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Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1886] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 443 NORSK NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. By oeoroe h. boeblivier. (With five plates.) In the section of Naval Architecture in the United States National Museum at Washington there is on exhibition the model of a boat used in the fisheries at Soudmore, Norway, and with slight modifications all along the coast of Norway, from Egersund, in Lister, round the North Cape to the frontier of Russia, a distance of about twelve hundred geographical miles. They are called " Nordlaudsbaade " (Northland boats), are described as long, narrow, and low, light and elegant, and fit both for sailing and rowing,^ and are believed by the fishermen of that region, on account of their peculiar construction, to be more elastic, safer, and swifter in a sea way. THE SONDMORE BOAT. (See Plate xv.) This boat is described as being clinker-built, and having four strakes, except at the bow, where there are six strakes ; lower bow-plank put on diagonally with end chamfered to fit on other planks, to which they are nailed ; no gunwales ; strengthening pieces along the inside next to upper strake ; heavy timbers ; boat entirely open ; six thwarts ; five rowlocks ; deep keel, curving up like a sled-rumier at each end to form stem and stern posts, which are high ; bottom slightly concave, with much dead rise, being nearly straight to top of upper strake ; ends ; sharp and very flaring small rudder ; peculiar jointed tiller ; single mast, stepped amidships, with strong rake ; four shrouds aside, with toggles on lower ends that pass through beckets at the boat's side j single lugsail, with narrow head, tacks down to stem. The rowlocks of all the Northland boats, from the most ancient to the present Norwegian fishing craft, exhibit the same general model, although they differ from one another in size and details of work. In every case they are cut out of one ijiece of timber. The representation given on next page is from a boat built at Rannefjord, in the " Nord- lands Amt," about latitude 66 north. They are called "Keiper," and the same term ("Keipr") is found in old Icelandic sagas (Fornmanna Sogur) and in the Snorre's Edda. The Keiper consists of a piece of wood fastened to the gunwale by wooden pegs— in the Sondmore boat, in the absence of a gunwale, they are 'Diriks aud E. SmuU, iu " Folkevenneu " of 18()3 ami 1865. — 444 NORSK NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. fastened to the top plank by two iron nails — bearing an oblique pro- longation at one end, and furnished with a loop of wicker-work rope or leather, through which the oar is passed, and which prevents its slipping out of the keip while rowing. These rowlocks are in Norway considered superior to ordinary tholes, being not so liable to break as the latter. In some fishing craft the planks are tied to the frames by ropes through holes in the under side of the frames and corresponding holes or in cleats projecting from the ])lanks. Little, if any, change appears to have been made in northern navjil architecture, for in the Northland boats of the present day we recog- nize the oldest forms known to us from the rock sculptures {Helleriai- 7iinger, or Hallristningar) discovered in Sweden and Norway, with an antiquity reaching far back into prehistoric times, and supposed to have originated from 500 to 800 years before the Christian era; from boat- shaped stone burial grftups {SMbsscetninger, or StensTiepper) supposed to have been erected during the transition time from the bronze period to the iron age in Scandinavia, and from Boat remains found at various times and places, representing structures dating from the third to about the ninth or tenth century of the Christian era. I. Helleristninger,^ or hallristningar, the picture groups of Scandinavia, engraved upon rock and originated during the bronze age, represent in simple outlims ' O. Rygh: Om Helleristniuger i Norge. I Videnskabs Selskabet i Kristiania For- hanflliuger, 1873, p. 455-470. Dr, Henry Peterson : Notice sur les Pierres Sculpt^es du Danemark ; in : Memoires de la Soci6t6 Royale des Antiquaires des Nord ; Copeu- hagne, 1877, p. 330-342. (Cited by Dr. C. Ran: Cup-shaped and other Lapidari.au Sculptures, p. 25, in—Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. v ; U. S. Geo- graphical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region ; U. S. Department of Interior.) 1886.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 445 more or less equipped ships, sharp at the ends, with stem and stern posts alike, both curved and high. The oars appear as a series of ver- tical strokes along the sides of the ship. Such representations have been discovered: in Denmark,^ on the capstone of a funeral chamber near Herrestrup ; in the northwest of Seeland;^ on a bronze knife excavated in Ditmarsch;^ in Sweden, on a heavy diorite slab from a tumulus in Scania, called Willfarahog;* at Kivik, Christianstad Lan, Scania;^ in Bohuslan,^ on the Hiiggeby stone in Upland and on runic stones upon Gotland. The accompanying illus- tration (see Plate xvi) shows a runic stone found in Alskog parish, at Tjangvide, in the southern part of the island of Gotland. It is now in the museum at Stockholm. At the base is a dragon-ship with only one mast and one sail. (The illustration was taken from Paul du Chaillu, The Land of the Midnight Sun : New York, 1882.) They occur in Norway, along the coast as far north as Throndhjem fjord;' and in Russia, upon the southeast bank of Onega Lake,'' which is the only one known to exist within the east Baltic regions of Russia. Of the construction of the boats represented in these sculptures of course nothing is known, ner do the engravings permit of any estimate as to their dimensions, the only record handed down to us being the outlines, which, however, are sufficient to serve in the comparison with the lines of later structures. A different view of the outlines of boats, supposed to have belonged to the period at the beginning of the Christian era, and which, in form, ' Worsaae : The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark ; translated by W. J. Thomas ; London, 1849, p. 91. (Cited by Ran : Cup-shaped and other Lapidariau Sculptures, p. 27. ) Worsaae : Nordiske Oldsager i det kou jrelige Museum i Kjobenhavu, tig. 171-175. (Cited by C. Rau : Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures, p. 27.) ^C. Rau: Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures, p. 27, aud fig. 21. Simp- eon: Archaic Sculptures, &c., p. 72. (Cited by Rau, «fec., p. 27.) Ferguson: Ri;de Stone Monuments, fig. 106, p. 303. (Cited by Rau, p. 27.) Peterson, Dr. Heury : Notice, sur les Pierres Sculpt^es du Dauemark, p. 33-<. (Cited by Rau, p. 27.) 3 Kemble : Horse Ferales, p. 228. •Nilsson: Das Bronzealter ; Nachtrag, p. 42. (Cited by Rau, p. 29.) Simpson: Archaic Sculptures, &c., p. 78. (Cited by Rau, p. 29.) sRau: Cup-shaped and other Lapidariau Sculptures, p. 30 and figs. 24. Nilsson: Das Bronzealter. (Cited by C. Rau, p. 30.) Peterson: Notices sur les Pierres Sculp- t^es, &c. (Cited by Rau, p. 30.) "Montelius: Bohuslanske hiiUristuingar, Stockholm, 1876, pp. 3, 18. Rau: Cup- shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures, p. 30 and fig. 25. Nilssou : &c., p. 90. (Cited by Rau, p. 30.) Holniberg, A. E. : Scaudinaviens HiiUristuingar, Stockholm, 1848. Dr. Aberg, Leunart : Hiillristningar uti Bohuslan ; in : Annaler for Nordisk Old- kyndighed; Kjobenhavu, 1839; plate x, p. 386. ^ N. NicolayscH : Laugskibet fra Gokstad ved Sandefjord. Kristiania, 1882, p. 9. fiir Autbropologie, «Archiv x, p. 86; wood-cut, fig. 4. Grewingk, C. : Ueberdie in Granit geritzteu Biklergruppen am Onegasee. In : Bulletin histor. philol. de I'Acad- ^mie des Sciences de St.-P6tersbourg, xii, No. 7 et 8. Schwede: Nachr. Iswestija der Gesellschaft geographischeu zn St. Petersburg'. 18.")0, p. 68. Grewiugk, C. : Verhaqd- lungen der esthnischen GespUschaft zu Uoipa^, vii, Heft 1, p. 25, " — 44(j NORSK NAVAL AKCHITECTUEE. again resemble the Northland fishing boats of the present day, is ob- tained from the so-called II. Skibss^tninger,^ (Stenskeppar, Skeppshogar, Skeppsformer;^ Schiffsetzungen; Wella- Laiwe, Teufelsboote, or Steinscbiffe)^ or rows of stones set in such a manner as to form the outlines of boats, and which were employed for sepulchral purposes by the Vikiugs. Sweden is the center of distribution of Korske boat-shaped groups. They occur in Bohuslan, Schonen, Blekingen, Oeland, Gotland, Nericke, and Upland.'' Similar structures have been found near Stralsund, Ger- many.-'* and in the Baltic provinces of Courland,^ and Estnish Livonia'^ of Eussia In Courland, Russia, only seven of these positions have been dis- covered, all being located in the diocese of Erwahlen,^ and with one ex- ception they occur in pairs, situated behind each other. The outlines of long, narrow, and pointed vessels are represented by a single row of stones. The stem and stern posts are shown by large bowlders, thus indicating for these parts a considerable elevation above the bulwark 1 C. Engelhardt : Denmark in the Early Iron Age, London, 1866, pp. 38,39. ^Bidrag til Ktiuuedom om Goteborgs och Bohusliins Fornminnen. •^C. Grewiugk: Die Steiuschifie vou MnscLing iind die Wella-Laiwe oder Teufels- boote von Kurlaud iiberhaupt. Dorpat, 1878. Doring, J. : Die Teufelsbootevou Kur- land. Sitzuugsberichte der Gesellschaft fiir Literatur uud Kunst, 1860-1863. Mitau, 1864. Berg, C. : Notiz iiu Correspoud(iuzblatt der Naturfor. Gesellsch. zu Riga, xx, 1872. *Arcbiv liir Authropologie, x, pp. 83,84. 5 Hageuow : lu Baltische Studien der Ges. f. Pommerscbe Gescbichte, xv, 2, p. 49. Archiv fiir Antbropologie, x, p. 82. ^Grewingk: Zur Antbropologie des Balticums und Russlands. Im Arcbiv fiir Antbropologie, X, pp. 73-100; 297-300.
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