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Announcements: • Homework solutions will soon be CULearn • Homework set 1 returned today. • Homework #2 is due today. • Homework #3 is posted – due next Wed. • First midterm is 2 weeks from Christian Doppler tomorrow. (1803—1853) Today we will investigate the relativistic Doppler effect and look at and . http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 1 Clickers Unmatched • #12ACCD73 • #3378DD96 • #3639101F • #36BC3FB5 Need to register your clickers for me to be able to associate • #39502E47 scores with you • #39BEF374 • #39CAB340 • #39CEDD2A

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 2 Clicker question 4 last lecture Set frequency to AD A spacecraft travels at v=0.5c relative to the Earth. It launches a missile in the forward direction at a speed of 0.5c. How fast is the missile moving relative to Earth? This actually uses the A. 0 inverse transformation: B. 0.25c C. 0.5c Have to keep signs straight. Depends on D. 0.8c which way you are transforming. Also, E. c the can be positive or negative! Best way to solve these is to figure out if the add or subtract and then use the appropriate formula. Since the missile if fired forward in the spacecraft frame, the spacecraft and missile velocities add in the Earth frame.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 3 addition works with light too!

A Spacecraft moving at 0.5c relative to Earth sends out a beam of light in the forward direction. What is the light velocity in the Earth frame?

What about if it sends the light out in the backward direction?

It works. We get the same speed of light no matter what!

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 4 Relativistic Doppler Effect • Train (frame S’) traveling at speed v relative to the ground (frame S). Headlight from train is a source of light with frequency

fsource. Observer is on the ground at rest in The between emission of front of the train + we two crests is given by Δt. want to determine the During this time first crest will observed frequency, move a distance cΔt, but the train will move a distance vΔt. f . obs Distance between successive crests is therefore λ = cΔt – vΔt (As seen from S) http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 5 Doppler cont.

• Since all crests are approaching at speed c, the frequency seen by

observer Q, fobs , is

fobs = c/λ = c/(c-v)Δt = 1/(1-β)Δt

€ Now f = 1/Δt’, hence Δt is time between successive crests src as measured in S, but Δt = γ Δt’ with f = f /[ γ(1-β)] Δt’ being the proper time between two obs src crests, since they occur at same 1/γ =√(1-β2 = √(1-β)(1+β) place in S’. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 6 Relativistic Doppler shift The speed of light is the same for all inertial observers

However, the wavelength and frequency change based on relative velocity For a source moving toward an observer:

For a source moving away switch + and -

It does not matter if it is the source or the observer that is moving; only the relative velocity matters. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 7 Clicker question 1 Set frequency to AD An alien on his spaceship sends a laser beam toward Earth using a special green laser pointer. The people on Earth observe a yellow light from the alien spaceship. Is the spaceship moving toward or away from Earth? A. Spaceship is headed to Earth B. Spaceship is headed away from Earth C. Impossible to tell

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 8 Clicker question 1 Set frequency to AD An alien on his spaceship sends a laser beam toward Earth using a special green laser pointer. The people on Earth observe a yellow light from the alien spaceship. Is the spaceship moving toward or away from Earth? A. Spaceship is headed to Earth B. Spaceship is headed away from Earth C. Impossible to tell

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 9 Relativistic Doppler shift Since c is constant For approaching source, and c=λf then λ is shorter – blueshift

For receding source, In 1929 Hubble showed the velocity of λ is longer – redshift galaxies (measured using redshift) was proportional to distance. First evidence for the Big Bang theory.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 10 Relativistic Doppler shift

Used to measure velocity in police and baseball radar guns.

Used in Doppler radar to measure the speed of the air/rain.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 11 Moving from to In Physics 1110 we began by discussing velocities and and called this kinematics. Then we moved to Newton’s laws of which tells us that it is that causes . This is called dynamics. Finally, we used conservation of momentum and conservation of energy to avoid the complication of calculating accelerations (as long as we had an isolated system).

Let’s start thinking about momentum: Classically, momentum is p=mu where we continue using u to represent the velocity of an object while v represents the velocity of a frame. What we really need momentum for is to use conservation of momentum on problems like collisions and explosions. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 12 Conservation of momentum Conservation of momentum states that for an isolated system (no net force): What if we observe this isolated system in a different inertial reference frame? Using Galilean transformations we get (in 1D) so that

This just says that the momentum changes by the of the system the relative velocity v. The velocity between these two inertial reference frames (v) is constant and mass is constant so if momentum is

conserved in one inertial reference frame (Ptotal) then it is conserved in all inertial reference frames (P′total). http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 13 Conservation of momentum But we know that the Galilean transformations are not correct at high velocity. If we apply the correct transformations we find that if momentum is conserved in one reference frame it is not necessarily conserved in other inertial reference frames. So we need a new definition of momentum.

We defined momentum as

We know that Δt depends on which inertial frame you are in but there is one time that stays the same: the proper time. This is the time measured in the rest frame and we will know call it tau (Δτ). We try and remember :

This gives us: http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 14 Conservation of momentum So the relativistic momentum is:

Note the addition of a subscript on γ.

Our previous use of γ was to relate between two different frames with a relative velocity of v. In contrast, γu is associated with a particle. If we measure p=γumu in one inertial frame we can convert the momentum to another inertial reference frame moving with speed v which will

introduce another γ which we should probably call γv.

It should be clear by context which one we are talking about so I will probably drop the subscript after a while.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 15 Clicker question 2 Set frequency to AD

A B

Particle A has half the mass but twice the speed of particle B.

If the particles’ momenta are pA and pB, then

A. pA > pB

B. pA = pB

C. pA < pB

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 16 Clicker question 2 Set frequency to AD

A B

Particle A has half the mass but twice the speed of particle B.

If the particles’ momenta are pA and pB, then

Classically, both particles A. pA > pB have the same momentum. B. pA = pB

C. pA < pB γu is bigger for the faster particle.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 17 Momentum transformation and energy Using the old momentum and to get from S to S′ frame: Using the relativistic momentum and the correct velocity we find:

Since v and γv are constants, in order to have conservation of momentum in each frame, the quantity γum must also be constant. What other quantity is conserved when no external act? Energy!

γum has units of mass (kg); to give it units of energy, can multiply by c2 (which we know is constant). So let us postulate that energy is http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 18 Energy Total energy of an object moving at speed u is What do we get for the total energy when an object is at rest? At rest, γ =1 so the rest energy is Maybe you have u heard of this Furthermore, we can define one before?☺ as the total energy minus the rest energy:

Remember the binomial (for small β) approximation for γ is Using this on the kinetic energy gives:

So we get the correct kinetic energy at low speed. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 19 Clicker question 3 Set frequency to AD Which of the graphs below is a possible representation of the total energy of a particle versus its speed E E A. B.

u u c c E E

C. D.

u u c c E. None of them http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 20 Clicker question 3 Set frequency to AD Which of the graphs below is a possible representation of the total energy of a particle versus its speed E E A. B.

u u As the velocity u c c increases towards E E c, the energy increases. But for C. D. u→c, γ→∞ so it is impossible for a u u particle to reach c c c as it would need E. None of them infinite energy. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 21 Clicker question 4 Set frequency to AD At what speed is the total energy of a particle equal to twice its rest mass energy?

A. 0

B. 0.7c C. 0.87c D. 0.94c

E. c

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 22 Clicker question 4 Set frequency to AD At what speed is the total energy of a particle equal to twice its rest mass energy?

A. 0 To have total energy equal to twice B. 0.7c the rest mass energy, need =2 C. 0.87c γ D. 0.94c Solve for β. E. c

so you need to be moving pretty fast to get your kinetic energy close to your rest mass energy! http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2170/ Physics 2170 – Fall 2013 23