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Student Misconceptions About Newtonian Mechanics: Origins and Solutions Through Changes to Instruction Dissertation by Aaron

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Student Misconceptions about Newtonian Mechanics: Origins and Solutions through Changes to Instruction Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Aaron Michael Adair, M.S. Graduate Program in Physics The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Lei Bao, Advisor Andrew Heckler Gordon Aubrecht Samir Mathur Copyright by Aaron Michael Adair 2013 ABSTRACT In order for Physics Education Research (PER) to achieve its goals of significant learning gains with efficient methods, it is necessary to figure out what are the sorts of pre- existing issues that students have prior to instruction and then to create teaching methods that are best able to overcome those problems. This makes it necessary to figure out what is the nature of student physics misconceptions—prior beliefs that are both at variance to Newtonian mechanics and also prevent a student from properly cognizing Newtonian concepts. To understand the prior beliefs of students, it is necessary to uncover their origins, which may allow instructors to take into account the sources for ideas of physics that are contrary to Newtonian mechanics understanding. That form of instruction must also induce the sorts of metacognitive processes that allow students to transition from their previous conceptions to Newtonian ones, let alone towards those of modern physics. In this paper, the notions of basic dynamics that are common among first-year college students are studied and compared with previous literature. In particular, an analysis of historical documents from antiquity up to the early modern period shows that these conceptions were rather widespread and consistent over thousands of years and in numerous cultural contexts. This is one of the only analyses in PER that considers the original languages of some of these texts, along with appropriate historical scholarship. Based on the consistent appearance of these misconceptions, a test and interview module was devised to help elucidate the feelings students have that may relate to fictitious forces. The test looked at one-dimensional motion and forces. The first part of the ii interview asked each student about their answers to the test questions, while the second part asked how students felt when undergoing three cases of constant acceleration in a car. We determined that students confabulated relative motion with the experience of force; students claim to feel a force in the direction of relative motion even when the actual force is in the opposite direction. The interview process also showed how students had both their intuitive sense of physics as well as Newtonian concepts from instruction, and how each model was activated could be influenced by questions from the interviewer. In order to investigate how changes to instructional method and pedagogy may affect students’ ability to overcome their non-Newtonian intuitions, an experimental lecturing series was devised that used individual voting machines (“clickers”) to increase class participation and dialog in a fashion that was more student-centered. The experimental section also had video recordings of the lectures as well as concept-based video homework solutions. The initial availability of the videos hindered early use, and overall students rarely used these additions. The clicker system also had technical issues due to the volume of students and an interface that was not streamlined. Nonetheless, the results showed the experimental section to have significantly greater learning gains (d > 0.5, p ~ 0.01), and we determined that this was most likely due to the clicker system. iii VITA June 2003...................................................... Bay City Western High School 2008.............................................................. B.S. Physics, Michigan State University 2008.............................................................. B.S. Astrophysics, Michigan State University 2008.............................................................. B.S. Mathematics, Michigan State University 2011.............................................................. M.S. Physics, The Ohio State University 2008 to present............................................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University Publications Adair, A. & Bao, L. (2012). Project-Based Learning: Theory, Impact, and Effective Implementation. REAL: Research in Education, Assessment, and Learning 3(1), 6-21. Adair, A. (2012). The Star of Christ in the Light of Astronomy. Zygon: Journal of Science & Religion 47(1), 7-29. Fields of Study Major Field: Physics Education iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Vita ..................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 A. Physics Education Research—its Problems and Goals .............................................. 1 B. Lines of Investigation ................................................................................................. 4 i. Learning Approaches ............................................................................................... 4 ii. Student Misconceptions .......................................................................................... 9 iii. Use of Technology in Curricula .......................................................................... 13 C. Purpose of this Thesis .............................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2. Students Physics Misconceptions: Previous Research and Assessment Tools 18 A. Newtonian Misconceptions ...................................................................................... 19 i. Forces and Linear Motion ...................................................................................... 19 a. Modern Examples ............................................................................................. 20 b. Historical Examples .......................................................................................... 24 1. Aristotle’s Physics of Motion ....................................................................... 25 2. Ancient Thinkers on Motion after Aristotle.................................................. 29 3. Medieval Islamicate Physicists ..................................................................... 32 4. Medieval European Physicists ...................................................................... 33 5. Physics of the Scientific Revolution ............................................................. 36 6. Conclusions from History of Science ........................................................... 39 ii. Circular Motion .................................................................................................... 39 a. Modern Examples ............................................................................................. 40 b. Historical Examples .......................................................................................... 44 1. Circular Forces in Ancient and Medieval Commentary ............................... 45 2. The Scientific Revolution and Circular Motion ............................................ 51 v 3. Conclusions from History ............................................................................. 57 iii. Sources of Misconceptions .................................................................................. 58 B. Assessment Tools ..................................................................................................... 60 i. Force Concept Inventory ....................................................................................... 61 a. Creation and Assessment with Factor Analysis ................................................ 61 b. Model Analysis and FCI ................................................................................... 66 ii. Other Inventories .................................................................................................. 73 Chapter 3. Student Physics Misconceptions: Tests and Interviews .................................. 76 A. Previous Research and History of Science .............................................................. 76 B. Research Questions .................................................................................................. 79 C. Experimental Designs .............................................................................................. 81 i. 1D Motion Test and Interview ............................................................................... 82 a. Multiple Choice Test ......................................................................................... 82 b. 1D Force Question Interviews .......................................................................... 85 ii. Experience of Forces and Motion during Constant Acceleration ......................... 87 a. Constant Acceleration in
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