Notes

Listed here are only the main sources. Newspaper articles are mostly given in the text.

1 The Media War

1. Carl-Gustaf Lilius's article on self-censorship in , Dagens Nyheter, 13 May 1997; see Vladimirov, 1993. 2. H. Peter Krosby 1978 s. 165-7; see also The Times, 24 October 1968. 3. A great deal has been written in Europe about Finlandisation; for example, H. Peter Krosby, 1978. Self-censorship - that is, timid and over-cautious journalism - was characteristic of Finlandisation. Be­ cause of the theme of this book, Finlandisation is discussed in several connections - for example, in the chapter on . 4. Interview with President , 1995 and Paul, 1997. 5. Seppinen, 1997, pp. 137-44. 6. Geoffrey Smith, The Times, 24 October 1968, and interview with Geoffrey Smith, 1995. 7. Interview with State Secretary, Matti Tuovinen, of the Finnish For­ eign Ministry, 1996; and Tuovinen's diary, 1977. 8. Statements of the Soviet Embassy in concerning the so-called dissident campaign of the socialist countries 10 March 1977, staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f5, 073 n:o 1742. Inter­ view with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 9. Manninen, 1994, pp. 332-4. 10. Paasikiven piiiviikirjat I osa, Nevakivi, 1995, for example, pp. 104-10, 261-4 (President Paasikivi's diaries). 11. Nortamo, 1991, HS kuukausiliite no. 17 (August supplement of Helsingin Sanomat). 12. The definition of self-censorship was developed in preparing this book; it applies explicitly to the Finnish media between 1945 and 1991. 13. Lilius, Kanava no. 1, 1975 and 1988. 14. Paasilinna, 1995, p. 24, and see Adzhubei, 1988, pp. 125-6. 15. Lilius, 1975 and 1988. 16. Nortamo, 1991. 17. See Salminen, 1979, pp. 10-12. 18. Uskali, 1994, pp. 31-5; Paasilinna, 1995. 19. U skali, 1994, Salminen, 'Sensuurin alta itseniiiseksi', Suo men Kuvalehti, 11 June 1993. 20. See, for example, Salminen, 1976, pp. 193-200. 21. This idea has been the basis of Finnish caution in foreign policy through­ out history. The collapse of the , however, has had the result that leading politicians began to re-evaluate the geographical limitations placed on Finland in the mid-1990s. This has taken place

177 178 Notes

in discussions on security policy, such as the debate on NATO mem­ bership for Finland. 22. After the Second World War, President J.K. Paasikivi instilled an at­ titude of caution in the leading newspapers in dealing with matters of foreign policy. Paasikivi's memoirs reveal his resolve in resisting Rus­ sian demands. 23. For example, debate in the press following the return of the Porkkala naval base to Finland in 1956; see Salminen, 1982. 24. Radio speech by President on 25 January 1959, see Salminen, 1982 pp. 1-62.

2 A Programme of Silence

1. Minutes of the plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 30 December 1986, RTHSD f 89 0 5 No st 34/6b, Extensive plan for ideological work in Finland. See also Suomi, 1994, pp. 271-3, 332. Oleg Gordievsky and Inna Rogachi, 'Sokea Peili', Helsinki 1997, p. 184. 2. Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, Journal of I. A. Kosachev, 19 May 1977, staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 73, no. 1748. 3. Jakobson, 1992, p. 144, Sailas-Susiluoto-Valkonen, 1996, p. 74, Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, Journal of Farafonov, 29 May 1968; Gordievsky and Rogachi, Sokea pei/i, p. 199. 4. Rogachi and Gordievsky, 1997, Sokea peili, Juva. Also Image-Iehti, no. 4, 1997. 5. Farafonov's journal; see also CPSU Central Committee minutes (note 2 above), Extensive plan for ideological work in Finland, 30 Decem­ ber 1986. 6. Jakobson, 1992, pp. 145-6; Interview with Matti Tuovinen, 1996. 7. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. See minutes of the CPSU Cen­ tral Committee, 20 December 1986 (note 2 above). 8. Karen, 1994, pp. 239-40. 9. Suomi, 1994, pp. 273. 10. Jakobson, 1992, p. 136. Vihavainen, 1991 pp. 286-8; Wiio, Kekkosen ajan viestinniistii (On the Media under Kekkonen), unpublished manu­ script, 1994. 11 Wiio, 1994. 12. Salminen, 1988, Suomen lehdiston historia 3, pp. 292-3. 13. Wiio, 1994. 14. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 15. Haataja-PietiHi-Pietiiiinen, 1996. 16. Interviews with Antero Laine, 1996, and Pentti Poukka, 1994. 17. The principles of the Finnish Journalists Union 1983, e.g. Sanoma­ lehtimies-lournalisten, 1983. 18. Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten, 6 December 1990. 19. Debate on self-censorship in Sanomalehtimies-loumalisten, for example, in April 1990; and column by Sarkkinen in Uusi Suomi, June 1990. 20. Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten, 6 December 1990; and Wiio, 1994. Notes 179

21. Kuusi, Kanava no. 8, 1978; and Soto, Niikopiiri no. 4, 1982.

3 Moscow Tightens its Grip

1. Information memorandum of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, 25 April 1967; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD, f 5,059, no. 367. 2. Ibid. 3. Statements of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki concerning the so-called dissident campaign of the socialist countries, 10 March 1977; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 73, no 1742. 4. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 5. Interview with Seppo Sarlund, 1995. See also Urho Kekkonen Archives, correspondence with the editor-in-chief of Suomenmaa, 9 February 1970 and 23 March 1970. 6. Interview with Erkki Laatikainen, 1995. 7. Interview with Heikki Tikkanen, 1994. 8. Official remarks from the Soviet Embassy about articles printed in Uusi Suomi on 26 and 28 June 1968, 12 L Archives of the Foreign Ministry. 9. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 10. Memorandum of the Coalition Party (Kokoomus) office concerning Uusi Suomi, Spring 1993; and interview with Pentti Poukka, 1994. 11. Letter from Raimo Ilaskivi to Urho Kekkonen, 5 April 1971, Urho Kekkonen Archives. Letter from Ilmari Laukkonen to the author, 30 April 1995. 12. Consulate General of the USSR in , Finland, Journal of P. G. Krekoten, 12 August 1971; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 63, no. 646. 13. Interview with Jan Magnus Jansson, 1994; letter from Jansson to the author, 3 June 1996; interview with Carl-Gustaf Lilius, 1996. 14. Interview with Birger Th6lix, 1994. 15. Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 28 November 1972, f 4, o 22, no. 586, and Vladimirov, 1993, p. 213. 16. Official remarks on anti-Soviet articles submitted to the Foreign Min­ istry, Fenno-Russian relations, 12, L, Archives of the Foreign Ministry. 17. Ibid., and Kung 1976, pp. 223-4. 18. Statements of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki concerning the so-called dissident campaign of the socialist countries, 10 March 1977; staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 73, no 1742. 19. Suomi, 1994, p. 332; and interview with , 1995. 20. Interview with Stefan Smirnov; Kekkonen, 1976, pp. 117-19; Laitinen, 1982, pp. 113-14. 21. Interview with Aimo Kairamo and letter from Kairamo to the author, 29 January 1966. 22. Letter from Erkki Kauppila to the author 26 October 1994. 23. Ibid; see Alenius, 1995. 180 Notes

4 Darkness Falls

1. Salminen, 1976, p. 159; and 1979, pp. 79-88. 2. Murtonen, 1995 and Dubcek, 1993. 3. Dubcek, 1933, pp. 179-88. 4. Interview with Heikki Tikkanen. 5. H. Peter Krosby, 1978; Haikio, 1993, pp. 115, 252. 6. Telegram from Leonid Brezhnev to Urho Kekkonen, Correspondence 1973, Urho Kekkonen Archives. 7. 1996, Interview with Erkki Teikari 1995. 8. Salminen, 1979; Interview with Simo Juntunen, 1966. 9. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995; Ylinen, 1994. 10. Hakkinen-Kankaanpaa, 1995, pp. 147-50. 11. Salokangas, 1966, pp. 322-31. 12. Ibid. 13. Iivonen, 1992, pp. 67-102; Narvanen, 1995; see also Iivonen, 1986, pp. 143-5. 14. Kanava, 1981, n:o 3. 15. Salminen, 1989, p. 7. 16. Helsingin Sanomat, 17 April and 17 May 1975; and Uusi Suomi, 15 May 1975. 17. Interview with Janne Virkkunen, 1994. 18. Interview with Heikki Tikkanen, 1994.

5 Soviet Propaganda Fails

1. Interview with Mikko Pohtola; see Suomen Kuvalehti, n:o 2111984. 2. Ibid. 3. Interviews with Mauno Koivisto, 1995 and Martti Huhtamaki, 1995. 4. Interview with Mauno Koivisto. 5. Koivisto, 1994, pp. 116-21 and 127. 6. Interview with Mikko Pohtola, see also Vaisanen, 1992, pp. 49-54. 7. Interview with Janne Virkkunen, 1994. 8. See Helsingin Sanomat and Uusi Suomi, 3 March 1983. 9. Koivisto, 1994, pp. 87-91. 10. Above-mentioned minutes of the plenary session of the Central Com­ mittee of the CPSU, 20 December 1986. 11. Nortamo, HS-kuukausiliite elokuu 1991 (Helsingin Sanomat, monthly supplement, August 1991). 12. Above-mentioned minutes of the plenary session of the Central Com­ mittee of the CPSU, 20 December 1986; see also statement by Lauri Haataja in Hufvudstadsbladet, 3 July 1997. 13. Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten, 11 May 1987. 14. Interview with Aarno Laitinen, 1996. 15. Letter from Valdemar Melanko to the author, 8 December 1995.

6 Gorbachev's Time-Bomb

1. Kiin-Ruutsoo-Tarand, 1990, pp. 7-15; and Lukkari, 1996, pp. 131-7. 2. Jukka Vehkasalo, Kymen Sanomat, 21 May 1994. Notes 181

3. Heikinheimo, HS, 25 October 1981. 4. Kuldsepp, 1993, pp. 24-5. Also in Finland, some 500 books were banned immediately after the Second World War. 5. Meri, 1995, pp. 242-9. 6. Hoyer-Laukk-Vihalemm, 1993, pp. 211-26; Kaplinski, 1995, pp. 108-9. 7. Paasilinna, 1995, pp. 79-80. 8. Interview with Teuvo Mallinen, 1994. 9. HS Kuukausiliite 4/1996, Tshernobylin perint6. (Article on Chernobyl in monthly supplement 4/96 of Helsingin Sanomat) 10. Salminen, 1982, pp. 146-8. 11. Simopekka Nortamo, Helsingin Sanomat, 14 January 1995. 12. Max Jakobson, Tampereen yliopiston viikkolehti 2/1992. 13. Interview with Tapani Ruokanen, 1996; Birger Tholix, Suomen Lehdisto 4/1995. Column by Pentti Sadeniemi on self-censorship, Helsingin Sanomat, 20 March 1996. 14. Interview with Janne Virkkunen, 1994.

7 The Exaggerated Soviet Threat

1. Interview with Geoffrey Smith, 1995. Smith's article The Times, 29 October 1968. 2. The Times, 24 October 1968; see, for example, H. Peter Krosby, 1978, pp. 165-7 and pp. 221-7. 3. Interview with Geoffrey Smith, 1995. 4. Interviews with William Rees-Mogg, 1995 and Geoffrey Smith, 1995. 5. Taimi Torvinen, 1982, pp. 87-92. 6. Seumour-Ure, 1994, pp. 232-3. On the D-notice system and secrecy in the British press, see Ponting, 1990, pp. 28-51; and Leigh, 1990 pp. 57-69. On the liberal concept of the free press, see Curran-Seaton, 1988, pp. 246-59. On the media and democracy, see Keane, 1991. 7. Interview with Rees-Mogg, 1995. See also Grigg, 1995, pp. 340-3. 8. Interview with Smith, 1995. 9. Interview with D. M. Pulvertaft, 1996. 10. Interview with Colin Sparks, 1995. 11. See Geoffrey Smith's article in The Times, 24 October 1968, and The Times, 3 November 1978. 12. Simopekka Nortamo, HS:n kuukausiliite elok. 1991 (Helsingin Sanomat's monthly supplement August 1996), Jukka Tarkka, Helsingin Sanomat, 28 January 1978.

8 Finlandisation: A European Nightmare

1. For example, H. Peter Krosby, 1978, pp. 218-19. 2. Interviews with Dieter Ross, 1995 and Herbert Kremp, 1995. 3. Soviet Embassy report, 25 April 1967; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 059 no 367. 4. H. Peter Krosby, 1978, pp. 221-2. 5. Torvinen, 1982, pp. 170-1; interview with Herbert Kremp, 1995. 6. Ibid. 7. For example, VaItonen, 1994. 182 Notes

8. UlkoministeriOn lehdistokatsaus N:o 11/1976 (Finnish Foreign Ministry Press Review) on the article in Neues Deutschland, 4/5 December 1976; see also op. cit. N:o 8/1977. On West German press comments on Finlandisation and the related appointment of President Kekkonen by a special act, see Valtonen, 1994 and FAZ, 1 July 1980. 9. See Dagens Nyheter, 28 June 1976. Sjalvcensur styr journalister i Fin­ land. Salminen, 1979, pp. 79-88. 10. Interview with Jar! Torbacke, 1996, and letter from Torbacke to the author, 18 March 1986; also Dagens Nyheter, 3 March 1996. 11. Interview with Olof Santesson, 1994. 12. Ibid. 13. Von Platen, 1994, pp. 248-9; interview with Max Jakobson 1996. 14. Vecko-lournalen, 31 October 1973; Press review of the Finnish Em­ bassy in Stockholm, 31 October 1973. UlkoministeriOn lehdistokatsaukset (Press Review of the Finnish Foreign Ministry). 15. See, for example, Helsingin Sanomat, 9-10 May 1996, Jakobson ja Suomen Nato-keskustelu. As a whole, press debate and discussion on Finnish security policies was very open in 1996 and 1997. A good example is the discussion that resulted from Boris Yeltsin's proposal of joint border control with Finland. Sources and Bibliography

Archives of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (RTHSD), Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVPRF, Moscow)

Sections (Fond) 1960-1986 RTHSD, Fond 4, Secretariat of the Central Committee, 5 Staff of the Central Committee, 89 International Department of the Central Com­ mittee. In the notes the documents are referred to in the following order: Fond == f (archive section), Opis == 0 (list), Delo == no (folder)

Archives of the Finnish Foreign Ministry

12 L, documents on Fenno-Soviet relations 1968-1981; 18-14 NLO, documents on Fenno-Soviet relations 1982-1989; DHA, review of the domestic press 1960-1989; DHB, Finland in the foreign press 1960-1989.

Archives of the Finland-Soviet Union Society (Finland-Russia Society)

Statements, presentations and press clippings 1960-1975.

Library of the Institute of Russian and East European Studies, Helsinki

Copies of records and presentations concerning the Finnish press and the Finnish Broadcasting Company, press clippings collection, 1969-1989.

The Urho Kekkonen Archives, The Presidential Archive Foundation

(Orimattila, Finland) Presidential correspondence 1960-1979

Private Collections

The Simopekka Nortamo collection of materials related to self-censorship, press clippings, presentations etc. Material related to Kari Suomalainen's collections of drawings and car­ toons, used in connection with interviews.

Finnish Interviews and Personal Communications

Ahonen, Sirkka, docent 1994 Auvinen, Mauri, professor 1996

183 184 Sources and Bibliography

Burman, Pauli, editor-in-chief 1995 Haikonen, Jyrki, M.PoI.Sc. 1995 Hemanus, Pertti, professor 1996 Huhtamaki, Martti, managing director 1995 Hurmerinta, alavi, artist 1995 Iivonen, Jyrki, Dr.PoI.Sc., researcher Jakobson, Max, minister 1996 Jansson, Jan-Magnus, professor 1994 Juntunen, Simo M.PoI.Sc 1996 Kaario, Martti, M.Sc. (Eng.) 1996 Kairamo, Aimo, columnist 1995 Kauppila, Erkki, editor-in-chief 1994 Kivinen, alIi, columnist 1996 Koivisto, Mauno, president 1995 Kulha, Keijo K. editor-in-chief 1994 Laatikainen, Erkki, editor-in-chief 199 Laine, Antero, chairman 1996 Laitinen, Aarno, journalist 1996 Lampinen, Esko, teacher, 1995 Laukkonen, I1mari, editor-in-chief 1994 Lilius, Carl-Gustaf, artist 1996 Liljestrom, Heikki, journalist 1996 Mallinen, Teuvo, editor-in-chief 1994 Nortamo, Simopekka, editor-in-chief 1995 Nordenstreng, Kaarle, professor 1996 Numminen, Juha, journalist 1995 Pohtola, Mikko, press counsellor 1996 Poukka, Pentti, editor-in-chief 1994 Ruokanen, Tapani, editor-in-chief 1996 Sarlund, Seppo, editor-in-chief 1995 Sitari, Pentti, editor-in-chief 1994 Stenstrom, Bo, editor-in-chief 1994 Suomalainen, Kari, professor 1995 Syvanen, Eero, editor-in-chief 1995 Teikari, Erkki, editor-in-chief 1995 Tholix, Birger, editor-in-chief 1995 Vento, Seppo, editor-in-chief 1996 Vesikansa, Jyrki, Lic.phil. 1995 Virkkunen, Janne, editor-in-chief 1995 Virmavirta, Jarmo, editor-in-chief 1995 Wiio, Osmo A., professor 1994

Foreign Interviews and Personal Communications

Akulov, Albert, former Embassy Secretary of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, 1995 Kremp, Herbert, former editor-in-chief of Die Welt, 1995 Pulvertaft, D. M., Rear-Admiral, Secretary of the DA Notice committee, 1996 Sources and Bibliography 185

Rees-Mogg, William, columnist, former editor-in-chief of The Times, 1995 Ross, Dieter, professor, University of Hamburg Santesson, Olof, editorial chief, Dagens Nyheter, 1995 Sidorov, Igor, editor-in-chief, St Petersburg, 1995 Smirnov, Stefan, expert on Finland with the International Department of the CPSU 1968-1986, interviewed 1995. Smith, Geoffrey, former leading article editor, The Times, 1995 Sparks, Colin, researcher, University of Westminster, 1995 Torbacke, Jarl, professor, University of Stockholm, 1996

Written Communications

Erkko, Aatos, minister, April 26, 1996 Jansson, Jan-Magnus, professor, June 3, 1996 Kairamo, Aimo, columnist, January 29, 1996 Kauppila, Erkki, editor-in-chief, October 26, 1994 Laukkonen, Ilmari, editor-in-chief, April 30, 1995 Melanko, Valdemar, director, December 8, 1995 Poukka, Pentti, editor-in-chief, February 20, 1995 Torbacke, Jar!, professor, Stockholm, March 18, 1996

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Aaitonen, Aimo 62 Bobrikov, Nikolai 14 Aamulehti 33, 47, 71, 73, 74-5, Boll, Heinrich 86 76, 82, 83 Bonner Rundschau 160 Abo Underriittelser 108 books, smuggling 125 Adzhubei, Alexei 8-9, 27 border controls, joint Russian- Afghanistan 2, 13, 77, 88-9, 107, Finnish 150 117, 125, 129, 143, 144, 156, Brandt, Willy 152, 153, 154, 155 169, 174 Brezhnev doctrine 71, 77 AFP 43,46 Brezhnev, Leonid 13, 26-7, 38, Africa 144, 156 44, 56, 62-3, 77-8, 79, 80, 91, Aftenposten 164 106, 110, 117, 128, 129, 130, Aftonbladet 160 148, 16~ 168, 17~ 173 Aho, Erkki 101 Finnish press views of 69-75 Ahtisaari, President Martti 150 Brice, Byron 15 Akulov, Albert 22, 42, 44 Brotherus, Heikki 33 Albania 1 Brown, David 149 Albinsson-Biihner, Goran 166 1 Allied Control Commission, Burman, Pauli 39 Helsinki 6, 16, 164 Amin, Hafizullah 88 Carter, President Jimmy 38 Anckar, Dag 80 cartoonists 56-7, 117, 172-3 Anderson, Amos 49 casualties, Chernobyl 132-3 Andropov, Yuri 128, 129 CDU 152, 159-60 Anthal, Jussi 73 censorship 77 AP 43,76,89 Estonia 126-7 APN 22,24,40,41,47,83, 91, Gulag Archipelago 87-8 92,95, 111, 116, 117, 173 Second World War 14, 15 armistice, Fenno-Soviet 100 Soviet Union 11-12, 168 atomic energy, health risks 132-3 see also self-censorship Aurora 73 37, 39-40, 58, 60, Austad, Mark 53-4 62, 71, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 100, 152 102, 108, 113, 132, 134, 159, 164 Baltic States 12, 38, 44, 46, 52, Chernenko, Konstantin 57, 54, 58, 98, 120-1, 126, 163, 106-7, 117, 128, 129 164, 170 Chernobyl 13, 131-4 refugees l21-2 Chile 107 Bartenyev, T. 116 China 37-8, 44 BBC 93, 147, 159 Churchill, Winston 15, 97, 147 Beglov, Spartak 22, 83 CIA 41 Belyakov, Alexei 21, 53 civil liberties 74 Berlin 152 Coalition Party 24, 43, 44, 45, Bibles, smuggling 125 47, 50, 58, 101, 172

190 Index 191

Cold War 1, 2, 3, 12, 43, 108, 1, 62, 140, 152, 143, 152, 160, 171, 176 153-4, 158-60, 172, 174 collective farms, Soviet 95-7 Enckell, Ralph 134 Commentary 150 Erkko, Aatos 42, 110 Commonwealth of Independent Erkko, Eljas 41-2, 57 States 135 Eskola, Antti 28 Communist Party of Finland 6, espionage, Finland 4 23-4, 41, 55, 59, 62, 63, 64, Estonia 10, 12, 13, 44, 54, 120-8, 82-3, 90, 93, 111, 148, 159, 134 164-5, 172 Estonian Communist Party 124, Communist Party of the Soviet 126 Union (CPSU) 11, 30, 39, Estonian Foreign Policy Institute 41, 44, 47, 56, 58, 61, 159, 126 168, 173 Eurocommunism 41, 63 anti-Gorbachev coup 134-7 Euromissile 116 congress 1981 70 European Economic Community pressure on Kansan Uutiset (EEC) 3, 24, 58, 150, 165 62-5 European Free Trade Association propaganda in Finland 21-6, (EFTA) 3 50, 114-16, 175 (EU) 3, 150, views of Finland 51 167, 176 coup, anti-Gorbachev 134-7, Express 52 157 Expressen 87, 160, 161 CSCE 81, 102, 121, 148, 163 Cultural Revolution, China 37 Farafonov, G. N. 23 1, 13, 41, 58, 63, Fenno-Soviet Pact 3, 5, 17, 18, 71, 72, 75-80, 89, 107, 144, 25, 32, 40, 45, 46, 47, 53, 58, 148,164,169,170,174 76, 80-2, 83, 84, 95, 98, 99, 102, 108, 111, 112, 115, 116, D-notices 144, 145, 146-7 117-18, 119, 134, 138, 139, Dagens Nyheter 13, 74, 112, 118, 157, 158, 162, 165, 170, 171, 12~ 14~ 160, 161, 16~ 16~ 173, 174 165, 167 Fields, Donald 147 Dahl, Birgitta 133 Financial Times 147, 150 Daily Telegraph 73, 148 Finland democracy 85-6, 135, 142, 171 attitudes to Soviet Union 13-14 2, 155, 160 Brezhnev-Kosygin era 26-8 Der Spiegel 72, 118 British views 141-50 Deryabin, Yuri 87-8, 100 foreign policy 18-20, 82-5, detente 73, 93, 101, 152, 159 93-4, 98-100, 101-2, Die Welt 13, 143, 144, 152, 153, 106-8, 109, 116, 131, 154-5 156-7 Die Welt am Sonntag 155 Grand Duchy 14 dissidents, Soviet Union 13, history 97-8, 155-6 54-6, 58, 65, 74, 93 independence 109, 114 Doehl, Klaus 159-60 Left 27-30 Donner, Jorn 166 media freedom 4-7 DPA 89 Second World War 48 Dubcek, Alexander 71, 77 Soviet aims 5-6 192 Index

Finland - continued Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Soviet embassy 2, 21, 22, 37, 120, 152, 153, 155, 157, 40, 42, 44, 45-6, 88, 95 159-60, 164 Soviet propaganda 21-6 Frankfurter Rundschau 153 Swedish press treatment 160-5 free speech, control 12, 53 Western support 3-4 freedom of speech 10-12, 138, Finland-Soviet Union Society 31, 141, 143 47-8, 55, 62, 82, 91, 92-3, Friendship, Co-operation and 101, 102, 139, 174 Mutual Assistance, Fenno­ Finlandisation 2, 7, 8, 67, 72, 78, Soviet Pact see Fenno-Soviet 80, 83, 84, 98-9, 108, 110, Pact 140, 142, 147, 150-1, 156-7, FSB 23 162, 166, 175, 176 Fydorov, Vladimir 51, 63 East German views 158-60 media 33 Gennrich, Klaus 164-5 threat to Western Europe 152-5 German Democratic Republic Finnish Association of see East Germany Newspapers 66-7 Germany 157, 160 Finnish Broadcasting Company division 152 (YLE) 7, 21, 29, 33-5, 43, Nazi 14, 48, 157, 161 51,53,76, 86-7,90-5, 104, reunification 137, 156 110, 130, 147, 174 Germany, Federal Republic 58, 77, Finnish Communist Party 6, 78, 85, 89, 132, 151, 159, 169 23-4, 41, 55, 59, 62, 63, 64, glasnost 114, 128, 130, 131, 135, 82-3, 90, 93, 111, 148, 159, 173,174 164-5, 172 Glavlit 9, 11, 12, 126, 127 Finnish Embassy Golz, Rudiger von der 157 Moscow 53 Gomulka, Wladislav 77 United States 53-4 Gorbachev, Mikhail 107, 128-30, Finnish News Agency (STT) 15, 131, 134-7, 156, 157 24, 43, 52, 109, 133 Grechko, Andrei 56 Finnish People's Democratic Grenada 107, 109 League 62, 63 'grey notes' 161, 162 24 Gromyko, Andrei 19, 129 Finnish Union of Journalists 30-2, GRU 23 101, 116, 139, 174 Guardian 147 Finnish-American Societies 31 Gulag Archipelago 87 First World War 157 Foreign Ministry, Finland 5, 21, Hamalainen, Timo 87 25, 37, 43, 44, 51-3, 54, 66, Harrisburg 132, 133 102, 116-17, 154 Havel, Vac1av 31 foreign policy, Finland 18-20, Heikinheimo, Seppo 123-4 82-5, 93-4, 98-100, 101-2, Helsingin Sanomat 5, 19-20, 26, 106-8, 109, 116, 131, 138, 27, 33, 37, 38, 41-4, 45, 52, 156-7 54-5, 56, 57, 58, 61, 65, 66, 75, 109, 122 67-8, 71-2, 73-4, 78, 80, 81, Communist Party 64 82, 84, 86, 91, 99-100, 101, press 151 103-4, 110, 112, 116, 117, 120, Frankfurt School 30 122, 125, 138-9, 14~ 150 Index 193

Hetemaki, Pavia 45 Kampuchea 144 history, teaching 97-8, 100-2 Kanava 33, 150 Hitler, Adolf 48, 157 Kansan Uutiset 21, 23-4, 38, 41, Hagnas, Tor 165 55, 62-5, 70, 76, 79, 82-3, Holkeri, Harri 58, 75 136-7 Honecker, Erich 158 Kaplinski, Jaan 128 Horizont 158 Kare, Kauko 126 H0yer, Svennik 126 Karelia 10, 24, 27, 58, 101, 134, Hufvudstadbladet 49-50, 82, 95, 149, 162 122, 158, 161, 163-4 Karen, Lauri 26, 66 human rights 54, 68, 98 Kari 20,41,43,57,61, 172-3 1, 2, 18, 66, 75, 77, 79, Karjalainen, Ahti 37, 53, 57, 60, 158, 169 93, 110, 148 hydrogen bombs 134 Karjalan Maa 60 Hymy 52 Karmal, Babrak 88 Kauppalehti 22, 115 IFJ 31 Kauppila, Erkki 41, 63, 64-5 Iiaskivi, Raimo 47 Kekkonen, President Urho 3-4, Ilkka 60, 132, 134 5, 9-10, 17-20, 22, 23, 27, 28, Ilta Sanomat 5, 43, 52, 55, 106, 29, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 109 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, Iltaset 52 57, 58, 59-60, 61, 66, 70-1, Index on Censorship 8, 67, 147 78, 80-2, 92, 99, 109, 110, Insinooriuutiset 66 112, 113, 119, 134, 138, 141, International Atomic Energy 142-3, 147, 148, 150, 153, 154, Commission 133 156, 158, 163, 164, 165-6, 170, International Organisation of 172 Journalists 30-1, 174 illness 103-5 International Press Institute 41 Keskipohjanmaa 60 Iron Curtain 15,97-8, 117, 127 Keskisuomalainen 84 Islam 88 Ketonen, Irja 48 Israel 163 KGB 1, 9, 21, 22, 61, 135, 136, italehti 73, 106 169 , Communist Party 64 Khrushchev, Nikita 9, 19, 26, 27, Izvestiya 24 56, 62-3, 134 Kissinger, Henry 26 Jaaskelainen, Jarmo 33 Kiuru, Sakari 147 Jakobson, Max 25, 138, 158, 159, Koivisto, President Mauno 3, 45, 166, 167 62,76,79, 106-12, 141, 147, Jansson, Jan-Magnus 49-50, 148, 156, 157 163-4 kolkhoz 95-7 Johansen, Jahn-Otto 112 Komissarov, Yuri 100, 116 journalism of friendship 117-19 Korhonen, Keijo 55-6, 158 journalists 108-10 Koroma, Johannes 45 Juntunen, Simo 61 Kosachev, I. A. 22 Kossov, Valentin 61-2 Kadar, Janos 77 Kosygin, Alexei 26-7, 37, 80 Kairamo, Aimo 39, 40, 61-2 Kovalev, Andrei 21, 37 Kalela, J aakko 56 Kovalyo, Nikolai 23 194 Index

Krekoten, P. G. 47, 48 freedom 4-7, 10-12 Kremp, Herbert 153, 155-6 'friendship seminars' 101-2 Kuldsepp, Toivo 126 image of Gorbachev 128-30 Kurjensaari, Matti 67 Russia 137-8 Kuusi, Matti 35-6 self-censorship 7-8, 9-10, 27 Kuusinen, Hertta 6 Soviet 1, 128, 168 Kuusinen, Otto-Ville 6, 28 Western 3-4 Mehlem, Max 19 Laatikainen, Erkki 84 Melanko, Valdemar 118 labour camps 125 Mendelson, Steve 117 Lacquer, Walter 150-1 Meri, President Lennart 124, Laine, Antero 31 126-7 Laitinen, Viljo 60 Mertanen, Teo 37, 43, 57 Lalli 60 Miettunen, Martti 158 Latvia 44, 122 military exercises, joint Soviet- Lauk, Epp 126 Finnish 149-50 Le Monde 109, 132, 151 Moisayev, Ivan 66 Lebedev, V Z. 17 Molotov, Vyatsheslav 6, 48 Left Moskovskie Novosti 72 broadcast media 34-5 Murdoch, Rupert 143, 145 Finnish 27-30, 60, 84, 98, 175 press 31, 80, 83 Niikopiiri 125 Leino, V 48 NATO 2-3, 77, 81, 107, 111-12, Lenin, V I. 11, 74-5, 109, 121, 116, 131, 152, 155, 159, 160, 135 167, 168, 173 Leskinen, Vaino 44, 46, 47, 52 Nazi Germany 14, 48, 157, 161 'letter of the forty' 120, 128 Neue Zuricher Zeitung 19, 79 liberalism 10-11, 29 Neues Deutschland 158 'Liimatainen' 78 New York Times 43, 103-4, 104, Lilius, Carl-Gustaf 8, 50, 67, 161, 154 175 Newsweek 122 Lindblom, Olavi 148 'night frosts' 18 Lithuania 44, 122 Nixon, President Richard 69 Lomeiko, Vladimir 42, 43 Nootti 52, 126 LOwenthal, Richard 152 Nordenstreng, Kaarle 30 Nordic Council 150 Maltsev, Victor 21 Nortamo, Simopekka 27 Mao Tse-tung 38 2, 108, 112 Martens, Alois 159 , 1961 18, 19 Marxism 27, 98, 159 Nouvel Economiste 151 Marxism-Leninism 10-12, 30, 37, Nouvel Observateur 119 101, 169, 174 nuclear weapons 109, 131 Masherov, Pyotr 64 nuclear-free zones, Scandinavia Matsson, Kai-Peter 91-2 155, 163, 168 Mattila, Olavi 1. 52 media October Revolution 119 Estonia 120-1, 126-7 OIRT 35 Finlandisation 33 Okker,laakko 33, 106-7 Finnish 21, 111, 171 Oristo, Aimo 48 Index 195

Orlov, Yuri 54-5 non-aligned 29-30 Ostpolitik 152, 153, 155 restrictions, UK 144 Russia 137-8 Paasikivi, President J. K. 5, 6, 16, self-censorship 7-8, 9-10, 17, 70, 92, 109, 138, 150, 158 16-17 Paasilinna, Reino 91, 95, 130 Solzhenitsyn affair 85-8 Piiiviin Sanomat 38, 40, 41, 60 Soviet collective farms 96-7 Pajunen, Veikko I. 86, 147 Soviet coverage 39-44 Pekkala, Mauno 15 on Soviet dissidents 54-6 Pelshe, Arvid 64 69, 74, 87, 140, 160-3 Peltonen, Vaina 47 Swedish-language 49-50 Pennanen, Erkki 43 threats to 59-60 perestroika 115, 135 141-50 Petajaniemi, Eero 44 United States 140, 141 Peterson, Val 53-4 views of Brezhnev 69-75 Pietinen, Seppo 106 Western 170 Pirila, Veikko 60 coverage 98-100 Pirkkala stencil 100-1 Proletiiren 69 Platen, Gustaf von 166 propaganda 11, 12, 130 Podgornyi, President Nikolai 24, CPSU 21-6, 114-16, 173 40,46,49,53, 119, 156 Soviet 148 Pohtola, Mikko 106, 107 public-service broadcasting 34 1, 33, 77, 94, 129, 170 publishers, self-censorship 126 Polish Communist Party 77 Pulvertaft, Rear-Admiral D. M. political parties, Soviet relations 146-7 with 22-3 Puntila, L. A. 99 Ponomarev, Boris 59, 64 Porkkala 18, 20, 57 Raatikainen, Erkki 35, 51, 95 Poukka, Pentti 44-7, 52, 58 radio 90-5, 125 Pravda 24, 39, 60, 61, 93, 120 Radio Sweden 93 press 5, 13 radioactivity 132-3, 134 Afghanistan coverage 88-9 Rahva Hiiiil 120 cartoonists 56-7 Rand, Max 33 Chernobyl coverage 132-4 Ranssi, Heikki 66 Czechoslovakia 1968 75-80 Rauhanpuolustajat 112 Estonia 120-8 Reagan, President Ronald 70, foreign 118-19 106, 116, 124, 129, 135 France 151 Rees-Mogg, Lord 142, 144-5 freedom 10-12, 138 refugees, Baltic States 121-2 'friendship seminars' 101-2 Reinert, Jochen 158-9 government restrictions 16-17, Repin, Ilya 57 171-4 Repo, Eino S. 34-5, 51, 94 image of Gorbachev 128-30 Reuter's 43, 76, 89 Kekkonen illness coverage 103-5 Rodgers, General Bernard 112, Kekkonen-Podgornyi joint 116 communique 49, 68, 91, Rogers, William 121-2 93, 111, 156, 160, 173 Romania 1, 66, 148 Koivisto's influence 109-10 Romanov, Alexei 102 liberal theory 139, 171 Romanov, Grigori 107 196 Index

Romanov, V. G. 64 Sinisalo, Taisto 23, 24 Ross, Dieter 153 Skyttii, Kyosti 9-10 Ruokola, Matti 112-13 Smirnov, Stefan 30-1, 39, 51, 58, Russia 1, 23 63, 88, 108 press 137-8 Smith, Geoffrey 4, 79, 141-3, see also Soviet Union 146, 148 Russian Federation 135 Smith, Hedrick 9 Ryti, President R. 10 Snellman, J. V. 16, 108 Sobolev, Vladimir 102 Saarikoski, Pentti 28 Social-Democratic Party 22, 24, Saarinen, Aarne 24, 55, 62, 90, 31, 37, 39, 41, 43, 50, 58, 61, 111-12 71, 72, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87-8, Sadeniemi, Pentti 96, 138-9 93, 108, 148, 159, 164, 172 Salokangas, Raimo 92 Solidarity 129 Salonen, Olavi 37 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 58, 62, Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten 32, 85-8, 94 33, 116 song festival Santesson, Olof 162-3 Estonia 122, 123 Sarkkinen, Erkki 32 Tallinn 121 Sarlund, Seppo 39-40, 102 Sonnenfeld, Helmut 26 Satakunnan Kansa 84-5 Sorsa, Kalevi 39 satellite television 35 Sotilasaikakauslehti 52 Scammel, Michael 8 Soto, Adrian 36 Scandinavia 2-3, 47, 150, 168, Sovetskaya Estonia 120 169 Sovetskaya Kultura 102 schools, history teaching 97-8, Soviet embassy, Finland 2, 21, 22, 100-1 37, 40, 42, 44, 45-6, 51, 52-3, Second World War 3, 14, 44, 48, 54-6, 88, 95, 119, 153-4, 173 69, 94, 97, 147, 157, 161, 165, Soviet Journalists' Union 101 170 Soviet Union self-censorship 7-8, 9-10, 13, 27, aims regarding Finland 5-6, 70, 113, 137 113-15 books 126 anti-Gorbachev coup 134-7, 157 Finland 36, 127, 150-2, 175-6 censorship 11-12 Finnish Broadcasting Company collapse 135-7, 156 92-4, 147 collective farms 95-7 Finnish Communists 64-5 dissidents 13, 54-6, 58, 65, 74, press 65-8, 73-5, 82, 83, 97, 93 138-40, 141 Finnish attitudes 13-14 Soviet Union 8-9, 168 Finnish embassy 2 see also censorship and Finnish press 5, 51-4 Sellafield 133 Finnish relations 18-20 Shapiro, Henry 71 image 168-9 Shaposhnikov, Vitali 51, 63 image in Finland 12-13 Shaw, Larry J. 97-8 invasion of Afghanistan 88-9 Shumakov, A. 45-6 media 95 Silvasti, Eero 32-3, 54-5 pressure on Kansan Uutiset 62-5 Simppa 61, 85-6 relations with China 37-8 Simpura, Jorma 24, 41, 63 self-censorship 8-9 Index 197

Swedish press treatment 160 Tampere University, Department see also Russia of Journalism 30 , Communist Party 64 Tarkka, Jukka 151 Sparks, Colin 147 TASS 22, 41, 83, 132, 173 speech, freedom of 10-12 teaching, history 97-8, 100-2 Springer, Axel 152, 154 Teikari, Erkki 84-5 Sputnik 65 television 51, 90-5, 107, 124-5, Stalin, J. V. 1, 99, 162, 165 126-7, 156 Stalinism 65 Terijoki Cabinet 65 'Star VVars' 113, 129 Th6lix, Birger 50 State Information Board, Sweden Thomson, Roy 145 161 Tiedonantaja 21, 41, 60, 61, 69, Steinbock, Dan 94 70, 82-3, 90, 92, 109, 116, Stein by, Torstein 49 122, 133, 137, 173 Stepanov, Vladimir 5, 21, 45, 53, Tikkanen, Heikki 42-3, 78, 104-5 54, 62, 95, 164 Times, The 13, 79, 118, 120, Strauss, Franz-Josef 152 141-5, 147, 148, 149-50 strikes 59 Tiusanen, Tauno 33 submarines, Soviet 112, 127, 149, Tommila, Piiivi6 12 162 Torbacke, Jar! 161, 162 Sukselainen, V. J. 60 Tormis, Veljo 124 Sulzberger, C. L. 154 T6rnudd, Klaus 53 Sunday Times 57, 143 Treaty of Paris 1947 16, 40, 45 Suomalainen, Kari 20, 41, 43, 57, Tribune de Geneve 79 61, 172-3 Tujunen, Leo 78 Suomen Kuvalehti 33, 36, 56-7, Tuominen, Arto 22 77, 78, 106, 107, 117, 118, Tuominen, Arvo Poika 65 119, 156 Turku 47-8 Suomen Sosialidemokraatti 31, Turun Sanomat 47-8, 52, 56, 65, 37, 39, 40, 61, 70, 72, 79, 82, 84 83, 85, 87, 100 Suomenmaa 37-8, 39-40, 41, 70, Ullsten, Ola 89 72, 81, 82, 83, 87, 102 UNESCO 28, 32, 35, 102, 139, Suomi, Juhani 57 174 Suominen, Pentti 72, 117 United Kingdom 2, 23, 129, 140, Suslov, Mikhail 44, 59, 64, 74-5, 163 117, 129 press 141-50 Sutela, General Lauri 149 wartime censorship 15 Svensk Tidskrift 165-6 United Nations 109, 134 Svenska Dagbladet 112, 160, 166 Declaration of Human Sweden 2-3, 14, 17,23,75,88, Rights 68 107, 120, 132, 133, 160 Security Council 150 media 8 United States 1, 58, 86, 89, 98, press 69, 74, 87, 140, 160-3 106, 107, 112, 113, 154, 160, territorial waters 112, 127, 149, 163, 167, 174 162 Baltic refugees in Finland 121-2 Finnish Embassy 53-4 Talvi, Jussi 59 image of Gorbachev 129 Tammi publishing house 87 influence in Finland 25-6 198 Index

United States - continued Volkogonov, Dmitri 99 press 140, 141 Vuorjoki, Asko 44, 46-7, 52 wartime censorship 15 UPI 43,76 Wachter, Lasse 105 USSR see Soviet Union Walesa, Lech 129 Ustinov, Marshal Dmitri 56, war criminals, Finnish 16 149-50 Warsaw Pact 75, 81, 131, 137 Uusi Maailma 52, 59, 69, 80 Washington Post/Los Angeles Times Uusi Suomi 22, 37, 38, 44-7, 50, News Service 43 52, 58, 71, 76, 82, 83, 86-7, Washington Star 26 93, 96, 106, 117, 121, 125 West Berlin 152 Uusitalo, Eino 100 Wiio, Osmo A. 30 Willoch, Kare 112 Vaino, Karl 54 Winter War 1939 3, 58, 65, 94, Vartanova, Yelena 116 95, 98-100, 162 Vasabladet 50, 52, 161 Wiskari, Werner 103, 104 Viiyrynen, Paavo 102, 147 Vecko lournalen 166 Yanayev, Gennadi 135, 136, 157 Vehkasalo, Jukka 122-3 Yeltsin, President Boris 1, 6, 72, Vehmas, Raino 33, 47 134, 135, 136, 150 Vennamo, Veikko 24 Yugoslavia 1, 148 Vietnam 1 Vietnam War 27, 114 Zaichikov, Vasili 42, 47, 111, Vihalemm, Peeter 126 112 Virkkunen, Janne 103-4, 110, 140 Zakharov, Andrei 58 Virolainen, Johannes 60 Zavidovo leak 165, 166 Vladimirov, Viktor 39, 45, 107 Zhdanov, Andrei 6 Voice of America 93 Zilliacus, Jutta 123 Voionmaa, Vaino 14 Zimyanin, Mikhail 61