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Bizans Yükseliş Dönemi JOHN JULIUS NORWICH BiZANS il Yükseliş Dönemi KABALCI YAYINEVİ: 392 inceleme-Araştırma Dizisi: 71 John Julius Norwich 1929 yılında doğdu. Toronto, Eton'daki Upper Canada College'da, Strasbourg Üniversitesi'nde ve arada Deniz Kuvvetleri'nde askerliğini yaptıktan sonra, Fransızca ve Rusça diploması aldığı Oxford'daki New College'da eği­ tim gördü. 1952'de Dışişleri'ne girdi, on iki yıl çalıştığı bu birimde, Belgrad ve Bey­ rut elçiliklerinde hizmet verdi ve İngiliz delegasyonuyla Cenevre'deki Silahsızlanma Konferansı'na katıldı. 1964 yılında yazmak gayesiyle işinden istifa etti. Sayısız ve çok çeşitli yayınları arasında şunlar sayılabilir: Penguin tarafından The Normans in Sicily adıyla tek cilt halinde yayımlanmış olan, ortaçağda Sicilya'daki Nor­ mandiya Krallığı üstüne yazdığı iki ciltlik The Normans in the South ve The Kingdom in the Sun adlı kitaplar, iki seyahat kitabı, Mount Athos (Reresby Sitwell'le birlikte) ve Sahara; The Architec.ture of Southern England, Glyndebourne, Christmas Crackers, More Chrsitmas Crackers ve Stili More Christmas Crackers başlıklarıyla üç tane şiir ve nesir antolojisi, iki cilt halinde basılmış olan A History of Venice, üç ciltlik Bizans İmparatorluğu Ta­ rihi, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, Byzantium: The Apogee ve Byzantium; The Decline and Fail, tek ciltlik A Short History of Byzantium ve Shakespeare's Kings. Kitaplarının çoğu Penguin tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak televizyon için otuza yakın belgesel yazmış ve sunmuştur. Venedik ve daha pek çok konuda sürekli konferanslar vermiştir. Lord Norwich yaklaşık otuz yıl Peri! Fund'un Venedik başkanlığını ve lngiltere'de­ ki Dünya Anıtlar Fonu başkan yardımcılığı ve başkanlığını yapmıştır. National Trust'ın yürütme kurulu üyeliğinde bulunmuştur. Kraliyet Edebiyat Topluluğu, Kraliyet Coğ­ rafya Topluluğu ve Londra Eski Eserler Kurumu üyesi olmakla birlikte Ordine al Me­ rito della Repubblica Italiana'nın Commendatore'sidir. 1993 yılında Royal Victorian Order, Commander unvanına layık görülmüştür. johnjulius Norwich Byzantium, TheApogee Vol. 2 Copyright © johnjulius Norwich 1991 (Onk Aj ans Aracılığıyla) Bizans Erken Dönem • Yükseliş Dönemi • Gerileme ve Çöküş Dönemi Bizans I-II-III © Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2012 İstanbul Birinci Baskı: Temmuz 2013, Istanbul Yayın Yönetmeni: Murat Ceyişakar Çevirmen: Selen Hırçın Riegel Kapak Tasarımı: Gökçen Yanlı KABALCI KlTABEVİ DACITIM PAZARLAMA LTD. ŞTI. Sinanpaşa Mah. Ortabahçe Cad. No. 8/A Beşiktaş-Istanbul Tel.: (0212) 327 3322 Faks: (02 12) 261 8254 [email protected] www.kabalciyayinevi.com internetten satış: www.kabalci.com.tr Sertifika No. 11245 l<ÜTÜPHANE BİLGI KARTI Cataloging-in-Publication Data (CIP) Norwich, john julius Bizans I-II-III 1. Roma Tarihi 2. Haçlı Seferleri 3. Konstantinopolis 4. İstanbul ISBN 978 605 5093 02 O ISBN 978 605 5093 00 6 (Takım) Baskı: Ezgi Matbaacılık Tekstil Porselen Inşaat San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Tel.: (0212) 452 2302 [email protected] www.ezgimatbaa.net Sanayi Cad. Altay Sok. No. 14 Çobançeşme Yenibosna-İstanbul Sertifika No. 12142 JOHN JULIUS NORWICH II YükselişBİZANS Dönemi (MS 803-1081) Çevirmen: Selen Hırçın Riegel @ KABALCI YAYINEVi ÇEVİRMENİN NOTU Tarih kitapları çevirilerinde en zorlu işlerden birini yabancı şahıs ve yer adlarının Türkçe'ye nasıl çevirileceği oluşturur. Genel anlamda farklı yöntemler izlenir, kimi isimler Türkçe fon etiğine uygulanırken diğerlerinde orijinal yazılışlara sadık kalınır. Bu kitap açısından ise, Roma lmparatorluğu'nun ikiye ayrılmasından önce�i isim­ lerde Latince, Doğu Roma lmparatorluğu'nda ise giderek daha fazla Eski Yu nanca etkisinde kalınması nedeniyle isimlerin Yu nanca fon etiğine uygun yazılmaları biraz karmaşa yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle okuyucu aynı ismin Constantinus/Konstantinos ya da Nicolaus/Nikolaos vb. yazılışlarını gördüğünde şaşırmamalıdır. Diğer yabancı dillere ait isimlerde de orijinal dildeki yazıma sadık kalınmıştır; ancak Türkçe'ye yay­ gın şekilde girmiş başka bir kullanımı varsa o benimsenmiş ya da parantez içinde be­ lirtilmiştir. Diğer son dönem Bizans kitapları çevirilerinde de bu yöntem izlenmiştir. Ye r adları açısından da aynı şey geçerlidir. Yazar, bu konuda haklı olarak İngilizce okuyan kitleye daha aşina olan Latince yer adlarını benimsemiştir. Türk okuyucuya ise Eski Yu nanca yazılış ve okunuşlar daha aşina olduğundan bazı istisnalar dışında Bizans lmparatorluğu'nun kullandığı Eski Yu nanca yazılışlar temel alınmıştır. Bu ne­ denle başta Konstantinopolis olmak üzere yer adları Bizans döneminde kullanıldıkları şekliyle yazılmış, bu yer adlarının günümüzde kullanılan Türkçe karşılıkları parantez içinde verilmiş, yazarın belirtmeye gerek görmediği ancak Türk okuyucunun yakın­ dan tanıdığı, ülke sınırları dahilinde bulunan yer adları da bunlara eklenmiştir. Çevirmen Selen Hırçın Riegel İÇİNDEKİLER Gir iş ........ ............................ .... ..... ............................ ..... .............................. 15 1. Krum / [800-814] ......................................................................................... 17 2. İkonoklazmanın Dönüşü / [814-829] ........................................................... 32 3. Theophilos / [829-842] ................................................................................ 47 4. İkonaların Dönüşü / [842-856) ..................................................................... 56 5. Patrikler ve Komplolar / [857-866) ............................................................... 63 6. Çifte Cinayet/ [866-867] .............................................................................. 74 7. Makedon Basileios / [867-886] ..................................................................... 83 8. Bilge Leon / [886-912] .................................................................................. 93 9. Romanos'un Yü kselişi/ [912-920] .............................................................. 108 10. Yu muşak Gaspçı/ [920-948] ...................................................................... 121 11. Tahsilli İmparator / [945-963] .................................................................... 138 12. Müslümanların Beyaz Ölümü / [963-969] .................................................. 153 13. Ioannes Tsimiskes (Çimiskes) / [969-976] .................................................. 174 14. Genç Basileios/ [976-989) .......................................................................... 188 15. Bulgar Kasabı / [989-1025) ......................................................................... 199 16. Çöküş Başlar / [1025-1041) ........................................................................ 214 17. Paphlagonia Hanedanının Sonu / [1041-1042] ........................................... 232 18. Konstantinos Monomakhos ve Bölünme / [1042-1055] .............................. 242 19. Felaketin Başlangıcı / [1055-1059] ............................................................. 257 20. Malazgirt/ [1059-1071] ............................................................................. 267 İmparatorlar Listesi ................... .... ....... ...... .... ........................ .... ................ 285 Müslüman Sultanlar Listesi. ............... ............... ........... ...... ........................ 287 Patrikler Listesi ........................................................................................... 288 Papalar Listesi .. ..... ........... ....... ....... ......... ....... .................................... ....... 289 Kaynakça ............ , ....................................................................................... 291 Dizin ...... ...................... : ............................................................................. 296 Ye r Adları Dizini ......................................................................................... 302 BlZANS II Yükseliş Dönemi (MS 803-1081) RES!M LlSTESl Charlemagne'nin büstü, yaklaşık 1350 (Üstte) lkonoklazma çatışması: Patrik Nikolaos, loannes Grammatikos'a zafer kazanmış halde. Chludov Psalter, IX. yüzyıl (Karşı Sayfa) İmparator avlanırken, ipek kumaş, Konstantinopolis, IX. (?) yüzyıl (Üstte) Isa, Meryem, Baş Melekler ve Havariler, kubbe mozaiği, IX. yüzyıl sonu, Kutsal Bilgelik Kilisesi, Selanik (Karşı sayfa) Aziz Mikhael ve savaşçı azizler, altın, emay ve mücevherlerle bezeli ikona, XI. ya da Xll. yüzyıl, San Marco Hazinesi'nde, Venedik (Üstte) Isa tarafından tacı takılan İmparator VII. Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, fildişi rölyef, yaklaşık 944 (Karşı sayfa) Meryem ve Çocuk Isa, fildişi heykel, XI. ya da Xll. yüzyıl. lko­ noklazma sonrası günümüze kalan çok nadide parçalardan biridir. Batı lmparatoru ll. Otto ve karısı Theophano, kollarında Ill. Otto adıyla tahta geçecek oğlunu tutar halde. Fildişi panodan bir detay, yaklaşık 980. Taç giyen Batı İmparatoru Ill. Otto, Reichenau ya da imparatorluk sarayında resmedilmiş bir Evangelion'dan, yaklaşık 998 lmparator II. Basileios, yaklaşık 1017 imparatoriçe !rene (797-802), İmparator VI. Leon (886-912) (Sol) lsa'nın taç taktığı İmparator I. Romanos Lekapenos (920-944), arka yüzünde (sağda) İm­ parator Vll. Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos (913-959) ve ortak İmparator Khristophoros (921-931) lmparator II. Nikephoros Phokas (963-969) ve Il. Basileios (963-1035) İmparator I. lsaakios Komnenos (1057-1059) İmparator Vll. Mikhael (1071-1078) ve karısı İmparatoriçe Maria Dukas Kapadokya (üstte), Göreme Vadisi (solda), El Nazar Kilisesi (Karşı sayfa üstte), Meryem Ana (Kılıçlar Kuşluk) Kilisesi'ndeki freskler, XI. ya da XII. yüzyıl (Karşı sayfa altta) Baş Melek Cebrail, Tokalı
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