Notes Listed here are only the main sources. Newspaper articles are mostly given in the text. 1 The Media War 1. Carl-Gustaf Lilius's article on self-censorship in Finland, Dagens Nyheter, 13 May 1997; see Vladimirov, 1993. 2. H. Peter Krosby 1978 s. 165-7; see also The Times, 24 October 1968. 3. A great deal has been written in Europe about Finlandisation; for example, H. Peter Krosby, 1978. Self-censorship - that is, timid and over-cautious journalism - was characteristic of Finlandisation. Be­ cause of the theme of this book, Finlandisation is discussed in several connections - for example, in the chapter on Germany. 4. Interview with President Mauno Koivisto, 1995 and Paul, 1997. 5. Seppinen, 1997, pp. 137-44. 6. Geoffrey Smith, The Times, 24 October 1968, and interview with Geoffrey Smith, 1995. 7. Interview with State Secretary, Matti Tuovinen, of the Finnish For­ eign Ministry, 1996; and Tuovinen's diary, 1977. 8. Statements of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki concerning the so-called dissident campaign of the socialist countries 10 March 1977, staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f5, 073 n:o 1742. Inter­ view with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 9. Manninen, 1994, pp. 332-4. 10. Paasikiven piiiviikirjat I osa, Nevakivi, 1995, for example, pp. 104-10, 261-4 (President Paasikivi's diaries). 11. Nortamo, 1991, HS kuukausiliite no. 17 (August supplement of Helsingin Sanomat). 12. The definition of self-censorship was developed in preparing this book; it applies explicitly to the Finnish media between 1945 and 1991. 13. Lilius, Kanava no. 1, 1975 and 1988. 14. Paasilinna, 1995, p. 24, and see Adzhubei, 1988, pp. 125-6. 15. Lilius, 1975 and 1988. 16. Nortamo, 1991. 17. See Salminen, 1979, pp. 10-12. 18. Uskali, 1994, pp. 31-5; Paasilinna, 1995. 19. U skali, 1994, Salminen, 'Sensuurin alta itseniiiseksi', Suo men Kuvalehti, 11 June 1993. 20. See, for example, Salminen, 1976, pp. 193-200. 21. This idea has been the basis of Finnish caution in foreign policy through­ out history. The collapse of the Soviet Union, however, has had the result that leading politicians began to re-evaluate the geographical limitations placed on Finland in the mid-1990s. This has taken place 177 178 Notes in discussions on security policy, such as the debate on NATO mem­ bership for Finland. 22. After the Second World War, President J.K. Paasikivi instilled an at­ titude of caution in the leading newspapers in dealing with matters of foreign policy. Paasikivi's memoirs reveal his resolve in resisting Rus­ sian demands. 23. For example, debate in the press following the return of the Porkkala naval base to Finland in 1956; see Salminen, 1982. 24. Radio speech by President Urho Kekkonen on 25 January 1959, see Salminen, 1982 pp. 1-62. 2 A Programme of Silence 1. Minutes of the plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 30 December 1986, RTHSD f 89 0 5 No st 34/6b, Extensive plan for ideological work in Finland. See also Suomi, 1994, pp. 271-3, 332. Oleg Gordievsky and Inna Rogachi, 'Sokea Peili', Helsinki 1997, p. 184. 2. Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, Journal of I. A. Kosachev, 19 May 1977, staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 73, no. 1748. 3. Jakobson, 1992, p. 144, Sailas-Susiluoto-Valkonen, 1996, p. 74, Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, Journal of Farafonov, 29 May 1968; Gordievsky and Rogachi, Sokea pei/i, p. 199. 4. Rogachi and Gordievsky, 1997, Sokea peili, Juva. Also Image-Iehti, no. 4, 1997. 5. Farafonov's journal; see also CPSU Central Committee minutes (note 2 above), Extensive plan for ideological work in Finland, 30 Decem­ ber 1986. 6. Jakobson, 1992, pp. 145-6; Interview with Matti Tuovinen, 1996. 7. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. See minutes of the CPSU Cen­ tral Committee, 20 December 1986 (note 2 above). 8. Karen, 1994, pp. 239-40. 9. Suomi, 1994, pp. 273. 10. Jakobson, 1992, p. 136. Vihavainen, 1991 pp. 286-8; Wiio, Kekkosen ajan viestinniistii (On the Media under Kekkonen), unpublished manu­ script, 1994. 11 Wiio, 1994. 12. Salminen, 1988, Suomen lehdiston historia 3, pp. 292-3. 13. Wiio, 1994. 14. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 15. Haataja-PietiHi-Pietiiiinen, 1996. 16. Interviews with Antero Laine, 1996, and Pentti Poukka, 1994. 17. The principles of the Finnish Journalists Union 1983, e.g. Sanoma­ lehtimies-lournalisten, 1983. 18. Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten, 6 December 1990. 19. Debate on self-censorship in Sanomalehtimies-loumalisten, for example, in April 1990; and column by Sarkkinen in Uusi Suomi, June 1990. 20. Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten, 6 December 1990; and Wiio, 1994. Notes 179 21. Kuusi, Kanava no. 8, 1978; and Soto, Niikopiiri no. 4, 1982. 3 Moscow Tightens its Grip 1. Information memorandum of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, 25 April 1967; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD, f 5,059, no. 367. 2. Ibid. 3. Statements of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki concerning the so-called dissident campaign of the socialist countries, 10 March 1977; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 73, no 1742. 4. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 5. Interview with Seppo Sarlund, 1995. See also Urho Kekkonen Archives, correspondence with the editor-in-chief of Suomenmaa, 9 February 1970 and 23 March 1970. 6. Interview with Erkki Laatikainen, 1995. 7. Interview with Heikki Tikkanen, 1994. 8. Official remarks from the Soviet Embassy about articles printed in Uusi Suomi on 26 and 28 June 1968, 12 L Archives of the Foreign Ministry. 9. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995. 10. Memorandum of the Coalition Party (Kokoomus) office concerning Uusi Suomi, Spring 1993; and interview with Pentti Poukka, 1994. 11. Letter from Raimo Ilaskivi to Urho Kekkonen, 5 April 1971, Urho Kekkonen Archives. Letter from Ilmari Laukkonen to the author, 30 April 1995. 12. Consulate General of the USSR in Turku, Finland, Journal of P. G. Krekoten, 12 August 1971; Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 63, no. 646. 13. Interview with Jan Magnus Jansson, 1994; letter from Jansson to the author, 3 June 1996; interview with Carl-Gustaf Lilius, 1996. 14. Interview with Birger Th6lix, 1994. 15. Staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 28 November 1972, f 4, o 22, no. 586, and Vladimirov, 1993, p. 213. 16. Official remarks on anti-Soviet articles submitted to the Foreign Min­ istry, Fenno-Russian relations, 12, L, Archives of the Foreign Ministry. 17. Ibid., and Kung 1976, pp. 223-4. 18. Statements of the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki concerning the so-called dissident campaign of the socialist countries, 10 March 1977; staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU, RTHSD f 5, 0 73, no 1742. 19. Suomi, 1994, p. 332; and interview with Kari Suomalainen, 1995. 20. Interview with Stefan Smirnov; Kekkonen, 1976, pp. 117-19; Laitinen, 1982, pp. 113-14. 21. Interview with Aimo Kairamo and letter from Kairamo to the author, 29 January 1966. 22. Letter from Erkki Kauppila to the author 26 October 1994. 23. Ibid; see Alenius, 1995. 180 Notes 4 Darkness Falls 1. Salminen, 1976, p. 159; and 1979, pp. 79-88. 2. Murtonen, 1995 and Dubcek, 1993. 3. Dubcek, 1933, pp. 179-88. 4. Interview with Heikki Tikkanen. 5. H. Peter Krosby, 1978; Haikio, 1993, pp. 115, 252. 6. Telegram from Leonid Brezhnev to Urho Kekkonen, Correspondence 1973, Urho Kekkonen Archives. 7. 1996, Interview with Erkki Teikari 1995. 8. Salminen, 1979; Interview with Simo Juntunen, 1966. 9. Interview with Stefan Smirnov, 1995; Ylinen, 1994. 10. Hakkinen-Kankaanpaa, 1995, pp. 147-50. 11. Salokangas, 1966, pp. 322-31. 12. Ibid. 13. Iivonen, 1992, pp. 67-102; Narvanen, 1995; see also Iivonen, 1986, pp. 143-5. 14. Kanava, 1981, n:o 3. 15. Salminen, 1989, p. 7. 16. Helsingin Sanomat, 17 April and 17 May 1975; and Uusi Suomi, 15 May 1975. 17. Interview with Janne Virkkunen, 1994. 18. Interview with Heikki Tikkanen, 1994. 5 Soviet Propaganda Fails 1. Interview with Mikko Pohtola; see Suomen Kuvalehti, n:o 2111984. 2. Ibid. 3. Interviews with Mauno Koivisto, 1995 and Martti Huhtamaki, 1995. 4. Interview with Mauno Koivisto. 5. Koivisto, 1994, pp. 116-21 and 127. 6. Interview with Mikko Pohtola, see also Vaisanen, 1992, pp. 49-54. 7. Interview with Janne Virkkunen, 1994. 8. See Helsingin Sanomat and Uusi Suomi, 3 March 1983. 9. Koivisto, 1994, pp. 87-91. 10. Above-mentioned minutes of the plenary session of the Central Com­ mittee of the CPSU, 20 December 1986. 11. Nortamo, HS-kuukausiliite elokuu 1991 (Helsingin Sanomat, monthly supplement, August 1991). 12. Above-mentioned minutes of the plenary session of the Central Com­ mittee of the CPSU, 20 December 1986; see also statement by Lauri Haataja in Hufvudstadsbladet, 3 July 1997. 13. Sanomalehtimies-lournalisten, 11 May 1987. 14. Interview with Aarno Laitinen, 1996. 15. Letter from Valdemar Melanko to the author, 8 December 1995. 6 Gorbachev's Time-Bomb 1. Kiin-Ruutsoo-Tarand, 1990, pp. 7-15; and Lukkari, 1996, pp. 131-7. 2. Jukka Vehkasalo, Kymen Sanomat, 21 May 1994. Notes 181 3. Heikinheimo, HS, 25 October 1981. 4. Kuldsepp, 1993, pp. 24-5. Also in Finland, some 500 books were banned immediately after the Second World War. 5. Meri, 1995, pp. 242-9. 6. Hoyer-Laukk-Vihalemm, 1993, pp. 211-26; Kaplinski, 1995, pp. 108-9. 7. Paasilinna, 1995, pp. 79-80. 8. Interview with Teuvo Mallinen, 1994. 9. HS Kuukausiliite 4/1996, Tshernobylin perint6. (Article on Chernobyl in monthly supplement 4/96 of Helsingin Sanomat) 10. Salminen, 1982, pp. 146-8. 11. Simopekka Nortamo, Helsingin Sanomat, 14 January 1995. 12.