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NORTH SEA ARCHAEOLOGIES This Page Intentionally Left Blank North Sea Archaeologies: a Maritime Biography, 10,000 BC to AD 1500 NORTH SEA ARCHAEOLOGIES This page intentionally left blank North Sea Archaeologies: A Maritime Biography, 10,000 BC to AD 1500 ROBERT VAN DE NOORT 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Robert Van de Noort 2011 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937009 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–956620–4 13579108642 Preface The aim of this book is to explore how an archaeological study that is focused on a fluid maritime landscape differs from one based on a solid terrestrial landscape, and what we—as archaeologists who overwhelmingly live and work on land—can learn from such a study. From the outset, it needs emphasizing that this study does not presume that land and sea were mutually exclusive realms, or represent genuine or metaphorical opposites in the past or present. The sea itself is too dynamic, its edges are too blurred, and people’s knowledge of the sea has always been far too great for such a concept to be given much validity. Nevertheless, the sea is different from the land in many different aspects: the sea is active and dynamic, often unpredictable and unreliable; it continues to be a co-constructor of landscapes; it offers a deviant place where the establishment found it difficult to exercise its powers; and it is a place where special skills and knowledge are required, not held by those unfamiliar with the sea. In these senses, the sea is an alternative space where one can explore ways in which people in the past engaged with the world they inhabited. The selection of the North Sea as the focus for this study relates directly to my own background. Over the past three decades, I have worked as an archaeologist on the opposite sides of the North Sea. As a student, and in my early career, I participated in a number of excavations on the Dutch coast and the coastal hinterland. Later, through the work of the Humber Wetlands Project, I became familiar with England’s east-coast archaeology. The discov- ery of a fragment of a Bronze Age sewn-plank boat on a beach in East Yorkshire by Richard Middleton in 1997, and my involvement in the publica- tion of what we called the ‘Kilnsea boat’, drew my attention to the North Sea proper. Researching the literature on Bronze Age boats, I realized the wealth of the resource offered by these craft and how little endeavour had been made to place these into broader archaeological contexts. This, in turn, led to ideas on the transformative powers of the North Sea. Some of the arguments presented here have been aired at conferences and presentations around the North Sea basin, and the debates that ensued from these are recognized for having helped to shape this book. I also wish to acknowledge the participants of the English Heritage Marine Research Frame- work project for their knowledge and wisdom. I am particularly grateful to the following who read and commented on draft chapters: Bryony Coles, Alan Outram, Hans Peeters, Jason Rogers, Stephen Rippon, Fraser Sturt, and Christer Westerdahl. As always, I am indebted to Jess Collins for improving on my English and to Michael Rouillard for producing the line-drawings and maps. vi Preface I wish to thank Amy Ball and Andrew Mackay at the Craven Museum and Gallery, Skipton, for access to the two small axes from the Dogger Bank, and David Field (English Heritage) for drawing my attention to these. Others, including David Campbell and Toby Heppel, I thank for making me explain things simply. Finally, I wish to thank my sons, Will and Michael, for their companionship on the trips to the Oslofjord, the stfold and Bohusla¨nin 2006, the east coast of Jutland in 2007 and the Shetland and Orkney archi- pelagos in 2009 that completed my research around the North Sea. Contents List of figures ix List of abbreviations xi Note to the reader xiii 1. Introduction: the sea is ‘good to think’ 1 2. An archaeological theory of the sea 21 3. The sea as a dynamic and hybrid landscape 44 4. Fish: exploring the sea as a taskscape 72 5. Socializing coastal landscapes 98 6. Archipelagos and islands 125 7. Moving across the North Sea 146 8. The daily practice of seafaring: the ship as heterotopia par excellence 178 9. The cultural biographies of boats 201 10. Conclusions: a maritime biography 228 Bibliography 241 Index 271 This page intentionally left blank List of figures 1. The North Sea: the Frisians’ view 5 2. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 1 6 3. First impressions of the North Sea 8 4. A topographic and bathymetric map of the North Sea region. 10 5. The cultural biography of a boat I 39 6. The cultural biography of a boat II 40 7. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 3 45 8. The reconstructed development of ‘Doggerland’ 46 9. Redrawn version of Clement Reid’s map of the North Sea with the coastline ‘at the period of the lowest submerged forest’ 48 10. Variants on Holocene sea-level change 50 11. The reconstructed development of the North Sea 52–3 12. Archaeological finds from Viking-Bergen, Store Fiskebank, and the Leman and Ower Bank 56 13. Archaeological finds from the Brown Bank 58 14. Two small axes from Dogger Bank (held in Craven Museum, Skipton) 59 15. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 4 74 16. The distribution of middens in the North Sea basin 76 17. Reproduced image of the rock engraving of fishermen at Kville, Bohusla¨n81 18. Julian Thomas’s (1999) graph of the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition 90 19. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 5 99 20. Rubjerg Kunde lighthouse, Jutland 100 21. Reconstruction of ‘Seahenge’ 106 22. Reconstruction drawing of Flag Fen, Phase 3, middle stage 107 23. Feddersen Wierde Phase 4 111 24. Feddersen Wierde—layout of a house in Phase 5 112 25. Schematic model illustrating the range of potential strategies for the exploitation, modification and transformation of an area of coastal saltmarsh 117 26. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 6 127 27. The Orkney and Shetland Isles 128 x List of figures 28. The Old Red Sandstone architecture on Orkney: the Ring of Brodgar 131 29. Present-day currents in the North Sea 140 30. Present-day sandbanks in the southern North Sea 143 31. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 7 153 32. Distribution of dated logboats by groups of countries in 200-year periods 155 33. Map of the diffusion of logboats 156 34. Schematic representation of a sewn-plank boat 161 35. Schematic representation of the hull construction of a Gallo-Roman boat 166 36. Schematic representation of hull construction using the clinker technique 169 37. Schematic representation of hull construction using the carvel technique 174 38. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 8 181 39. A reconstructed Ferriby 1 sewn-plank boat with crew and passengers 183 40. Schematic representation of the context of sewn-plank boats 184 41. Boats on the rocks near Tanum, Bohusla¨n 190 42. Places and regions mentioned in chapter 9 202 43. Schematic representation of the position of burial chambers in boat burials of the first millennium ad 209 44. A ‘stone boat’ at Lindholm Hje, Jutland 213 45. Esbjerg Fisheries and Maritime Museum: the old fishing harbour reconstructed 236 46. A national symbol: the Oseberg ship in the Vikingskipshuset in Oslo 239 List of abbreviations BAR British Archaeological Reports BROB Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek CBA Council for British Archaeology IJNA International Journal of Nautical Archaeology JAS Journal of Archaeological Science LBK Linear band ceramic (Linearbandkeramik) PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society PSAS Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ROB Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek RGZM Ro¨misch-Germanishes Zentralmuseum This page intentionally left blank Note to the reader All radiocarbon dates used in this book were calibrated according to the maximum intercept method (Stuiver and Reimer 1986), using OxCal 4.0 (Bronk Ramsey 2006), and with end points rounded outwards to 10 years (Mook 1986).
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