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Der Handel Der Wikingerzeit Zwischen Nord- Und Westeuropa Aufgrund Archäologischer Zeugnisse

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Der Handel Der Wikingerzeit Zwischen Nord- Und Westeuropa Aufgrund Archäologischer Zeugnisse Sonderdrucke aus der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg HEIKO STEUER Der Handel der Wikingerzeit zwischen Nord- und Westeuropa aufgrund archäologischer Zeugnisse Originalbeitrag erschienen in: Klaus Düwel (Hrsg.): Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. T. 4 (1987), S. [113] - 197 HEIKO STEUER Der Handel der Wikingerzeit zwischen Nord- und Westeuropa aufgrund archäologischer Zeugnisse Inhaltsübersicht Einführung Methodische Ausgangsbasis Die Währungsbasis Silber Handels- und Währungsräume Die Handelsgüter Fässer als Transportbehälter Keramik als Handelsgut und Transportbehälter Mühlsteine als Handelsgut Handel mit Glas und Glasbruch als Rohmaterial Waffenhandel Kontinentaler Metallschmuck im Norden Handel mit Textilien Handel mit dem Rohstoff Speckstein Handel mit dem Rohstoff Eisen Die Versorgung mit Kämmen Produktionszahlen und Fundzahlen Der Handel im Spiegel archäologischer Funde Zur Intensität des Fernhandels zwischen dem Westen und dem Norden Einführung Vom späten B. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert, der Zeitspanne, welche im Norden Wikingerzeit genannt wird, hat es einen beträchtlichen Handel zwischen den skan- dinavischen Ländern und dem karolingisch-deutschen Reich sowie England bzw. den Britischen Inseln gegeben. Dies ist eine Tatsache, über die heute nicht mehr diskutiert zu werden braucht, auch wenn bei manchen Archäologen, gerade denen, die „Handelsplätze" wie Haithabu oder York ausgraben, eine zweifelnde Haltung besteht, weil im ersten Zugriff auf die archäologischen Quellen der Nachweis von Handel nicht unmittelbar gegeben ist l . Aber das Wissen um die Existenz von Han- del sollte dann den Archäologen zwingen, den Weg — oder wie man heute sagt das Modell — zu finden, mit dem auch er den Umfang des Handels zur Wikingerzeit nachweisen kann. 1 K. S c h i e t z e 1, Handwerk und Handel in Haithabu — Probleme der Interpretation. Zeitschr. für Archäologie 13, 1979, 91 ff. 114 Heiko Steuer Abb. la: Handelsplätze des B. bis 11. Jahrhunderts. 1. Handelsplätze, 2. Karolingerreich, Grenzen um 814. Der Handel zwischen Nord- u. Westeuropa aufgrund archäolog. Zeugnisse 115 516"w 36 - 56 -^-4 35 ^10 17) _... 9 12 18 27 19 20 23 `i r 26 21 ^ 25 22 24 500= Abb. lb: Handelsplätze des 8. bis 11. Jahrhunderts. 1 Dublin 18 Erfurt 35 Stettin / Szczecin 2 York 19 Hallstatt bei Bamberg 36 Menzlin 3 Ipswich 20 Forchheim 37 Ralswiek 4 London 21 Regensburg 38 Reric (Mecklenburg) 5 Winchester 22 Lorch 39 Starigard (Oldenburg) 6 Hamwih/Southampton 23 Prag 40 Alt-Lübeck 7 Rouen 24 Mikulcice 41 Haithabu 8 Paris 25 Stare Mesto 42 Ribe 9 Quentovic 26 Krakau 43 Arhus 10 Domburg 27 Kiew 44 Kaupang i Skiringssal 11 Dorestad 28 Novgorod 45 Löddeköpinge 12 Köln 29 Staraja Ladoga 46 Lund 13 Mainz 30 Grobin 47 Ahus 14 Emden 31 Truso 48 Paviken 15 Hamburg 32 Danzig /Gdansk 49 Visby 16 Bardowick 33 Kolberg / Kolobrzeg 50 Helgö 17 Magdeburg 34 Wolin 51 Birka * moderne Ausgrabungen 116 Heiko Steuer Die Diskussion findet vor dem Hintergrund der Auseinandersetzung um die The- sen H. Pirennes statte, der einen massiven Niedergang von Handel und allen ande- ren wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten durch die arabische Übernahme des Mittelmeers für das Merowinger- und frühe Karolingerreich annahm und erst im Laufe der Karolingerzeit eine Wiederbelebung — mit Schwerpunktverlagerung in den Nord- osten des Reichs — erkennen zu können glaubte. Auf die wissenschaftliche Diskus- sion kann hier nicht eingegangen werden 3, es sei nur daran erinnert, daß 1959 noch Ph. Grierson beispielsweise für den Gütertransfer Geschenkwesen, Beute und Tri- bute als entscheidend annahm und dem Handel nur eine erst randliche Bedeutung beimaß4. Daß sich inzwischen das Bild wesentlich gewandelt hat, ist in erster Linie der Archäologie zu verdanken, die im Nord- und Ostseeraum zahlreiche Handels- plätze untersucht und ihre Entstehung und innere Organisation erschlossen hat (Abb.1)5. In Stichworten sei an die schriftliche Überlieferung als Rahmen erinnert. Bei Adam von Bremen heißt es über die mittelschwedische Stadt Birka: „Solent omnes Danorum vel Nortmannorum itemque Sclavorum ac Semborum naves aliique Scithiae populi pro diversis commerciorum necessitatibus sollempniter convenire" (Birka, wo sich regelmäßig alle Schiffe der Dänen, Normannen und ebenso der Slawen und Samlän- der und der Völkerschaften aus der nördlichen Ostsee zu unterschiedlichen Han- delsgeschäften treflen)6. In Rimberts Vita Anskarii heißt es: „Sliaswich ..., ubi ex omni parte conventus fiebat negotiatorum" (Schleswig, wo Händler aus aller Welt zusammenkamen)7. In der Vita Anskarii wird erzählt, wie Leute aus Birka nach Dorestad reisten und umgekehrt, daß Leute aus Dorestad sich in Birka aufhielten. Friesen werden zu 2 H. Pirenne, Mahomet und Karl der Große (Frankfurt a.M. und Hamburg 1963), zuerst: Mahomet et Charlemagne (Paris Brüssel 1937). 3 Zum Stand der Diskussion nach 50 Jahren vgl. D. C 1 au d e, Der Handel im westlichen Mit- telmeer während des Frühmittelalters. Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr in vor- und früh- geschichtlicher Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen Phil.-Hist. Kl. Dritte Folge Nr. 144 (Göttingen 1985); R. Hodges, Dark Age Economics. The origins of towns and trade AD 600-1000 (London 1982); R. Hodges / D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charle- magne and the Origins of Europe (London 1983); B. Lyon, The historical debate on the end of ancient world and the beginning of the Middle Ages, sowie H. Steuer, Von Theoderich dem Großen zu Karl dem Großen, beides in: Mahomet et Charlemagne. Hommage a Henri Pirenne (Mailand, im Druck). 4 Ph. Grierson, Commerce in the Dark Ages: A Critique of the Evidence. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser. 9, 1959, 123-140. — D.M. Metcalf, The prosperity of north-western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. Economic Hist. Review 20, 1967, 344-357, steht auf der Seite der Vertreter des Modells einer blühenden Wirtschaft. 5 Zuletzt mit Lit.: Archäologische und naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an Siedlun- gen im deutschen Küstengebiet, Bd. 2: Handelsplätze des frühen und hohen Mittelalters, hrsg. von H. Jankuhn, K. Schietzel und H. Reichstein (Weinheim 1984); auch E. Roesdahl, Viking Age Denmark (London 1982) 68 f ., 194 ff. 6 Adam von Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum I, c. 60. In: R. Buchner (Hrsg.), Quellen des 9. und 11. Jh. zur Geschichte der Hamburgischen Kirche und des Reiches. Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters 11. Freiherr vom Stein Gedächt- nisausgabe (1961). 7 Rimbert, Vita Anskarii c. 24. In: R. Buchner (wie Anm. 6). Der Handel zwischen Nord- u. Westeuropa aufgrund archäolog. Zeugnisse 117 Beginn des 9. Jh. in Birka und in York erwähnt, bevor diese Stadt 876 dänisch orga- nisiert wurde, ähnlich wie vielleicht Haithabu um 900 schwedisch. Erinnert sei an die Fahrten des norwegischen Fellhändlers Ottar und des Nor- mannen Wulfstan, die beide ihre Reisen etwa zwischen 870 und 890 unternahmen und vom englischen König Alfred dem Großen (871-901) an den Hof eingeladen wurden, der ihre Berichte in seine wissenschaftlichen Werke aufnahm. Ottar wohnte in Halogaland, fuhr ins Weiße Meer im Norden und beispielsweise nach Skiringssal/Kaupang am Oslofjord, an den englischen Hof in London und nach Hai- thabu; Wulfstan segelte von Haithabu nach Truso, bis ins Samland8. Dieser schriftlich überlieferte weiträumige und intensive Handel war es, der die Archäologen schon frühzeitig dazu brachte, die Handelsplätze auszugraben und den archäologischen Niederschlag dieses Handels zu erfassen. Markstein war H. Arb- mans Abhandlung aus dem Jahr 1937 9 . Parallel dazu folgten ausgehend von den Untersuchungen in Haithabu H. Jankuhns Forschungen zur Handelsgeschichte mit Arbeiten bis in die Gegenwart10, auf die ich hier im wesentlichen fußen muß, auch wenn gerade in den letzten Jahren durch breite Ausgrabungstätigkeit in Skandina- vien, in den Niederlanden und in England die materielle Basis für die Diskussion von Handelsplätzen, Handelswaren und Handelswegen erheblich erweitert worden ist. Methodische Ausgangsbasis Archäologische Quellen beleuchten gleichermaßen wie die schriftlichen Überlie- ferungen nur bruchstückhaft und schlaglichtartig jeweils ganz unterschiedliche Bereiche des ehemaligen Gütertransports vom Kontinent nach Skandinavien und umgekehrt, den wir gemeinhin unter dem Begriff „Handel" zusammenfassen. Die- ser ist nicht etwa eine neue Erscheinung der Wikingerzeit, sondern kann auf eine jahrhundertelange Tradition zurückblicken11, die gewissermaßen alle Voraussetzun- 8 R. Hennig, Terrae Incognitae. Eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungsreisen an Hand der darüber vorliegenden Originalbe- richte, Bd. 2 (2. Aufl. Leiden 1950) 202 ff.; H. J a n k u h n, Haithabu. Ein Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit (4. Aufl. Neumünster 1963) 166 ff. mit Lit. 9 H. A r b m a n, Schweden und das karolingische Reich (1937). 10 H. J a n k u h n, Handelswaren in Haithabu. In: Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr (wie Anm. 3) 254-260; der s ., Haithabu. Ein Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit (6. Aufl. 1976); d e r s ., Das Missionsfeld Ansgars. Frühmittelalterliche Studien 1, 1967, 213-221; de r s ., Karl der Große und der Norden. In Karl der Große Bd. 1 (1965) 699-707; der s., Das Abendland und der Norden. In: Das Erste Jahrtausend, Textbd. 2 (1964) 821-847; der s ., Der fränkisch- friesische Handel zur Ostsee im frühen Mittelalter. Vierteljahrsschr.
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