Université De Montréal La Topique Du Sacré Et Des Passions Dans La

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Université De Montréal La Topique Du Sacré Et Des Passions Dans La Université de Montréal La topique du sacré et des passions dans la tragédie française du xvie siècle par Louise Frappier ÉTUDES FRANÇAISES FACULTÉ DES ARTS ET DES SCIENCES Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophi Doctor (Ph.D.) en études françaises mars, 2003 © Louise frappier, 2003 ,\ Q 35 C o C Université 11h de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author cf this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: LA TOPIQUE DU SACRÉ ET DES PASSIONS DANS LA TRAGÉDIE FRANÇAISE DU xvie SIÈCLE présentée par: LOUISE FRAPPIER a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Jean-Philippe Beaulieu (président-rapporteur) Antoine Soare (directeur de recherche) Robert Melançon (membre du jury) Pierre-Louis Vaillancourt (Université d’Ottawa) (examinateur externe) Résumé Cette thèse porte sur un corpus de tragédies françaises écrites par des auteurs catholiques et protestants de la Renaissance entre 1550 (Abraham sacrifiant de Théodore de Bèze) et 1604 (Hector d’Antoine de Montchrestien). C’est aux rapports entre le sacré et le profane, incarné dans les passions des hommes, que nous nous sommes intéressée. La redécouverte du genre tragique à la Renaissance jette en effet un nouvel éclairage sur ces notions fondamentales qui font l’objet de notre thèse, le sacré et les passions, dont nous nous sommes efforcée de dégager une topique, par l’étude des lieux communs et des situations dramatiques. Nous avons voulu explorer les contours de ces deux concepts fondateurs et prégnants de la tragédie humaniste, leur interpénétration, leur transgression ou leur clôture, voire leur fermeture, de même que les degrés de la réceptivité aux discours divin et humain. Parce que le terme même de «topique» recouvre des réalités différentes, il nous a paru important de définir cette notion à la signification-palimpseste et l’tisage que nous en ferons dans un premier chapitre, en insistant sur l’historique de cette notion et sur les travaux de recherche actuels. Nous étudions, dans un second chapitre, la représentation de la Fortune romaine sacralisée par certains théologiens du Moyen Âge et assimilée à la fois au Destin et à la Providence. Cette notion est conceptualisée, entre autres, dans une figure rationalisée et justicière, à laquelle s’oppose la glorification dans sa forme ultime, l’héroïsme transgressant les limites qui séparent humanité et divinité. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous analysons les discours sur la divination w et les discours prophétiques, ainsi que les prières, les pétitions et les actions de grâces, qui révèlent une présence ou une quête de la transcendance dans le monde profane. Cette présence du sacré témoigne de l’interpénétration du divin et du profane ou, à l’inverse, son absence révèle leur étanchéité. Les deux derniers chapitres visent à montrer le processus d’altération de l’homme par les passions, l’émergence de l’être autre. Ainsi, le quatrième chapitre porte sur le discours de la plainte où se déploient deux autres passions, la crainte et la tristesse, par lesquelles les personnages explorent les limites de leur condition en étant projetés hors de ce qui est humain, vers l’au-delà. Le dernier chapitre montre dans quelle mesure la transgression des frontières entre le sacré et le profane trouve son expression paroxystique dans la fureur, notion dans laquelle se brouillent les marges de l’humain, de la bestialité et du divin. — Mots-clés Renaissance — théâtre — rhétorique religion Abstract This thesis focuses on the body of works encompassing French Tragédies written by Catholic and Protestant Renaissance authors between 1550 (Théodore de Bèze’s Abraham sacrtfiant) and 1604 (Antoine de Montchrestien’s Hector). The topic examines the linkages between the sacred and the profane, as played out by Man’s passions. The re-discoveiy of Tragedy as a Renaissance genre offers a new look at the fundamental notions which form the basis of this thesis, namely the sacred and passions, via the study of ‘lieux communs’ and dramatic contexts - concepts basic to humanist tragedy - specifically, their interpretation, transgression or limitations, perhaps even closure, as well as the degrees of receptivity to human and divine discourses. Just as the term ‘topic’ itself suggests different meanings, the first chapter offers an historical retrospective through to contemporary works on the subject. The second chapter looks at the representation of Fortune (Roman) made sacred by certain theologians ofthe Middle Ages, and often associated to Providence and Destiny. This notion can be seen in the rational and upholder-of-the-law figures, among others, in contrast to its glorification in final form wherein heroism transgresses the divide separating humanity and divinity. The third chapter analyses divinatory and prophetic discourses, as well as prayers, petitions, and thanksgiving which reveal the presence of or quest for the transcendent in a profane world. The presence of the sacred speaks to the intermingling of the divine and the profane, or inversely, its absence points to vi their respective utter containment. The last two chapters seek to demonstrate the process of change that Man undergoes because of passions; the emergence of another being. Thus, the fourth chapter examines the discourse of lamentations where two passions, fear and sadness, force the characters to recognize the limitations of their condition by being pushed beyond them into another world. The final chapter demonstrates the extent to which the transgressions beyond the borders of the sacred and the profane find their ultimate expression in ftwy - a state where the edges ofhumanity, bestiality and the divine are blurred. Keywords: Renaissance - Theatre - Rhetoric - Religion Texte traduit par Rachelle Beaudin Table des matières page Résumé lii Abstract y Table des matières vii Dédicace x Remerciements xi Introduction 1 Chapitre 1 Pour une définition du lieu commun 14 — Le lieu commun à la Renaissance : forme vide ou forme pleine? 15 — Lieu commun, tradition, doxa 24 — Le topos et la critique moderne : argument rhétorique ou séquence narrative? 26 — Topique et écrits théoriques sur la tragédie 33 — Tragédie et sentences 38 Chapitre 2 : Fortune, Destin et Providence 45 — Fortune païenne, Fortune chrétienne 47 — La Fortune dans les tragédies de Sénèque et dans les tragédies humanistes 59 vm • Modèle ontologique 61 • Modèle socio-politique 65 • Modèle éthique 72 • Modèle justicier 77 • Modèle héroïque 87 Chapitre 3 : Divination et prière 97 — Divination 98 • Les sources de l’Antiquité 104 • Abondance et diversité des signes 107 • Typologie des signes 114 • Lecture et interprétation des signes 128 • Fonctionnement dramatique de la tragédie humaniste 144 • Un cas particulier: la tragédie protestante de propagande (Bèze et Des Masures) 146 — Prières 151 • La «pétition» 155 • La prière d’actions de grâces 159 • La prière dans la tragédie protestante de propagande 160 Chapitre 4 : La plainte 166 — Lacrainte 168 — Crainte et stoïcisme 179 — Le chagrin 187 — Chagrin et stoïcisme 200 ix Chapitre 5 : La fureur 212 — Fureur criminelle et fureur divine 213 — Fureur guerrière et fureur civile 238 Conclusion 244 Bibliographie 247 À mon père ÀRa À tous ceux qui m’ont aidée Remerciements Il me fait plaisir d’exprimer ici ma reconnaissance envers mon directeur de thèse, M. Antoine Soare. Qu’il soit chaleureusement remercié pour ses conseils, ses encouragements constants ainsi que sa grande rigueur. C’est avec émotion que je pense à toutes ces personnes qui, durant ces années, m’ont constamment soutenue par leur amitié, leur affection, leur écoute dans les moments difficiles. Je tiens à remercier mon père Jean-Paul et sa conjointe Claudette, mon frère Alain, ma soeur Chantal, mon beau-frère Mounir et ma belle-soeur Béatrice; mes amies, Rachelle Beaudin, Jeanne Bovet, Daniela Di Cecco, Christine Tellier et Geneviève Sicotte. Je remercie tout particulièrement Ralf Meyer, pour sa présence attentive et patiente, sa tendresse de tous les instants. Qu’il me soit permis d’exprimer toute mon affection à Marie-France Wagner, dont l’énergie m’a été d’un grand secours. Sans la confiance qu’elle m’a témoignée, cette thèse n’aurait sans doute jamais été menée à terme. Enfm, je me dois de souligner le support financier apporté par le Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Humaines (C.R.S.H.), le fonds FCAR et la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université de Montréal.
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