the continuing impor­ tance of the 'politics of place'. Most importantly, however, Speaking for the people argues that we must break away from teleological notions such as the 'modernisation' of politics, the taming of the 'popular', or the rise of class. Only then will we understand the shifting currents of popular politics. The book as a whole represents a major challenge to the ways in which historians and political scientists have studied the interaction between party politics and popular political cultures. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information Speaking for the people © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information Speaking for the people Party, language and popular politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence University of Liverpool UCAMBRIDGE :> UNIVERSITY PRESS © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521470346 © Cambridge University Press 1998 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1998 First paperback edition 2002 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library 0f Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Lawrence, Jon. Speaking for the people: party, language, and popular politics in England, 1867-1914/ Jon Lawrence. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 47034 X 1. Great Britain – Politics and government –1837–1901. 2. English language – Political aspects – Great Britain. 3. Great Britain – Politics and government – 1901–1936. 4. Political parties – Great Britain – History. 5. Popular culture – Great Britain – History. 6. Political oratory – Great Britain. I. Title. DA560.L29 1998 324’.0941’09034-dc21 97-30166 CIP isbn 978-0-521-47034-6 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-89366-4 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information To Ronald John Lawrence born Bristol, 14 November 1926 and Doreen May Lawrence born Bristol, 8 May 1927 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information Contents List offigures and tables page X Acknowledgements Xl Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 Part I Rethinking popular politics 1 From the rise of 'demos' to the 'rise of class' II 2 Working-class homogeneity reconsidered 26 3 Relocating popular politics 41 Part II A local study: WolverhaInpton, c. 1860-1914 4 Liberal hegemony and its critics 73 5 Popular Toryism and the origins of Labour politics 99 6 Labour and the working class, 1890-1914 128 Part III Party gaInes, 1885-1914 7 Popular politics and the limitations of party 163 8 The fall and rise of popular Liberalism, 1886-I906 194 9 Labour roots, Labour voices, Labour myths Conclusion Bibliography 268 Index 276 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information Figures Figure 4.1 The three-tier structure of the 1871 Wolverhampton page Liberal Association. 89 Figure 6.1 Average Labour vote at Wolverhampton municipal elections, 1896-1914 (by ward). 130 Figure 6.2 The distribution of pre-war Labour addresses (by ward). 131 Figure 6.3 Wolverhampton districts used in the analysis of sampled 1881 census enumerators' returns. 133 Tables Table 4.1 Winning party and percentage majority at Wolverhampton Parliamentary elections, 1885-1910. 75 Table 6.1 The distribution of the Wolverhampton 1881 census sample and proportion of male manual workers by district. 135 Table 6.2 An analysis of employment patterns among Wolverhampton male workers, by district (1881). 136 Table 6.3 Mixed manual/non-manual households by district, Wolverhampton 1881. 138 Table 9.1 The proportion of Labour and Liberal-Labour MPs born locally, and living locally, in 1906. 23 2 Table 9.2 'Demographic stability' and the incidence oflabour candidacies before the First World War. 244 Table 9.3 The changing strength of Conservatism in the English regions (percentage of contests won). 246 Table 9.4 The impact of Labour and socialist candidacies on partisanship in three-party contests in England, 1900-1914. 248 x © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47034-6 - Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867-1914 Jon Lawrence Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements This book has been a long time in the making. When I began working on English popular politics Margaret Thatcher had only just won her second term, John Major was a nobody (no change there), and Tony Blair was little more than a child. Almost a decade and a half later I would like to take this opportunity to thank friends and colleagues who have helped me to think through the problems addressed in this book. Particular mention must go to Steve Tolliday, Alastair Reid, Martin Daunton and Pat Thane for the generous way they encouraged and supported me at times during the 1980s when my confidence was so low that teacher training (or even the City) seemed preferable to a jobless future in academia. Like most historians of my generation I have enjoyed a variety of institutional homes over the past decade: King's College, Cambridge, the Institute of Historical Research, the Cambridge History Faculty, East London Polytechnic (as was), University College London, and since October 1993 the History Department at Liverpool. At each I have found a pleasant, supportive environment in which to undertake my research. No less importantly, during these years of semi-nomadism I have learned much from arguing through my obsessions and my hunches with fellow historians. It is this, rather than dry days in dusty archives, which makes history fun for me - so thanks again to Sally Alexander, Eugenio Biagini, Peter Claus, Krista Cowman, David Feldman, Steve Fielding, Jon Fulcher, Ewen Green, Adrian Gregory, David Jarvis, Paul Johnson, Patrick Joyce, Ross McKibbin, Jon Parry, Jean-Louis Robert, Mike Savage, John Shaw, Nick Stargardt, Duncan Tanner, Deborah Thorn, Amanda Vickery and Jay Winter. Since I would hate anyone to send me a whole manuscript
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