Economic Thinking from Hesiod to Richard Cantillon
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Credit Market and Economic Growth
European Research Studies, Volume XVIII, Issue 3, 2015 Special Issue on “The Role of Clustering in Provision of Economic Growth” pp.103- 114 Historical Evolution of Economic Category “State Financial Reserves” Margarita Irizepova1 Abstract: The article views the issues of financial theory, related to historical development of scientific category “state financial reserves”. Using the principles of scientific research – unity of the logical and the historical, periodization and succession – the author determines stages of evolutional development of the studied category. As a result of the research, the author concludes that history of evolution of economic category “state financial reserves” is rooted in Ancient Rome, and nowadays this notion has not lost its actuality. This shows high effectiveness and universality of instrumentarium of state financial reserves and their applicability for various types of economic systems. Effective use of state financial reserves requires evaluation of long-term perspectives of influence of this tool on economic system and coordinates directions of the use of state financial reserves with priorities of state policy. Key Words: Historical Evolution, State Financial Reserves, Economic Category, Financial Theory JEL Classification : 1 Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia European Research Studies, Issue 3,2015 104 Special Issue on “The Role of Clustering in Provision of Economic Growth” M. Irizepova 1. Introduction Under the conditions of instability and crisis in the global economy, national governments strive for search and use of various means of preservation of stability of their national economic systems. One of the most popular tools for this is formation of state financial reserves in the period of economic growth, when there is excess of assets of state budget, which could be put into reserve without any damage to realization of planned state programs and under the condition of fulfillment of all state social responsibilities. -
An Anthropology of Gender and Death in Corneille's Tragedies
AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF GENDER AND DEATH IN CORNEILLE’S TRAGEDIES by MICHELLE LESLIE BROWN (Under the Direction of Francis Assaf) ABSTRACT This study presents an analysis of the relationship between gender and death in Corneille’s tragedies. He uses death to show spectators gender-specific types of behavior to either imitate or reject according to the patriarchal code of ethics. A character who does not conform to his or her gender role as dictated by seventeenth-century society will ultimately be killed, be forced to commit suicide or cause the death of others. Likewise, when murderous tyrants refrain from killing, they are transformed into legitimate rulers. Corneille’s representation of the dominance of masculine values does not vary greatly from that of his contemporaries or his predecessors. However, unlike the other dramatists, he portrays women in much stronger roles than they usually do and generally places much more emphasis on the impact of politics on the decisions that his heroes and heroines must make. He is also innovative in his use of conflict between politics, love, family obligations, personal desires, and even loyalty to Christian duty. Characters must decide how they are to prioritize these values, and their choices should reflect their conformity to their gender role and, for men, their political position, and for females, their marital status. While men and women should both prioritize Christian duty above all else, since only men were in control of politics and the defense of the state, they should value civic duty before filial duty, and both of these before love. Since women have no legal right to political power, they are expected to value domestic interests above political ones. -
The Origins of Velocity Functions
The Origins of Velocity Functions Thomas M. Humphrey ike any practical, policy-oriented discipline, monetary economics em- ploys useful concepts long after their prototypes and originators are L forgotten. A case in point is the notion of a velocity function relating money’s rate of turnover to its independent determining variables. Most economists recognize Milton Friedman’s influential 1956 version of the function. Written v = Y/M = v(rb, re,1/PdP/dt, w, Y/P, u), it expresses in- come velocity as a function of bond interest rates, equity yields, expected inflation, wealth, real income, and a catch-all taste-and-technology variable that captures the impact of a myriad of influences on velocity, including degree of monetization, spread of banking, proliferation of money substitutes, devel- opment of cash management practices, confidence in the future stability of the economy and the like. Many also are aware of Irving Fisher’s 1911 transactions velocity func- tion, although few realize that it incorporates most of the same variables as Friedman’s.1 On velocity’s interest rate determinant, Fisher writes: “Each per- son regulates his turnover” to avoid “waste of interest” (1963, p. 152). When rates rise, cashholders “will avoid carrying too much” money thus prompting a rise in velocity. On expected inflation, he says: “When...depreciation is anticipated, there is a tendency among owners of money to spend it speedily . the result being to raise prices by increasing the velocity of circulation” (p. 263). And on real income: “The rich have a higher rate of turnover than the poor. They spend money faster, not only absolutely but relatively to the money they keep on hand. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Gender and power: Representations of dido in French tragedy, 1558-1673. Vedrenne, Laetitia How to cite: Vedrenne, Laetitia (2009) Gender and power: Representations of dido in French tragedy, 1558-1673., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2037/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk GENDER AND POWER: REPRESENTATIONS OF DIDO IN FRENCH TRAGEDY, 1558-1673 Laetitia Vedrenne Volume 11 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Pltilosopby (2009) The copyright of this thesis resu witb tbe author or the I!Q.iversity to which it was submitted. No qyotalion from it, or iaform:atioo derived from it may be publisbed without the prior written coo.scnt of the autbor Ot uoivenily. aod ..y Wonnatioo d<riY<d ftom it sllould be J<:tnowl<dged. -
The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty (1623-1687): Never Translated Into Spanish Language
518297-LLP-2011-IT-ERASMUS-FEXI THE ECONOMIC WRITINGS OF SIR WILLIAM PETTY (1623-1687): NEVER TRANSLATED INTO SPANISH LANGUAGE VICTORIA CORREA MERLASSINO DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT – UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA BARCELONA , SPAIN [email protected] ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to outline the fact that the economic writings of Sir William Petty were never translated into Spanish. Although Petty contributes meaningfully to the economic thought, his works did not arrive to Spain in our language, that means that his ideas were not widely extended in our country or they arrived under the writings and citations of other authors. Another remarkable aspect related to William Petty to point out is, that the writings of some other theorist, philosophers, scientist contemporaneous to him were indeed translated into Spanish. This is the case of Thomas Hobbes, Francis Bacon, Thomas Mun and John Locke. On the other hand, Petty’s thought was based, in few points, on the ideas of some of the; especially on T. Hobbs and F. Bacon. Last but not least, this paper will contain a summary of his most important contributions for the economic thought described in ‘A treatise of Taxes and Contributions (1662)’, ‘Verburn Sapienti (1665)’, ‘Political Arithmetick (1676)’ and ‘Treatise of Ireland (1687)’. William Petty had a long-continued writing activity. His first essays are dated in 1662 and he carried on writing until his death in 1687. He wrote before the formal treatises on political economy were long extended. His writings were far from the systematized abstraction about every-days affairs. He was a man interested in the theory as well as the experimentation. -
Hector: Tragedy by Antoine De Montchrestien
Scène Européenne Traductions Regards croisésintrouvables sur la Scène Européenne - Métathéâtre, théâtre dans le théâtre et folie Hector: Tragedy by Antoine de Montchrestien Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by Richard Hillman Référence électronique Translation to Hector: Tragedy by Antoine de Montchrestien [En ligne], éd. par R. Hillman, 2019, mis en ligne le 15-03-2019, URL : https://sceneeuropeenne.univ-tours.fr/traductions/hector La collection TRADUCTIONS INTROUVABLES est publiée par le Centre d’études supérieures de la Renaissance, (Université de Tours, CNRS/UMR 7323) dirigé par Benoist Pierre Responsable scientifique Richard Hillman ISSN 1760-4745 Mentions légales Copyright © 2019 - CESR. Tous droits réservés. Les utilisateurs peuvent télécharger et imprimer, pour un usage strictement privé, cette unité documentaire. Reproduction soumise à autorisation. Contact : [email protected] Translation Richard Hillman CESR - Université de Tours HECTOR: TRAGEDY (c. 1601-1604) By Antoine de Montchrestien HECTOR: TRAGEDY RICHARD HILLMAN Note on the Translation The translation is based on the edition of Louis Petit de Julleville, which is still the only modern edition of the complete tragedies.1 As with my previous translations of French Renaissance tragedy, I employ hexame- ter couplets, which, however less at home in English than iambic pentameter, provide a more faithful impression of the original Alexandrines. That is the form consistently used by Montchrestien, except in certain choruses, which present variations in line-length and rhyme-scheme. These I have attempted to reproduce. I give the name “Andromache” its common English pronunciation (four syllables, with primary stress on the second), although Montchrestien’s verse, while employing the same spelling, which approximates the Greek, anticipates the three-syllable pronunciation mandated by the later spelling “Andromaque” (as in the tragedy of Racine [1667]). -
Revisiting Friedrich Nietzsche and William Petty
Continental Thought & Theory CT&T A journal of intellectual freedom Volume 1 | Issue 2: Debt and Value 306-332 | ISSN: 2463-333X On the Origins of Modern Debt and Value: Revisiting Friedrich Nietzsche and William Petty Philip Goodchild Abstract: The pursuit of self-interest can lead to market failure when there is a lack of trust. Where Hume and Nietzsche located the origin of trust in the capacity to make promises - debts conceived in terms of values – this article explores the origins of modern distrust and its concomitant pursuit of self- interest. Examining the market economies of the 16th and 17th centuries in England, one finds these were characterised by a shortage of coins so had to rely effectively on trust. Wealth consisted largely of ‘credit’ or trustworthiness, for this was the basis for access to goods and services with a promise of later payment. As such, wealth was not a possession but a reputation, and the pursuit of reputation took precedence over the pursuit of possessions. Since default on a debt could easily spread by contagion, the basis for collective welfare was personal morality. The key question, then, is how this conception of credit came to be replaced by one equivalent to debt, given a precise value and time for repayment. It will be argued that in this context the best way to prove one’s creditworthiness was to pay on time with the debt issued by a sound institution such as the Bank of England or the Exchequer. The financial revolution in England had the effect of turning the pursuit of ‘credit’ into the pursuit of http://ctt.canterbury.ac.nz CONTINENTAL THOUGHT & THEORY: A JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM Volume 1, Issue 2: Debt and Value wealth, where debts assumed the money functions of means of payment, unit of account, and store of value. -
How Adam Smith's Lack of Originality Led to the Founding of Economics
STUDENT ECONOMIC REVIEW VOL. XXXIII How Adam Smith’s Lack of Originality Led to the Founding of Economics Luke Hosford, Senior Sophister Adam Smith is often referred to as the Father of Economics, and to many, this logically means his ideas were the first of their kind in establishing the economic discipline. Luke Hos- ford refutes this claim and clearly shows that the ideas of Smith were rooted in the theories of earlier economists, in- cluding William Petty and David Hume. Luke goes on to out- line how Smith’s real genius wasn’t in his originality but in his ability to synthesise the ideas of others to create a coher- ent whole. By organising its theorems and providing a hard border to the discipline, Political Economy could finally be recognised as a science. Introduction he Irish economist Liam Delaney described in a Kilkenny speech that “It is Thard to say Adam Smith invented economics, but he was definitely the last person to invent it” (Delaney, 2018). Smith may not have discovered the con- cepts and ideas of political economy, but he did establish political economy as an academic discipline. He synthesised a great many ideas of his predecessors and grounded them in a natural law philosophy of the individual. Defining an academic discipline as internally cohesive, but externally valid fits Biglan’s Classification of an academic discipline along Hard/Soft and Life/ Nonlife lines (Stoecker, 1993). I argue Smith gave the discipline a hard border, creating a body of theory that satisfied most in the discipline, through his ability to synthesise others’ arguments in an internally coherent whole. -
XIX Annual Conference of ESHET – Rome, 14-16 May 2015 – “Great
XIX Annual Conference of ESHET – Ro me, 14-16 May 2015 – “Great Controversies in Economics” Economics in Blueprints: The Rivalry of Anticipations Oleg Ananyin National Research University “Higher School of Economics” – Moscow, Russia The emergence of economic science is typically assessed retrospectively, i.e. as a process tending to come up to some “classical situation”, to use Schumpeter’s term (1954). Otherwise very different works by Marx (1859), Schumpeter (1954), Blaug (1965), Hutchison (1988). are representative of this view. Such an approach is quite appropriate for tracing back the origins of the phenomenon taken for a benchmark in order to identify its roots and follow the logic of its maturing. It does not catch, however, the context within which a new phenomenon appears and takes its shape. The paper departs from the assumption that the emergence of a new phenomenon occurs usually in bifurcation points, i.e. under conditions when the future is not predetermined, and the choice of development path depends on incident factors, while subsequent steps tend to become path-dependent. In such cases the genesis of a new phenomenon is a matter of selection from available options, of which the rejected ones are of no less importance than the option that happened to be accomplished. It is argued in the paper that the genesis of the economic science belongs precisely to this kind of scenarios. To support this claim a set of blueprints of the emerging economic science are identified and considered. Among them James Steuart’s rationalized version of earlier empirical and descriptive tradition rooted in mercantilist economic reasoning; the empirical and statistical project of William Petty; John Law’s attempt of social engineering; David Hume’s perspective of economic philosophy; and, finally, the project of abstract science proposed by Richard Cantillon. -
Renaissance Quarterly Books Received January–March 2015 (68.1)
Renaissance Quarterly Books Received January–March 2015 (68.1) Al-Jawzi, Ibn. Virtues of the Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: Volume 2. Ed. and trans. Michael Cooperson. Library of Arabic Literature. New York: New York University Press, 2015. viii + 584 pp. $40. ISBN: 978-0-8147-3894-8. Ardito, Alissa M. Machiavelli and the Modern State: The Prince, the Discourses on Livy, and the Extended Territorial Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. xii + 328 pp. $99. ISBN: 978-1-107-06103-3. Arnade, Peter, and Walter Prevenier. Honor, Vengeance, and Social Trouble: Pardon Letters in the Burgundian Low Countries. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015. xii + 244 pp. $26.95. ISBN: 978- 0-8014-7991-5. Avcıoğlu, Nebahat, and Allison Sherman, eds. Artistic Practices and Cultural Transfer in Early Modern Italy: Essays in Honour of Deborah Howard. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2015. xxxiv + 286 pp. $119.95. ISBN: 978-1-4724-4365-6. Baldi, Davide. Il greco a Firenze e Pier Vettori (1499–1585). Hellencia: Testi e strumenti di letteratura greca antica, medievale e umanistica 53. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso, 2014. vi +186 pp. €18. ISBN: 978-88-6274-578-9. Balsamo, Jean. l’amorevolezza verso le cose Italiche: Le livre Italien à Paris au XVIe siècle. Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 536. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2015. 282 pp. $39.60. ISBN: 978-2- 600-01825-8. Barolsky, Paul. Ovid and the Metamorphoses of Modern Art from Botticelli to Picasso. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. xviii + 250 pp. $45. ISBN: 978-0-300-19669-6. Barton, Thomas W. Contested Treasure: Jews and Authority in the Crown of Aragon. -
Marx, Classical Political Economy and the Problem of Dynamics* Translated from German by Rick Kuhn
chapter 26 Marx, Classical Political Economy and the Problem of Dynamics* Translated from German by Rick Kuhn 1 In the dominant view, Marx is merely a student of the classical political eco- nomists, someone who completed their work, or their successor.1 A precisely delineated conception is thus erected: the labour theory of value, developed by Adam Smith and Ricardo, in its innermost essence, leads to socialism. This consequence was not, however, articulated by its founders. Marx was the first to think Ricardo’s theory through to its end, as it were, providing its previously unarticulated final word.2 This conception must certainly already appear to be extremely questionable from the general position of the critique of political economy, if ‘the development of political economy and of the opposition to which it gives rise keeps pace with the real development of the social contra- dictions and class conflicts inherent in capitalist production’.3 * [Originally published as Grossman 1941a.] 1 Pareto 1902, p. 340; Croce 1914, p. 138; Schumpeter 1954, p. 15; Wilbrandt 1919, p. 101; Engländer 1928, p. 380. ‘It was Karl Marx … who, as a value theorist, was indeed the last great figure in the classical school’, Douglas 1927, p. 65. The socialists, Franz Mehring, Conrad Schmidt, and above all Rudolf Hilferding, however, are no different. See Mehring 1913b, p. 250; Mehring 1920, p. 557; Schmidt 1889, p. 112. Hilferding not only regarded Marx as an opponent and conqueror of but also as perfecting ‘Classical Economy which begins with William Petty and finds its supreme expression in Marx’, Hilferding 1981, p. -
The Revenge of Political Arithmetick. Economic Statistics and Political Purpose
The Revenge of Political Arithmetick. Economic Statistics and Political Purpose Fickle Formulas Working Paper 2-2019. Daniel K. Mügge University of Amsterdam May 2019 2 The Revenge of Political Arithmetick. Economic Statistics and Political Purpose1 Daniel K. Mügge Department of Political Science University of Amsterdam [email protected] Last update: 20 May 2019 ABSTRACT. Contemporary governance is thoroughly quantified, and in no policy field more so than economic policy. The numbers on which economic debates draw present themselves as objective, technocratic data, above the everyday tussle of politics. At the same time, governance by the numbers has increasingly come under fire in recent years. In the extreme, critics decry statistics as just another opinion or manipulation devices. I argue that both the excessive trust and the excessive skepticism are unjustified, and that both betray an a-historical understanding of the macroeconomic statistics that surround us today. In response, this article offers a truncated history of central economic indicators, which measure inflation, unemployment, economic growth and international economic exchange. It shows how these metrics have been infused with political purpose, and hence bias, from the very start. This account builds on the abundant scholarship about the history of statistics, all the way back to William Petty’s Political Arithmetick in the 17th century. Modern day evidence- based policy and statistics-based research have forgotten – or consciously ignore – their roots in openly normative political projects. I therefore propose to see and study economic statistics as a form of political arithmetic 2.0. Cognizant of economic statistics’ historical baggage, we can heed the biases they may harbor and better put governance by numbers in its place.