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3.7.10 Curculioninae Latreille, 1802 Jetzt Beschriebenen Palaearctischen Ceuthor- Rhynchinen

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3.7.10 Curculioninae Latreille, 1802 Jetzt Beschriebenen Palaearctischen Ceuthor- Rhynchinen Curculioninae Latreille, 1802 305 Schultze, A. (1902): Kritisches Verzeichniss der bis 3.7.10 Curculioninae Latreille, 1802 jetzt beschriebenen palaearctischen Ceuthor- rhynchinen. – Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Roberto Caldara , Nico M. Franz, and Rolf 1902: 193 – 226. G. Oberprieler Schwarz, E. A. (1894): A “ parasitic ” scolytid. – Pro- ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 3: Distribution. The subfamily as here composed (see 15 – 17. Phylogeny and Taxonomy below) includes approx- Scudder, S. H. (1893): Tertiary Rhynchophorous Coleo- ptera of the United States. xii + 206 pp. US Geological imately 350 genera and 4500 species (O ’ Brien & Survey, Washington, DC. Wibmer 1978; Thompson 1992; Alonso-Zarazaga Stierlin, G. (1886): Fauna insectorum Helvetiae. Coleo- & Lyal 1999; Oberprieler et al. 2007), provisionally ptera helvetiae , Volume 2. 662 pp. Rothermel & Cie., divided into 34 tribes. These are geographically Schaffhausen. generally restricted to a lesser or larger degree, only Thompson, R. T. (1973): Preliminary studies on the two – Curculionini and Rhamphini – being virtually taxonomy and distribution of the melon weevil, cosmopolitan in distribution and Anthonomini , Acythopeus curvirostris (Boheman) (including Baris and Tychiini only absent from the Australo-Pacifi c granulipennis (Tournier)) (Coleoptera, Curculion- region. Acalyptini , Cionini , Ellescini , Mecinini , idae). – Bulletin of Entomological Research 63: 31 – 48. and Smicronychini occur mainly in the Old World, – (1992): Observations on the morphology and clas- from Africa to the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, sifi cation of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with Ellescini, Acalyptini, and Smicronychini also with a key to major groups. – Journal of Natural His- extending into the Nearctic region and at least tory 26: 835 – 891. the latter two also into the Australian one. Styph- – (1996): The species of Phaenomerus Sch ö nherr lini are restricted to the Palaearctic region and the (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Zygopinae) of the Aus- seemingly related Itini and the monobasic Acen- tralian region. – Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 937 – 993. trusini to only its western part. Ancylocnemidini , Ulmer, J. B., Duncan, R. E., Prena, J. & Pe ñ a, J. E. Microstylini, Nerthopini , and Ochyromerini are (2007): Life history and larval morphology of Eurhi- largely African but extend into the Oriental region, nus magnifi cus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculion- the last extensively so and just reaching into Aus- idae), a new weevil to the United States. – Neotropi- tralia, whereas the small tribes Diabathrariini , and cal Entomology 36: 383 – 390. Ulomascini are entirely African. Nine tribes only Urban, C. (1925): Der Veilchenr ü ß ler. – Entomologische Bl ä tter 21: 139 – 141. occur in the New World, Camarotini , Ceratopo- Wagner, H. (1936): Vorstudien zu einer monogra- dini , Otidocephalini, Piazorhinini , Thecesternini , phischen Bearbeitung der Ceuthorrhynchinen Erodiscini , Prionobrachiini , Pyropini, and Sphaeri- Mitteleuropas (Col. Curcul.). – Entomologische Bl ä t- opoeini , the last four restricted to the Neotropical ter 35: 161 – 170. region. Cranopoeini , Cryptoplini , Storeini , and – (1938): Monographie der pal ä arktischen Ceuthor- Viticiini are limited to the Australo-Pacifi c region, rhynchinae (Curcul.). – Entomologische Bl ä tter 34: and the last two reaching north into Indonesia and 145 – 172. southern Japan. Only two tribes appear to have a Weng, J.-L., Nishida, K., Hanson, P. & Lapierre, L. Gondwanan distribution, Eugnomini occurring (2007): Biology of Lissoderes Champion (Coleoptera, in Australia and South America and Derelomini in Curculionidae) in Cecropia saplings inhabited by Africa and South to Central America, but the com- Azteca ants. – Journal of Natural History 41: 25 – 28. position of these tribes as including genera from Wibmer, G. J. & O ’ Brien, C. W. (1986): Annotated these disparate regions needs verifi cation. checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato ) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Biology and Ecology. Adults of Curculioninae – Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 39: are usually found on fl owers, fruits, leaves, and i – xvi, 1 – 563. branches of many and various herbaceous plants – (1989): Additions and corrections to annotated and trees in nearly all habitat types, ranging from checklists of the weevils of North America, Central low plains to high mountains and from deserts to America, and the West Indies, and of South Amer- tropical pluvial forests. The larvae are predomi- ica. – Southwestern Entomologist Suppl. 13: 1 – 49. nantly endophytic in reproductive plant parts such Zherikhin, V. V. & Egorov, A. B. (1991): Shuki-dol- gonosiki (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) dalnego vostoka as fl ower and fruit buds, seeds, and fruits, but some SSSR. 164 pp. Akademija Nauk SSSR, Dalne- develop in shoots (in which some incite galls) or vostochnoe Otdelenie, Biologo-pochvennyj Insti- mine in leaves. The slimy, slug-like larvae of Cio- tut, Vladivostok [1990]. nini are exceptional in the subfamily for being Zherikhin, V. V. & Gratshev, V. G. (1995): A compara- ectophytic. No species, however, live in aquatic tive study of the hind wing venation of the super- habitats. The biology of the subfamily varies con- family Curculionoidea, with phylogenetic implica- siderably between the tribes, and sometimes also tions. Pp. 634 – 777 in Pakaluk J. & Slipinski, S. A. between their genera, but several tribes are associ- (eds.). Biology, Phylogeny, and Classifi cation of Coleo- ated with only one or a few plant families and some ptera: Papers Celebrating 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crow- genera can be highly host-specifi c on a single plant son . Volume 2. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, genera or even species. Patterns of host associa- Warszawa. tion are, however, often confused by the uncertain 306 Roberto Caldara, Nico M. Franz, and Rolf G. Oberprieler composition of many of the tribes and by the unre- (blotched), with the pattern often intricate and spe- liability of some published host records. Curcu- cies diagnostic (Scherf 1964). Generally there is only lionine weevils may often be found on fl owers one mine per leaf, but several larvae of the small or foliage of plants on which their larvae do not Rhamphus species may mine in the same leaf (Scherf develop, and such fortuitous occurrences must be 1964). Pupation occurs either in the mines (Rham- distinguished from true host associations in which phini, Styphlini) or in litter on the ground or in soil the plants serve as substrates for oviposition and (Storeini). The larvae of Anoplus Germar and some larval development. The lists of plants on which Rhamphus and Rhynchaenus species cut out pieces of weevils were only collected, without established leaf, which they stick together and in which they evidence of a reproductive interaction, may portray fall to the ground and pupate (Scherf 1964). Larval false patterns of host association that are perpetu- habits associated with leaf mining are probably as ated over time and can have serious implications varied and intricate in other leaf-mining groups. for applied fi elds of research, such as biological The induction of galls appears to be more com- control. The known biology and host associations mon in Curculioninae than in other subfami- of the various tribes are summarized under their lies, with the exception of the Ceutorhynchini treatment below, but some of these associations are (Conoderinae). Korotyaev et al . (2005) compiled a subject to verifi cation. useful summary of galling habits in the subfamily, Two particular lifestyles are more common in discussing also ecological and evolutionary aspects Curculioninae than in other subfamilies, namely that seem to make this habit more prevalent in mining in leaves and inciting galls. The bionom- Curculioninae than in other subfamilies. Galling ics of leaf-mining insects was reviewed by Hespen- appears to occur more commonly on herbaceous, heide (1991), who mentioned some aspects of the short-lived plants and in rapidly growing organs biology of the best-known curculionine leaf min- (mainly young, slender stems but also roots), attri- ers, the Rhamphini , but did not cover the habit butes characteristic of nonwoody plants growing comprehensively. The knowledge of leaf mining in temperate or arid regions with short growing among European weevils is well covered by Scherf seasons. The lifestyle seems to be derived from stem (1964), who recorded it to occur in the tribes Ano- boring (no transition from leaf-mining known) and plini , Rhamphini, and Styphlini , whereas May enables a species to exploit very slender stems and (1993) provided an account of known leaf-mining similar plant organs that it could not utilize other- genera of Storeini in New Zealand. The habit fur- wise. The larvae of some Smicronyx Schoenherr, on ther occurs in the small South American tribes completion of their development, leave their galls Camarotini , Piazorhinini , and Prionobrachiini on the stems of parasitic dodder (Cuscuta ) and tun- and in the Australo-Pacifi c Viticiini, although it nel into the stem of its Vernonia host for pupation is poorly documented in these groups. Nothing (Anderson 1970). Generally, the closest relatives of appears known about this habit in Africa. Leaf- gall incitants develop in fl owers or seed capsules of mining weevil larvae tend to be fl at, with the head the same plant species, and no instances are known prognathous, deeply excised posteriorly and with of
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