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Tutela VEDECKÝ ČASOPIS SLOVENSKÉHO MÚZEA OCHRANY PRÍRODY a JASKYNIARSTVA V LIPTOVSKOM MIKULÁŠI 21 Číslo 2

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Tutela VEDECKÝ ČASOPIS SLOVENSKÉHO MÚZEA OCHRANY PRÍRODY a JASKYNIARSTVA V LIPTOVSKOM MIKULÁŠI 21 Číslo 2 tutela VEDECKÝ ČASOPIS SLOVENSKÉHO MÚZEA OCHRANY PRÍRODY A JASKYNIARSTVA V LIPTOVSKOM MIKULÁŠI 21 číslo 2 NATUR AE 2017 149 Vedecký časopis zameraný na pôvodné a originálne vedecké práce z oblasti ochrany prírody, O B S A H mapovania bio a abio zložky prírodného prostredia so zameraním na chránené územia a územia v systéme NATURA 2000 na Slovensku. Marián Jasík – Pavol Polák – Juraj Vysoký: Výsledky národnej inventarizácie pralesov na Slovensku v rokoch 2009 – 2015 ....................................................................................... 153 Scientific magazine centred on original scientific works from the field of nature protection, Oto Majzlan: Chrobáky (Coleoptera) indikátory zmien v krajine ................................ 185 monitoring of bio and abio elements of natural surroundings with orientation on protected Juraj Litavský: Kosce (Opiliones) lužných lesov Podunajska (Slovensko) ..................... 211 areas and areas in NATURA 2000 Network in Slovakia. Peter Šima: Čmele (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) vybraných lokalít Chočských vrchov a Podtatranskej brázdy ................................................................................................. 221 Ladislav Mošanský – Michal Stanko – Alexander Čanády: Doterajšie poznatky o obsadzovaní a využití vtáčích búdok plchom sivým (Glis glis) v Slovenskom krase ... 231 Peter Drengubiak – Zuzana Václavová: Lokality výskytu rosničky zelenej (Hyla arborea Linnaeus, 1758) v územnej pôsobnosti Správy CHKO Kysuce – východná časť územia ................................................................................................................................. 241 Martin Vecko: Ekosystémový manažment maloplošného chráneného územia NPR Skalná Alpa so zachovaním jeho prírodných hodnôt ................................................... 255 Blanka Lehotská – Jozef Ondruška: Zhrnutie poznatkov o výskyte netopierov v Pružinskej Dúpnej jaskyni ................................................................................................ 269 Oto Majzlan: Faunistické príspevky zo Slovenska Coleoptera 12. ................................... 281 Oto Majzlan: Invázia, imigrácia a infiltrácia chrobákov ............................................... 287 Environmentálny fond Tento projekt bol nančne podporený Environmentálnym fondom MŽP SR Editor: doc. RNDr. Dana Šubová, CSc. Výkonný redaktor: RNDr. Dagmar Lepišová Predseda redakčnej rady: prof. RNDr. Oto Majzlan, PhD. Redakčná rada: doc. RNDr. Pavel Bella, PhD., Ing. Roman Bies, CSc., RNDr. Růžena Gregorová, PhD., RNDr. Zuzana Kyselová, PhD., RNDr. Dagmar Lepišová, Dr. István Matskási, RNDr. Monika Orvošová, PhD., doc. RNDr. Ľubomír Panigaj, CSc., RNDr. Jozef Radúch, Ing. Jozef Školek, CSc., doc. RNDr. Dana Šubová, CSc., RNDr. Zuzana Višňovská, PhD. © Slovenské múzeum ochrany prírody a jaskyniarstva v Liptovskom Mikuláši, 2017 ISSN 1336-7609 150 151 C O N T E N T NATURAE TUTELA 21/2 153 – 184 LIPTOVSKÝ MIKULÁŠ 2017 Marián Jasík – Pavol Polák – Juraj Vysoký: The results of a national inventory old-growth forests in Slovakia in 2009 – 2015 ................................................................ 153 VÝSLEDKY INVENTARIZÁCIE PRALESOV Oto Majzlan: Beetles (Coleoptera) indicators of the landscape changes ....................... 185 NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 2009 – 2015 Juraj Litavský: Harvesstmen (Opiliones) of Danube floodplain forests (Slovakia) ...... 211 Peter Šima: Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) at selected localities of MARIÁN JASÍK – PAVOL POLÁK – JURAJ VYSOKÝ the Chočské vrchy Mountains and the Podtatranská brázda Furrow ......................... 221 M. Jasík, P. Polák, J. Vysoký: The results of a inventory old-growth forests in Ladislav Mošanský – Michal Stanko – Alexander Čanády: Present knowledge on Slovakia in 2009 – 2015 the occupation and use of bird nestboxes by edible dormouse (Glis glis) in Slovak Abstract: During the inventory of the old growth forests carried out in Slovakia karst (East Slovakia) ................................................................................................................ 231 between years 2009 – 2015 were identified 123 sites of the old growth forests (with an Peter Drengubiak – Zuzana Václavová: Localities of occurrence of European Tree area of ​​over 20 ha) with total area of ​​8921 hectares and 138 sites of old growth forests frog (Hyla arborea Linnaeus, 1758) within the territotial scope of the Protected remnants (with an area of ​​5 – 20 hectares) with total area of ​​1662 ha. Together, as at Landscape Area Kysuce Administration – east part of the territory ............................ 241 1. 1. 2016, there was preserved 10 180 ha of the old growth forests and their remnants Martin Vecko: Ecosystem management of a small-scale protected area in National in Slovakia, representing 0.47% of the total forest area. Out of 35 forest habitat types Nature Reserve Skalná Alpa with preservation of its natural values ............................ 255 occurring in Slovakia, there was recorded 22 types in old growth forests. Dominant Blanka Lehotská – Jozef Ondruška: Data review about occurrence of bats species are beech, mixed beech-fir forests (3353 ha – 32,94 %) and spruce forests in Pružinská Dúpna cave ....................................................................................................... 269 (2241 ha – 22,01 %). Strictly protected is 69 % of the total area of old growth forests, Oto Majzlan: Faunistic notes on beetles (Coleoptera) 12. from Slovakia ................... 281 the remaining areas are threatened by logging. Between 2009 – 2016 there had been Oto Majzlan: Invasion, immigration and infiltration of beetles .................................... 287 harvested 110 ha of old growth forests on 19 different sites. The area of strictly protected forests in Slovakia (except of existing old growth forests) is 80 500 ha. Over the horizon of many decades up to a few centuries, the natural structure of the forests could be restored, and the parts of these areas may gain old growth forests character. Key words: old-growth forests, Western Carpathians, Slovakia, ecological characteristics, protection ÚVOD V dávnej minulosti bola prevažná časť terajšieho územia Slovenska porastená prales- mi. V nižších polohách v rovinatých údoliach väčších riek sa vyskytovali prirodzené bezlesia, vytvorené a udržiavané početnými stádami veľkých kopytníkov – zubor hrivnatý, pratur, divý kôň, jeleň lesný (van Wieren, 1995; Vera, 2000; Konvička, 2005, 2010). Prvé prechodné a trvalé praveké osady vznikali na miestach neporas- tených lesom. Podľa Ptolemaiovej geografie (2. storočie po Kr.) boli riadne organi- zované osady na jeho mape vyznačené len na južnom okraji karpatských predhorí. Znamená to, že od týchto osád na sever až po vyššie polohy Karpát neboli vtedy väč- šie stále ľudské sídla, boli tu len pralesy bez systematického osídlenia. Správy He- rodotove, Tacitove a Plíniove, ako aj mapy a zemepisné dáta Ptolemaiove dokazujú, že územie Slovenska v storočiach pred a po našom letopočte bolo pokryté pralesmi. Hospodárske využívanie pralesov začalo v období keď Rimania ovládli tok Dunaja a obsadili dolné polohy hlavných slovenských riek (Hron, Váh, Nitra, Ipeľ). Ťažba týchto pralesov trvala asi do polovice 5. storočia, kedy boli vyrúbané prevažne du- bové a bukové pralesy v údolí väčších riek. Do polovice 12. storočia boli odstránené zvyšky pralesov v nížinách a pahorkatinách (200 – 300 m n. m.). Od 13. storočia sa zintenzívnila kolonizácia vyššie položených oblastí Slovenska (nad 300 m n. m.), 152 153 čím sa zvýšil nápor aj na pralesy vo vyšších polohách. V 13. storočí na území Slo- boli a sú lesy intenzívne využívané. Pralesy sa zachovali len výnimočne, tvoria iba venska vzniklo vyše 800 nových osád, v 14. storočí vyše 700 a v 15. storočí pribudlo nepatrnú časť súčasnej krajiny a sú veľmi vzácne osobitne v západnej, strednej ďalších asi 400, pričom okolité pralesy v chotároch týchto obcí boli zväčša vyrúba- a juhovýchodnej časti kontinentu (Parviainen et al., 2000; Wesołowski, 2005; né a premenené na poľnohospodárske pozemky, najmä na pasienky. Od 14. storočia Schulze et al., 2009). V temperátnej zóne sa plošne rozsiahlejšie pralesy zachovali dochádza k valašskej kolonizácii horských oblastí pastiermi prichádzajúcimi zo vý- v odľahlých horských oblastiach Karpát, balkánskych pohorí a Álp (Parviainen, chodných častí Karpát. Ich činnosťou (klčovanie, vypaľovanie, pastva) došlo k vý- 2005). Špecifické postavenie má komplex nížinného typu pralesa na území Poľska raznej redukcii pralesov vo vyšších nadmorských výškach. Osud pralesov vo vyšších a Bieloruska (Bielovežský prales). V miernom pásme Európy sa odhaduje výmera polohách lokálne zavŕšila banícka kolonizácia v 13. až 16. storočí a rozvoj sklárstva pralesov na 0,3 mil. hektárov, čo je 0,4 % z celkovej v ýmer y lesov (Parviainen, 2005). v druhej polovici 2. tisícročia (Kavuljak, 1942). Ešte v polovici minulého storočia Rozsiahlejšie plochy pralesov sa zachovali aj v boreálnej zóne, hlavne v Rusku, ale pokrývali pralesy na Slovensku podstatne väčšiu výmeru, najmä na severovýchode aj ďalších oblastiach (Škandinávia). Napriek ojedinelosti a významu pralesov neboli krajiny (Vihorlat, Východné Beskydy, Poloniny, Popričný, Nastaz a pod.), v menšej v mnohých regiónoch Európy identifikované a poznatky o ich rozšírení a rozlohe na miere aj inde (napr. Poľana, Nízke Tatry, Veľká Fatra). Podstatná časť týchto plôch národnej úrovni sú ojedinelé. Aj z týchto dôvodov sa v pralesoch stále ťaží drevo bola postupne vyťažená
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