30 Years German Unity & Diversity

A demographic and cartographic journey through time

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unter -20 20 bis -5 -5 bis 5 5 bis 20 20 und mehr Rückgang/Zuwachs der Bevölkerung in Prozent 30 Years of German Unity & Diversity

A demographic and cartographic journey through time

2 FOREWORD

Due to its historical development, to women’s participation in the workforce is a nation characterised by great regional and access to childcare infrastructure. Here, diversity. The federal structures of the coun- western Germany has made considerable try demonstrate this, and aim to maintain progress. With regard to population structu- and further promote this plurality in many re, in many respects the German Democratic areas. For this reason, we in Germany see Republic in had more favou- regional diversity as an asset. However, di- rable conditions at the time of reunification. versity can also be problematic if it occurs in the form of regional or social inequality. Overall, the development of regional di- sparities as well as urban and landscape In order to counteract such undesirable changes have been very dynamic since developments, the creation of “equivalent reunification. To reflect this dynamic from living conditions” is anchored in the Basic a demographic and cartographic point of Law, the German constitution, as a goal of view was the aim of a joint project initiated regional planning. Realising this goal was by the Federal Institute for Population Re- one of the great challenges faced by politi- search and the Federal Agency for Carto- cians in the context of German unity. Econo- graphy and Geodesy on the occasion of the mically, most of the regions in East Germany thirtieth anniversary of German unification. were hardly competitive in comparison to This brochure and an interactive web appli- West Germany in the late 1980s. There were cation emerged from the project. Many of further disadvantages in the areas of hou- the pairs of maps and aerial photos shown sing and health. In all these areas, eastern below from around 1990 and around 2018 Germany has been able to catch up consi- have made developments visible that even derably over the past three decades. Ne- surprised us as experts. vertheless, there are still some considerable differences. On the other hand, there were We cordially invite you to follow us on this also differences in which East Germany was demographic and cartographic journey ahead of the West, for example, with regard through time.

Prof. Dr. Norbert F. Schneider Prof. Dr. Paul Becker

Director of the Federal Institute for President of the Federal Agency for Population Ressearch Cartography and Geodesy

3 30 Years of German Unity & Diversity

When reunification was celebrated on the slowed down somewhat by immigration night of 2 to 3 October 1990, German uni- from abroad. ty had been formally sealed. Nevertheless, from a demographic point of view, Germa- In East Germany a different picture emer- ny at that time initially consisted of two ged: with a birth-promoting population very different parts: policy, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) had created a system in which young Around 62.5 million people lived in West people were given strong support in raising Germany at this time. The birth rate had families. As a result, the average age of the levelled off at a low level since the ear- population was comparatively low. At least ly 1970s, with a third of women between until the fall of the wall, both parents were the ages of 25 and 49 looking after the usually in stable employment and could household and family, while many wor- rely on well-organised state childcare. The king women remained childless. As early share of immigrants was low and consis- as the 1980s, rapidly increasing ageing of ted mainly of contract workers from bro- the population became apparent, with ther states of the socialist GDR. With 16.7 considerable consequences for the social million inhabitants, the population in East security systems. This ageing process was Germany was also much smaller.

4 Different developments In the West, by contrast, German unity in East and West made itself felt demographically primarily through population growth. Many young The effects of on people from eastern Germany started a both parts of the country could hardly new phase of life in former West Germa- have been more different. In the East in ny, which resulted in major stimuli for lo- particular, reunification brought about an cal labour and housing markets. Added to historic break. After a brief phase of op- this was increased immigration from Cen- timism, the abrupt dissolution of familiar tral and Eastern Europe. The influx was not structures led to great insecurity among only limited to the large and medium-sized broad sections of the population. cities: Similar to the refugee movements triggered by the Second World War, many This phenomenon, known as “Wende- structurally weaker areas, such as those di- schock,” had far-reaching consequences rectly on the former inner-German border, for demographic development: many, benefited from influx from the East. This especially young and well-educated peo- at least temporarily masked the existing ple, left their homeland and moved to the out-migration tendencies in these regions. West. The less mobile and older people often stayed behind, which caused the po- Around three decades have now passed, pulation structure in many areas to change and the question arises whether what be- significantly within a few years. Among longs together has actually grown toge- young adults, many postponed their plans ther demographically and cartographically. for children, which led to a sharp drop in In order to be able to answer this question, birth rates in the 1990s. various aspects should be considered here.

Age structure of the population in western and eastern Germany

1990 2018 Age in years Age in years 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 Males Females Males Females 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 per cent per cent per cent per cent

Western Germany (without ) Eastern Germany (without Berlin)

5 Between unity and diversity economically more independent of their partners. In view of the smaller differen- Overall, from a demographic point of view, ces in wages, the tax advantages of income conditions in eastern and western Germa- splitting available for married couples are ny have converged in many areas. When it less important. In western Germany, by comes to life expectancy, for example, the contrast, family formation and marriage regional differences that once existed have are much more closely linked. This is due, almost disappeared: While men in the East among other things, to greater gender dif- still have a slightly lower life expectancy ferences in salaries and in the labour force than men in the West, the rates for women participation of mothers and fathers. Cru- are now identical. In the case of internal cial changes have taken place here over the migration, too, the migratory flows bet- past three decades. In 1990 only one in ten ween eastern and western Germany have new-borns in the western German states now levelled. In 2017, for the first time sin- were born outside of marriage, today it is ce reunification, more people moved from one in three – and the trend is rising. the West to eastern Germany (without Ber- lin) than vice versa. If we include Berlin in On the other hand, thirty years after reuni- the calculation, the result is a surplus of fication, some demographic patterns have 14,000 people. This trend reversal seems to proven to be persistent. Using the example usher in a new phase in East-West migra- of gender ratios, in some cases new diffe- tion, after eastern Germany lost more than rences have even been observed. Due to 1.2 million people to the West in the period the fact that at times more women than between 1990 and 2016 due to migration men moved from the East to the West, losses. many eastern German regions are present- ly still characterised by unbalanced gender When it comes to the share of nonmarital ratios. births, however, there has been an adjust- ment in western Germany in the direction The following maps and aerial photos do- of eastern German behaviour patterns. Al- cument the changes over the past thirty ready before reunification, the birth of a years and provide insights into spatial com- child outside of a formal marriage was wi- ponents of demographic change and trans- despread in the East. Today, at 58 per cent, formations in the landscape in Germany. more than half of all births are nonmarital. They strikingly show that changes in popu- This is related to many factors: Eastern lation often turn out to be very different Germany has long been much more secu- across regions and that local conditions lar than western Germany. In GDR times, can change relatively quickly. This applies East Germany also had very limited policies in particular to times of upheaval such as that promoted marriage. In addition, wo- those Germany experienced in the context men in the East were and continue to be of German unity.

6 POPULATION CHANGE (1990-2018)

Germany’s population has increased by more from immigration from abroad. Ne- around three million since 1990. In the vertheless, some eastern German regions eastern German states (including Berlin), it have also recorded growth over the past fell by around two million, while in western thirty years. These include the greater Ber- Germany it grew by more than five million. lin area as well as the cities of Dresden, This trend is due to a strong migration from and Jena. At the same time, there East to West, which continued with certain are areas of population decline in the West. fluctuations until around 2010. In addition, This includes regions of structural change western Germany benefited significantly in the Ruhr area and Saarland. 7 1990

SHARE OF THE POPULATION BELOW AGE 20

Regional differences in the share of the record in- or out-flows with other areas population below age 20 can be explai- of Germany or abroad. ned by the interplay of developments in births, mortality, and internal and inter- In general, between 1990 and 2018 the- national migration. Low birth rates as re was a nationwide decline in the share well as declines in mortality in old age of the population below age 20. In 1990, tend to reduce the share of young people. the regional differences were strongly In the case of migrations, it depends on influenced by the fact that in the former 8 the extent to which individual age groups GDR in the 1970s and 1980s, in part sig- 2018

nificantly higher birth rates were recor- At the same time the birth rate there ex- ded than in the West. As a result, many perienced a sharp drop. Although these East German districts had a comparati- developments are now a thing of the past, vely high share of people below age 20. they are still reflected in relatively small Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and shares of young people in large parts of Brandenburg stood out in particular: In eastern Germany. But also in the West, almost all districts, more than one in four for example in Saarland or in the east of people was younger than 20. With reu- Lower and , there are areas nification, many young adults and thus with similarly low numbers. In contrast, potential parents moved from eastern to relatively high shares are recorded in the western Germany. north-west and in southern Germany. 9 1990

SHARE OF THE POPULATION AGED 65+

Trends in the share of the population creasing ageing of the population. The aged 65 years and older are also influen- heavily populated birth cohorts of the ced by developments in births, mortality 1950s and 1960s, the so-called “baby and migration. Compared to 1990, there boomers,” have been advancing to the has been a nationwide increase in the age of over 65 since 2015 and are mostly share of the elderly population across in good health. This trend will continue Germany. This is due, among other fac- for some time and will likely contribute tors, to the steadily decreasing number to further increases in the share of the 10 of births up to around 2011 and an in- elderly population. 2018

From a regional perspective, no clear and the simultaneous sharp drop in the East-West contrasts could be identified in birth rate in the 1990s, the share of the el- 1990. At that time, parts of Saxony, West derly population in eastern Germany rose German border areas with East Germany significantly more than in the West. in Holstein, eastern , Hesse and as well as larger areas of Rhi- The area with a relatively high share of neland-Palatinate recorded high shares. older people extends beyond the former In 2018, however, clearer East-West diffe- GDR and continues to include former rences can be seen. West German border areas. Relatively small shares are recorded in north-wes- With the significant out-migration of tern Germany and southern Germany. young people from former East Germany 11 1990

SHARE OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION

The migration process in the former GDR ments with states, initially in Europe and differed considerably from that in the FRG. then outside of Europe, since the mid- Only a comparatively small number of 1950s. With the influx of the families of so-called “contract workers” with limited these so-called “guest workers” from residence permits lived in the GDR, mainly around the mid-1970s, the number of from Vietnam, Mozambique and Cuba. foreign residents in West Germany increa- sed further. As a result, in 1990 there were The Federal Republic, on the other hand, considerable differences between the re- 12 had concluded several recruitment agree- gions of the former GDR and FRG in terms 2018

of the share of the population with foreign too, the share of the foreign population, citizenship. which was constant from the mid-1990s, has increased again significantly since In the years after reunification, the shares 2011. in eastern Germany initially hardly increa- sed. A change has only been noticeable As a result, the East-West differences since the beginning of the 2010s: immi- have largely been preserved. With over 16 gration from abroad since then, primar- per cent, Hesse presently has the highest ily from EU countries and those seeking share of foreigners among the non-city- refuge from conflict areas, has led to an states, followed by Baden-Württemberg increase in the share of foreigners in eas- and North Rhine-Westphalia. Only in the tern Germany. But in western Germany, city-states are the shares higher. 13 1990

GENDER RATIOS

The ratio between men and women in ratios are unbalanced, this can influence Germany at birth is around 105:100, i.e. the options of women and men when for every 100 girls born there are around choosing a partner. 105 new-born boys. This ratio changes in the older age groups mainly due to a hig- The two maps show this using the age her mortality rate among men. At the age group of 15- to 49-year-olds, which is of around 57, the ratio is reversed, so that particularly relevant for starting a family. from this age onwards the number of wo- In both 1990 and 2018, larger cities and 14 men exceeds that of men. When gender their surrounding areas tended to have 2018

more balanced gender ratios than ru- der ratios. In many eastern German dis- ral districts. In 1990, there were no clear tricts, there are now more than 110 men East-West differences. This changed con- for every 100 women. siderably in the decades that followed, as disproportionately more women than Since out-migration from the East has de- men moved from eastern to western Ger- creased significantly in recent years and is many, especially in the 1990s. less characterised by gender differences, it can be assumed that the gender ratios Rural regions were particularly affected. will be significantly more balanced again For example, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and in the next generations. parts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomera- nia presently have particularly high gen- 15 1991

INTERNAL MIGRATION (18-29 YEARS)

Young adulthood between 18 and 29 ye- In 1991, internal migration in this age ars of age is the period in life when peop- group in Germany was marked by clear le are particularly mobile. Moving at this East-West contrasts. The strong migra- age is often related to training, studies tion from the East to the West at that time or work. As a rule, the regions that profit was due to the considerable economic from internal migration in this age group differences between the two parts of the are those that have educational facilities country. These differences were further and attractive job opportunities. exacerbated by the economic challenges 16 that arose in the East in the course of the 2018

transition from a planned to a market eco- le rural areas are predominantly showing nomy. Berlin was the only eastern German internal migration losses. East-West mi- district that recorded significant internal gration in this age group is almost balan- migration gains in 1991. In western Ger- ced today, although slightly more people many, by contrast, not only large cities, but between the ages of 25 and 29 move from also many more rural areas recorded inter- East to West than the other way around. nal migration gains.

It is presently evident for Germany as a whole that most cities and some of their surrounding areas are reporting gains in internal migration by young people, whi- 17 1991

INTERNAL MIGRATION (30-49 YEARS)

The middle adult age of between 30 and strong East-West migration that predomi- 49 years is the phase of life in which mo- nated in the early 1990s and early 2000s. ving is often related to job changes and family reasons. In addition to the job and This was due to the considerable econo- housing markets, the proximity to child- mic differences that existed in the two care facilities, schools and transport links parts of the country at the time. These dif- are important factors. In 1991, the inter- ferences were exacerbated by the econo- nal migration of this age group in eastern mic challenges that arose in the East in the 18 Germany was mainly characterised by the course of the transition from a planned to 2018

a market economy. In former West Ger- ternal migration losses in this age group. many, internal migration patterns in this Today, a uniform picture emerges across age group in the 1990s were characterised Germany: due to rising housing costs in by increasing flows from the larger cities urban regions, a renewed suburbanisation to the surrounding areas. This develop- trend has been evident since the begin- ment also took place in former East Ger- ning of the 2010s. While most cities are many with a slight delay. recording internal migration losses, rural regions as well as districts surrounding the After 2000, suburbanisation was less pro- cities report internal migration gains. nounced in both parts of the country, so that from the mid-2000s onwards urban regions recorded significantly lower in- 19 1990

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE

The general fertility rate relates the num- man level due to a policy of promoting ber of live births per year to the number of births. A drastic slump ensued with reuni- women of childbearing age. This indicator fication: people’s uncertainty about their therefore depends on the number and age personal, family and professional futures structure of women of childbearing age, led to many births being postponed to a which is set here between 15 and 44 ye- later date. ars. In the former GDR, the birth rate at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of In the mid-1990s, the general fertility rate 20 the 1980s was well above the West Ger- in eastern Germany reached its lowest 2018

point. Since then, an almost continuous a nationwide comparison. Many districts increase has been observed, as a result of in the Ruhr area also have a lower birth which the birth rate in eastern Germany rate today than thirty years ago. Most of has now reached the level of western Ger- the districts in Saxony and Brandenburg, many again. by contrast, are now around the same le- vel as in 1990. In western Germany, ove- Viewed regionally, however, there are rall fewer changes are discernible. Then some clear changes at the district level in as now, the highest rates are recorded in the period under review. While in 1990, western Lower Saxony as well as in parts districts in Mecklenburg-Western Pome- of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. rania in particular had very high fertility rates, these are now in the middle range in 21 1990

SHARE OF NONMARITAL BIRTHS

The share of children born to unmarried Since the mid-1960s, the nonmarital birth mothers (nonmarital birth ratio) differed ratio has increased significantly across Ger- very significantly between East and West many. Various factors contributed to this, Germany at the time of reunification. These such as increasing secularisation and the large differences are only partly due to the legal equality of children born to married period of German division between 1949 couples and those born to non-married and 1989. Even before 1945, the nonmarital couples. In addition, it seems that women’s birth ratios in the East were in some cases greater economic independence means 22 significantly higher than in the West. that the traditional role allocation for cou- 2018

ples is becoming less important. Since wo- districts, there is still a strong East-West men are more prominent in the world of divide. In almost all eastern German dis- work, security motives and tax advantages tricts, at least half of all children are born to due to income splitting among married non-married couples; in western Germany couples are less important reasons for get- this is not the case in any single district. In ting married. addition, a north-south difference is visib- le within western Germany. As in 1990, a While the nonmarital birth ratio already higher share of children are born outside rose sharply in eastern Germany during the of marriage in the north than in the south. GDR era, the numbers rose further in both parts of the country after 1990. Despite a significant increase in the western German 23 1990

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

Life expectancy rates allow conclusions Republic of Germany at that time, parti- to be drawn about the extent to which cularly through resource-intense expan- people are able to lead a long life. Whi- sion of the treatment of cardiovascular le there were practically no East-West diseases. In East Germany, however, less differences in life expectancy at birth progress had been made in this area due around 1970, East Germany fell conside- to more limited resources. As a result, rably behind West Germany until 1990. in 1990 Germany was characterised by Major increases in life expectancy could considerable East-West differences in 24 be achieved in the West German Federal life expectancy. Since reunification, ho- 2018

wever, the eastern German states have den-Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse. largely caught up. This was also due to These states also hold top positions in the fact that the health system in eastern terms of economic development. Germany, for example with regard to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, was Overall, the once significant regional raised to the western level. differences have decreased: the gap between the state with the highest and Today, Germany is regionally characte- that with the lowest life expectancy has rised by north-south contrasts in terms almost halved in the comparison period of life expectancy. The highest rates are from 5.3 years to 2.8 years. recorded in the southern states of Ba- 25 1989

Berlin

BERLIN BORDER CROSSINGS (1989 VS. 2020)

Like the former inner-German border, was set up. Many people lost their lives the today symbolises the for- inside this border zone – also known as mer division of Germany into East and the “death strip” – trying to get to the West. It not only separated the inner-city West. Due to the peaceful revolution of area of Berlin, but also enclosed all three the population of the GDR, the Berlin sectors of what was then the western Wall fell on 9 November 1989. This mar- part of the city. The goal of the GDR with ked the end of the division of Germany the wall built in 1961 was to stop people and, after reunification in 1990, Berlin from escaping from the GDR to the West. became the capital of the Federal Repu- 26 In addition, a border zone with barriers blic of Germany. 2020

Berlin

Even if some places in the city still remind Oberbaumbrücke and . In us of the time before the fall of the wall, addition to the wall, other border bar- the formerly separate parts have now riers, some of which are located in the largely grown together from a structural middle of streets, are clearly visible in and social point of view. the historical aerial photographs. While a few buildings were preserved as me- Historical aerial photographs offer an morials or monuments, most elements impressive and informative look into the of the barrier system were removed after past: taken on 25 April 1989, they show reunification. a bird’s eye view of Berlin including the , Invalidenstrasse, 27 1984

Bitterfeld

CHANGES IN EASTERN GERMAN LANDSCAPES

Comparisons of maps of the GDR with found a large market as a raw material in present-day maps help us to understand industry and as a fuel, and provided many changes in the landscape over the past local jobs and industries. The huge open- thirty years. In the web application, this cast mines shaped an entire landscape; is possible for any location in former East several villages had to give way. Germany. Examples of changes in former open-cast mines around Bitterfeld are In the late 1980s, some of the deposits presented here. Lignite has been extracted were already exhausted and the demand in the region around Bitterfeld and beyond for lignite had also decreased. The land- 28 since the early twentieth century. The coal scape was restructured. Where large 2019

Bitterfeld

wheel excavators once dug deep holes, the road leads around the town centre. To the resulting depressions were flooded. Large south of this, the main road had to be relo- lakes were created here for recreation and cated to the western edge of the new Grö- tourism. bener Lake due to flooding the opencast mine. In the south of between In addition to the creation of new lakes, the towns of Zwochau and Zschortau, the which often bear the names of the villages connecting roads and the town of Werbe- previously located there, a change in the lin were covered by the new Werbeliner transport infrastructure can also be seen. lake. Examples of this can be found north of the town of Graefenhainichen, where a bypass 29 What can we expect in the coming thirty years?

A look at the old forecasts of the 1980s re- This is especially true when broadband veals that predicting future developments internet access is available. The progress is always fraught with uncertainties. At that in autonomous mobility also offers the po- time, very few experts expected the fall tential to reduce urban-rural differences in of the wall in 1989 and subsequent major access to services such as public transport demographic upheavals. Such events have and every­day goods and thus to make areas occurred several times in German histo- away from established centres more attrac- ry, as a look at long-term developments tive as living and working regions again. shows. Reliable population figures for Ger- many are available for about the last two At the same time, many urban growth cen- centuries. If we look back over these 200 tres such as Berlin, Dresden and Jena have years, it becomes clear that in addition to formed in the East in recent years, which phases with relatively stable, foreseeable are already providing many important de- developments, phases of upheaval repea- velopment stimuli. While the proximity to tedly occurred. These phases of upheaval Poland and the Czech Republic has not were often related to decisive events such always been beneficial for the economic as wars, crises or phases of social and eco- development of eastern German border re- nomic reorientation. gions due to the high wage differentials in recent decades, an increasing convergence Regional differences have also shifted sig- of economic development could result in nificantly. In the nineteenth century, for growth impulses again. This would not be example, today’s eastern Germany recorded the first time: in the nineteenth century, strong population increases, while southern eastern Germany was also able to bene- Germany recorded decreasing population fit considerably from economic exchange shares compared to other areas of the coun- with areas in what is now the Czech Repu- try. These circumstances did not last, just as blic. In general, we can say that in Germany, the strong population shifts between eas- due to its relatively central location in Eu- tern and western Germany after the fall of rope and decentralised settlement struc- the wall are now a thing of the past. Histo- ture with many regional centres, there are rical regional shifts were also often related only few regions that can be classified as to phases of social and economic upheaval. very remote. In this respect, Germany dif- fers from many other European countries. As for future developments, the corona- As a result, many regions in Germany have virus pandemic may represent a phase of good development potential. upheaval, even if it is still too early to defi- nitively classify its effects. Due to the pan- demic, however, the trend towards working Ageing as a mega trend from home seems to be increasing. If peo- of the near future ple no longer have to commute to work every day, regions away from large centres, Despite the eastern German develop- as often found in eastern Germany, could ment potentials mentioned above, the gain in importance as residential locations. effects of the turnaround will probably

30 shape the population development in Overall, even thirty years after German the East for a few more decades. Due to reunification, the populations in western the strong out-migration of young adults and eastern Germany still differ greatly in after 1990, the average age in the East is terms of the experience they have gained relatively high. In western Germany, too, as part of the unification process. Many the average age will probably continue to persons in western Germany were affected rise for a few more decades due to the only very little by it in the courses of their ageing of the so-called baby boomers lives. For many persons in eastern Ger- born in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, many, however, the upheavals have had many regions are already facing major a significant impact on their living con- challenges today in order to be able to ditions and life courses. These East-West provide an age-appropriate infrastruc- differences in experiences will accompany ture with suitable supply facilities and those generations that were directly affec- low-barrier living space. At the same ted by the upheaval until the end of their time, more and more people are rea- lives. For the next generation, by contrast, ching retirement age in good health. This there are significantly smaller East-West opens up new potential if they contribu- differences in life experiences since the te their energy to civic engagement or high structural unemployment levels of helping their families by caring for their the 1990s and 2000s in the East was over- grandchildren. In this respect, ageing in come. This offers the potential for eastern Germany harbours challenges and op- and western Germany to grow even closer portunities. together in terms of life opportunities and experiences in the years to come.

PHOTO: © getty | narvikk

GEOMETRIC FOUNDATIONS: Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG)

DATA SOURCES: Nonmarital births, foreign population: Federal Statistical Office, calculations by BiB. General fertility rate: Federal Statistical Office, calculations by BiB (2018); BBSR, Federal Statistical Office, calculati- ons by BiB (1990). Population Change, population below age 20, population 65+ years, gender ra- tios: Federal Statistical Office, calculations by BiB (2018); BBSR, calculations by BiB (1990). Internal migration: Federal Statistical Office, calculations by BiB (2018); BBSR, calculations by BiB (1991). Life expectancy: Eurostat (2018); data for 1990 from van Raalte, Alyson A.; Klüsener, Sebastian; Oksuzyan, Anna; Grigoriev, Pavel (2020), “Declining regional disparities in mortality in the context of persisting large inequalities in economic conditions: The case of Germany,” International Journal of Epidemiology 49(2): 486–496.

31 Published by Federal Institute for Population Research www.bib.bund.de

Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4 | 65185 Wiesbaden | Germany Phone: ++49 611 75-2235 | Fax: +49 611 75-3960 E-mail: [email protected] | De-mail: [email protected]

Authors Harun Sulak, Christian Fiedler, Sebastian Klüsener (BiB) Tamara Janitschke, Maximiliane Pausch, Mathias Freund (BKG)

urn:nbn:de:bib-var-2020-080

32 https://www.bkg.bund.de/Zeitreise-30-Jahre-Deutsche-Einheit/