Status and Trend of Four Commercially Important Coastal Cephalopods in China Seas: an Overview with Implication on Climate Chang

Home , Japanese flying squid

S9: FIS/TCODE Topic Session Resilience, Transitions and Adaptation in Marine Ecosystems under a Changing Climate 2016 PICES Annual Meeting, San Diego, USA, Nov.9-10, 2016 Status and trend of four commercially important coastal cephalopods in China Seas: an overview with implications for climate change Yongjun Tian, Yumeng Pang, Yanli Tang, Yiping Ren and Rong Wan Fisheries College, Ocean University of China Qingdao, China; E-mail: [email protected]

Outline

1. Backgrounds: Why cephalopod is hot? 2. Status of Chinese coastal cephalopod 3. Trends in four typical cephalopod 4. Summary and outlook World cephalopod capture is increasing

90000 6000

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60000 4000 Other species 50000 excluding 3000 40000 ton thousand cephalopods 30000 Cephalopods 2000 20000 1000 10000 late 1980s regime shift 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Cephalopods Marine Capture Production (fish, crustacean, mollusc) Data source from FAO (1950 - 2014) Global proliferation of cephalopods

• Cephalopods, including squid, cuttlefish and octopus • From pelagic to demersal species • Both fisheries data and survey data • Global warming impact

(Doubleday et al. 2016, Current Biology) Under over-exploitation, why are cephalopods increasing? • Adapt to changing environment quickly: Cephalopod might take advantageQuestion: of changing environment to expandMost population. studies (Doubledayfocused et al. on2016) oceanic • Rapid growth, short lifespan and strong life-history flexibility:species Recruitment such as andflying spatial squids. distribution of oceanic cephalopod are easily affected by climate changes.In China (Sakurai Seas,et al. 2000) one of the most • Environmentalheavily over factors-exploited such as sea temperatureecosystems and foodin availabilitythe world, strongly what influence happened growth and in development of inshore squid. (Pecl et al. 2008) coastal cephalopods ? Data and method 1. Chinese fishery annual report (1979-2013) Logbook of fisheries company in Yantai (2014） annual catch of fish and cephalopod species

2. Japanese and Korean catch statistics (1950-2010) Sea around us (1950-2013) catch of Chinese oceanic cephalopod

3. Selection of four typical coastal cephalopods

4. STARS analysis regime shift detection developed by Rodionov (2004)

Variations of fish and cephalopod in China seas

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10000 1000 Fish 8000 Cephalopod 800

6000 600 abnormal ton thousand 4000 increase 400

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0 0 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 Year

（Data source： Chinese annual fishery reports） Cephalopod composition in China Seas 1950-1978 1979-2011 1200 Distant water fisheries No Chinese official 1000 for Jumbo and Japanese statistics on cephalopods. flying squid developed. 800 ton The coastal squids are Data from sea around us 600 estimated excluding showed a peak during

thousand thousand distant water species. 400 early 1960s for Japanese flying squid. 200 Japanese flying squid 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Japanese flying squid Jumbo flying squid Argentine shortfin squid Statistic data from sea around us Chinese annual fishery report Chinese coastal squid Four typical coastal cephalopods are selected. golden cuttlefish Japanese loligo squid 15~23 13~16 Partly ℃ ℃ overlapped distribution with contrastive life history.

Overwintering ground Spawning ground common Chinese cuttlefish swordtip squid Distribution 18~26 21~24

℃ ℃ Maximum Environmental Species Ecology Spawning season Fishery size /climate range golden cuttlefish Spend winter in deep Long duration with Coastal areas of Sepia esculenta water and return to Demersal, latitudinal Shandong and middle 180mm/ shallow water in spring Eurythermal difference, mostly of Yellow Sea are good 600g to spawn. The eggs are between spring and fishing grounds in species laied onto substrates, early summer spring and winter. like seaweed. Japanese loligo squid The fishery is Fishing season is from Pelagic Spawning migration Loligo japonica concentrated in the December to March 120mm/ (~10m) starts in March and front area of coastal next year. Fishing 76g cold water spawning starts in currents and oceanic happens in north and May species currents. middle of Yellow Sea. common Chinese cuttlefish Winter, spring and Demersal Sepiella maindroni Be selective to Seasonal spawning, summer are mean 200mm/ (~50m) spawning habitats. The lasting from April to seasons for fishery. 800g warm water eggs are laid onto egg June off Japan and Zhejiang coastal areas species masses or seaweed. East China Sea used to be fishing grounds swordtip squid Diurnal vertical Spawn all year Uroteuthis edulis Pelagic migration. The Fishing period ends round, two distinct 400mm/ (30-170m) longevity in temperate in winter. Resources spawning seasons 820g warm water waters is around 1 year are exploited in (spring and autumn) and in subtropical species in East China sea. Taiwan mainly. waters is 9 month. Regime shifts in North Pacific Two regime shifts in large marine ecosystem of North Pacific in 1977 and 1989. ( Hare and Mantua 2000) Recent studies also suggested regime shift-like change occurred in the late 1990s in the northwestern North Pacific associated with ENSO (Tian et al. 2014) Golden cuttlefish catch trend

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60000 Sea of Japan

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40000 Korea

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0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Late 1980s regime shift Japanese loligo squid catch trend 200000 Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

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120000 regime shift 80000 Change in effort

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0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 A regime shift occurred around mid-1970s Decrease since late 1980s associated with effort changes to high value filefishes. Loligo squid still remains in a high level 12

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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Octopus ocellatus Loligo.spp Octopus variabilis (Data source: Coastal fisheries-dependent research in Shandong in 2014)

Trawler surveys in Haizhou Bay in 2011,’13

Abundant loligo squid in fall Dominated Octopus species in spring

Appearance of golden cuttlefish only in fall

Common Chinese cuttlefish catch trend 50000

East China Sea 40000

Stock collapsed 30000 in the late 1980s with increasing 20000 WT and fishing pressure. 10000

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Unfavorable environment: increasing water temprature Intensive fishing and destruction on habitat and spawning ground Swordtip squid catch trend 30000 Southern East China Sea

25000 Sea of Japan

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0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Impacts of strong ENSO events? Summary • eBoth th catch and percentage of Chinese coastal cephalopods increased largely since 1990s in spite of the over-exploitation in China Seas. • Four typical cephalopods showed decadal variation patterns and different response suggesting impacts of environmental changes addition to the heavy fishing. • Intrinsic biological traits is one of the most important reasons for different responses to environmental changes. • Climate changes such as regime shift and strong ENSO events should be paid particular attention to the Chinse coastal cephalopod in the context of ecosystem-based management.

Chinese coastal cephalopod outlook Fisheries-independent survey • ecological roles in China Seas • major species composition • dominate species and related life strategies Fisheries-dependent research • annual yield of major fishery species • variation of catch composition

New Survey Started in Oct. 2016

New survey covered the coastal water of Shandong Province started in October, 2016. Previous surveys in Haizhou Bay indicate increasing cephalopods. 20 Thank you for your attention