Sample Pages from BNF 71, Copyright © BMJ Group and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2016 BNF 71 Airways Disease, Obstructive 217

216 Airways disease, obstructive BNF 71

3 Respiratory system

thromboembolism, pulmonary fibrosis, shock, severe Oxygen trauma, sepsis, or anaphylaxis. In such conditions low Overview arterial oxygen (PaO2) is usually associated with low or normal arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and therefore there is Oxygen should be regarded as a drug. It is prescribed for little risk of hypoventilation and carbon dioxide retention. hypoxaemic patients to increase alveolar oxygen tension and In acute severe asthma, the arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) decrease the work of breathing. The concentration of oxygen is usually subnormal but as asthma deteriorates it may rise required depends on the condition being treated; the steeply (particularly in children). These patients usually administration of an inappropriate concentration of oxygen require high concentrations of oxygen and if the arterial can have serious or even fatal consequences. carbon dioxide (PaCO2) remains high despite other Oxygen is probably the most common drug used in treatment, intermittent positive-pressure ventilation needs medical emergencies. It should be prescribed initially to to be considered urgently. – achieve a normal or near normal oxygen saturation; in most Low concentration oxygen therapy (controlled oxygen acutely ill patients with a normal or low arterial carbon therapy) is reserved for patients at risk of hypercapnic – dioxide (PaCO2), oxygen saturation should be 94 98% respiratory failure, which is more likely in those with: oxygen saturation. However, in some clinical situations such . chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; as cardiac arrest and carbon monoxide poisoning it is more . advanced cystic fibrosis; appropriate to aim for the highest possible oxygen . severe non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis; saturation until the patient is stable. A lower target of . severe kyphoscoliosis or severe ankylosing spondylitis; 88–92% oxygen saturation is indicated for patients at risk of . severe lung scarring caused by tuberculosis; hypercapnic respiratory failure. . musculoskeletal disorders with respiratory weakness, High concentration oxygen therapy is safe in uncomplicated especially if on home ventilation; cases of conditions such as pneumonia, pulmonary

. an overdose of opioids, benzodiazepines, or other drugs oxygen therapy can be used to improve exercise capacity and causing respiratory depression. recovery; it should only be continued if there is proven Until blood gases can be measured, initial oxygen should be improvement in breathlessness or exercise tolerance. 3 given using a controlled concentration of 28% or less, Ambulatory oxygen therapy titrated towards a target oxygen saturation of 88–92%. The aim is to provide the patient with enough oxygen to achieve Ambulatory oxygen is prescribed for patients on long-term an acceptable arterial oxygen tension without worsening oxygen therapy who need to be away from home on a regular carbon dioxide retention and respiratory acidosis. Patients basis. Patients who are not on long-term oxygen therapy can may carry an oxygen alert card. be considered for ambulatory oxygen therapy if there is evidence of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation and of Domiciliary oxygen improvement in blood oxygen saturation and exercise Oxygen should only be prescribed for use in the home after capacity with oxygen. Ambulatory oxygen therapy is not careful evaluation in hospital by respiratory experts. Patients recommended for patients with heart failure or those who should be advised of the risks of continuing to smoke when smoke. Respiratory system receiving oxygen therapy, including the risk of fire. Smoking cessation therapy should be recommended before home Oxygen therapy equipment oxygen prescription. Under the NHS oxygen may be supplied as oxygen Air travel cylinders. Oxygen flow can be adjusted as the cylinders are Some patients with arterial hypoxaemia require equipped with an oxygen flow meter with ‘medium’ supplementary oxygen for air travel. The patient’s (2 litres/minute) and ‘high’ (4 litres/minute) settings. Oxygen requirement should be discussed with the airline before delivered from a cylinder should be passed through a travel. humidifier if used for long periods. Oxygen concentrators are more economical for patients Long-term oxygen therapy who require oxygen for long periods, and in England and Long-term administration of oxygen (usually at least Wales can be ordered on the NHS on a regional tendering 15 hours daily) prolongs survival in some patients with basis. A concentrator is recommended for a patient who chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. requires oxygen for more than 8 hours a day (or 21 cylinders Assessment for long-term oxygen therapy requires per month). Exceptionally, if a higher concentration of measurement of arterial blood gas tensions. Measurements oxygen is required the output of 2 oxygen concentrators can should be taken on 2 occasions at least 3 weeks apart to be combined using a ‘Y’ connection. demonstrate clinical stability, and not sooner than 4 weeks A nasal cannula is usually preferred for long-term oxygen after an acute exacerbation of the disease. Long-term oxygen therapy from an oxygen concentrator. It can, however, therapy should be considered for patients with: produce dermatitis and mucosal drying in sensitive

. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with PaO2 <7.3 kPa individuals. when breathing air during a period of clinical stability; Giving oxygen by nasal cannula allows the patient to talk, eat, and drink, but the concentration of oxygen is not . chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with PaO2 7.3–8 kPa in the presence of secondary polycythaemia, nocturnal controlled; this may not be appropriate for acute respiratory hypoxaemia, peripheral oedema, or evidence of pulmonary failure. When oxygen is given through a nasal cannula at a hypertension; rate of 1–2 litres/minute the inspiratory oxygen . severe chronic asthma with PaO2<7.3 kPa or persistent concentration is usually low, but it varies with ventilation disabling breathlessness; and can be high if the patient is underventilating. . < interstitial lung disease with PaO2 8 kPa and in patients Arrangements for supplying oxygen with PaO2>8 kPa with disabling dyspnoea; . cystic fibrosis when PaO2<7.3 kPa or if PaO2 7.3–8 kPa in The following oxygen services may be ordered in England the presence of secondary polycythaemia, nocturnal and Wales: hypoxaemia, pulmonary hypertension, or peripheral . emergency oxygen; oedema; . short-burst (intermittent) oxygen therapy; . pulmonary hypertension, without parenchymal lung . long-term oxygen therapy; involvement when PaO2<8 kPa; . ambulatory oxygen. . neuromuscular or skeletal disorders, after specialist The type of oxygen service (or combination of services) assessment; should be ordered on a Home Oxygen Order Form (HOOF); . obstructive sleep apnoea despite continuous positive the amount of oxygen required (hours per day) and flow rate airways pressure therapy, after specialist assessment; should be specified. The clinician will determine the . pulmonary malignancy or other terminal disease with appropriate equipment to be provided. Special needs or disabling dyspnoea; preferences should be specified on the HOOF. . < heart failure with daytime PaO2 7.3 kPa when breathing The clinician should obtain the patient or carers consent, air or with nocturnal hypoxaemia; to pass on the patient’s details to the supplier, the fire . paediatric respiratory disease, after specialist assessment. brigade, and other relevant organisations. The supplier will Increased respiratory depression is seldom a problem in contact the patient to make arrangements for delivery, patients with stable respiratory failure treated with low installation, and maintenance of the equipment. The concentrations of oxygen although it may occur during supplier will also train the patient or carer to use the exacerbations; patients and relatives should be warned to equipment. call for medical help if drowsiness or confusion occur. The clinician should send the HOOF to the supplier who will continue to provide the service until a revised HOOF is Short-burst oxygen therapy received, or until notified that the patient no longer requires Oxygen is occasionally prescribed for short-burst the home oxygen service. (intermittent) use for episodes of breathlessness not relieved . East of England, North East: BOC Medical: Tel: 0800 136 by other treatment in patients with severe chronic 603 Fax: 0800 169 9989 obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, . South West: Air Liquide: Tel: 0808 202 2229 Fax: 0191 497 heart failure, and in palliative care. It is important, however, 4340 that the patient does not rely on oxygen instead of obtaining . London, East Midlands, North West: Air Liquide: Tel: 0500 medical help or taking more specific treatment. Short-burst 823 773 Fax: 0800 781 4610

. Yorkshire and Humberside, West Midlands, Wales: Air Aclidinium bromide with formoterol Products: Tel: 0800 373 580 Fax: 0800 214 709 . South East Coast, South Central: Dolby Vivisol: Tel: 08443 The properties listed below are those particular to the 3 814 402 Fax: 0800 781 4610 combination only. For the properties of the components In Scotland refer the patient for assessment by a respiratory please consider, aclidinium bromide above, formoterol consultant. If the need for a concentrator is confirmed the fumarate p. 221. consultant will arrange for the provision of a concentrator l INDICATIONS AND DOSE through the Common Services Agency. In Northern Ireland Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary oxygen concentrators and cylinders should be prescribed on disease form HS21; oxygen concentrators are supplied by a local ▶ BY INHALATION OF POWDER contractor. In Scotland and Northern Ireland prescriptions ▶ Adult: 1 inhalation twice daily for oxygen cylinders and accessories can be dispensed by pharmacists contracted to provide domiciliary oxygen Respiratory system l CAUTIONS Convulsive disorders . phaeochromocytoma . services. thyrotoxicosis ANTIMUSCARINICS l SIDE-EFFECTS ▶ Common or very common Raised creatine phosphokinase . tooth abscess . urinary tract infection Antimuscarinics (inhaled) f l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Patients or carers should be l CAUTIONS Bladder outflow obstruction . prostatic given advice on how to administer aclidinium bromide hyperplasia . risk of glaucoma (in children) . susceptability with formoterol powder inhalation. to angle-closure glaucoma (in adults) l MEDICINAL FORMS l INTERACTIONS See Appendix 1 (antimuscarinics). There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines However, note that interactions do not generally apply to containing the same drug. antimuscarinics used by inhalation. Inhalation powder A l SIDE-EFFECTS ▶ Duaklir (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) ▶ Common or very common Constipation . cough . diarrhoea . Formoterol fumarate dihydrate 11.8 microgram per 1 dose, dry mouth . gastro-intestinal motility disorder . headache Aclidinium bromide 396 microgram per 1 dose Duaklir micrograms/dose / micrograms/dose Genuair | dose P ▶ fi 340 12 60 Uncommon Angle-closure glaucoma . atrial brillation (in £32.50 adults) . blurred vision (in adults) . bronchospasm . dysphagia (in adults) . dysphonia (in adults) . gastro- fl . . oesophageal re ux disease (in adults) mydriasis Glycopyrronium bromide F nasopharyngitis (in adults) . nausea (in adults) . palpitation . paradoxical bronchospasm . pharyngitis (in adults) . (Glycopyrrolate) tachycardia . throat irritation (in adults) . urinary retention ▶ Rare Dental caries (in adults) . dry skin (in adults) l INDICATIONS AND DOSE Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide F ▶ BY INHALATION OF POWDER ▶ Adult: 50 micrograms once daily l INDICATIONS AND DOSE DOSE EQUIVALENCE AND CONVERSION Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary For inhalation of powder, each 50 microgram capsule of disease glycopyrronium delivers 44 micrograms of ▶ BY INHALATION OF POWDER glycopyrronium. ▶ Adult: 375 micrograms twice daily DOSE EQUIVALENCE AND CONVERSION l CAUTIONS Arrhythmia (excluding chronic stable atrial Each 375 microgram inhalation of aclidinium bromide fibrillation) . history of myocardial infarction . history of delivers 322 micrograms of aclidinium. QT-interval prolongation . left ventricular failure . unstable ischaemic heart disease l CAUTIONS Hospitalisation with moderate or severe heart l SIDE-EFFECTS failure within last 12 months . myocardial infarction within ▶ Common or very common Insomnia last 6 months . newly diagnosed arrhythmia within last ▶ Uncommon Epistaxis . hyperglycaemia . hypoaesthesia . 3 months . unstable angina malaise . rhinitis l SIDE-EFFECTS Sinusitis l PREGNANCY Manufacturer advises use only if potential l PREGNANCY Manufacturer advises use only if potential benefit outweighs risk. benefit outweighs risk. l BREAST FEEDING Manufacturer advises use only if l BREAST FEEDING Manufacturer advises avoid. potential benefit outweighs risk. l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Patients or carers should be l RENAL IMPAIRMENT Use with caution if eGFR less than given advice on how to administer aclidinium bromide 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2. powder inhalation. l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Patients or carers should be given advice on how to administer glycopyrronium for l MEDICINAL FORMS inhalation. There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug. l MEDICINAL FORMS Inhalation powder There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines ▶ Eklira (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) A containing the same drug. Aclidinium bromide 375 microgram per 1 dose Eklira Inhalation powder P 322micrograms/dose Genuair | 60 dose £28.60 ▶ Glycopyrronium bromide (non-proprietary) A Glycopyrronium bromide 55 microgram Glycopyrronium bromide 55microgram inhalation powder capsules with device |

6 capsule P no price available | 30 capsule P no price Pressurised inhalation available ▶ Ipratropium bromide (Non-proprietary) ▶ Seebri Breezhaler (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) A Ipratropium bromide 20 microgram per 1 dose Ipratropium Glycopyrronium bromide 55 microgram Seebri Breezhaler bromide 20micrograms/dose inhaler CFC free | 200 dose P £5.56 44microgram inhalation powder capsules with device | DT price = £5.56 3 6 capsule P £5.50 | 30 capsule P £27.50 ▶ Atrovent (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) Ipratropium bromide 20 microgram per 1 dose Atrovent 20micrograms/dose inhaler CFC free | 200 dose P £5.56 DT price = Ipratropium bromide F £5.56 Nebuliser liquid l INDICATIONS AND DOSE ▶ Ipratropium bromide (Non-proprietary) Reversible airways obstruction Ipratropium bromide 250 microgram per 1 ml Ipratropium bromide micrograms/ ml nebuliser liquid unit dose vials unit ▶ BY INHALATION OF AEROSOL 500 2 | 20 dose P £6.60 DT price = £3.40 ▶ – Child 1 month 5 years: 20 micrograms 3 times a day Ipratropium bromide 250micrograms/1ml nebuliser liquid unit dose Respiratory system ▶ Child 6–11 years: 20–40 micrograms 3 times a day vials | 20 unit dose P £6.00 DT price = £4.39 ▶ Child 12–17 years: 20–40 micrograms 3–4 times a day ▶ Atrovent UDV (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) Reversible airways obstruction, particularly in chronic Ipratropium bromide 250 microgram per 1 ml Atrovent obstructive pulmonary disease 500micrograms/2ml nebuliser liquid UDVs | 20 unit dose P £4.87 DT price = £ . unit dose P £ . ▶ BY INHALATION OF AEROSOL 3 40 | 60 14 59 Atrovent 250micrograms/1ml nebuliser liquid UDVs | 20 unit ▶ – – Adult: 20 40 micrograms 3 4 times a day dose P £4.14 DT price = £4.39 | 60 unit dose P £12.44 ▶ BY INHALATION OF NEBULISED SOLUTION ▶ Respontin (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) ▶ Adult: 250–500 micrograms 3–4 times a day Ipratropium bromide 250 microgram per 1 ml Respontin Acute bronchospasm 250micrograms/1ml Nebules | 20 unit dose P £4.78 DT price = ▶ BY INHALATION OF NEBULISED SOLUTION £4.39 Respontin 500micrograms/2ml Nebules | 20 unit dose P £5.60 DT ▶ Child 1 month–5 years: 125–250 micrograms as required; price = £3.40 maximum 1 mg per day ▶ Child 6–11 years: 250 micrograms as required; maximum 1 mg per day Ipratropium with salbutamol ▶ Child 12–17 years: 500 micrograms as required ▶ Adult: 500 micrograms as required The properties listed below are those particular to the Severe or life-threatening acute asthma combination only. For the properties of the components ▶ BY INHALATION OF NEBULISED SOLUTION please consider, ipratropium bromide above, salbutamol ▶ Child 1 month–11 years: 250 micrograms every p. 224. 20–30 minutes for the first 2 hours, then l INDICATIONS AND DOSE 250 micrograms every 4–6 hours as required ▶ Child 12–17 years: 500 micrograms every 4–6 hours as Bronchospasm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ▶ required BY INHALATION OF NEBULISED SOLUTION ▶ – ▶ Adult: 500 micrograms every 4–6 hours as required Adult: 0.5/2.5 mg 3 4 times a day PHARMACOKINETICS l PRESCRIBING AND DISPENSING INFORMATION A mixture of The maximal effect of inhaled ipratropium occurs – ipratropium bromide and salbutamol (as sulphate); the 30 60 minutes after use; its duration of action is 3 to proportions are expressed in the form x/y where x and y 6 hours and bronchodilation can usually be maintained are the strengths in milligrams of ipratropium and with treatment 3 times a day. salbutamol respectively. l l CAUTIONS Cystic fibrosis LESS SUITABLE FOR PRESCRIBING Ipratropium bromide with salbutamol nebuliser solution is considered less CAUTIONS, FURTHER INFORMATION suitable for prescribing. ▶ Glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma has been reported with nebulised ipratropium, particularly when given with l MEDICINAL FORMS nebulised salbutamol (and possibly other beta2 agonists); There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines care needed to protect the patient’s eyes from nebulised containing the same drug. drug or from drug powder. Nebuliser liquid l SIDE-EFFECTS ▶ Ipratropium with salbutamol (Non-proprietary) ▶ Common or very common Dizziness . nausea (in children) Ipratropium bromide 200 microgram per 1 ml, Salbutamol (as ▶ Uncommon Laryngospasm . pharyngeal oedema (in Salbutamol sulfate) 1 mg per 1 ml Salbutamol 2.5mg/2.5ml / Ipratropium bromide 500micrograms/2.5ml nebuliser liquid unit dose children) . pruritus . stomatitis . vomiting vials | 60 unit dose P no price available ▶ fi Rare Atrial brillation (in children) . ocular ▶ Combivent (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) accommodation disorder (in children) Ipratropium bromide 200 microgram per 1 ml, Salbutamol (as l PREGNANCY Inhaled drugs for asthma can be taken as Salbutamol sulfate) 1 mg per 1 ml Combivent nebuliser liquid 2.5ml normal during pregnancy. UDVs | 60 unit dose P £24.10 ▶ Ipramol (Teva UK Ltd) l BREAST FEEDING Inhaled drugs for asthma can be taken as Ipratropium bromide 200 microgram per 1 ml, Salbutamol (as normal during breast-feeding. Salbutamol sulfate) 1 mg per 1 ml Ipramol nebuliser solution 2.5ml l DIRECTIONS FOR ADMINISTRATION Steri-Neb unit dose vials | 60 unit dose P £23.83 ▶ In adults If dilution of ipratropium bromide nebuliser solution is necessary use only sterile sodium chloride 0.9%. l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Advise patient not to exceed prescribed dose and to follow manufacturer’s directions.

l MEDICINAL FORMS There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug.

Tiotropium F Umeclidinium F

l INDICATIONS AND DOSE l INDICATIONS AND DOSE 3 Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease disease ▶ BY INHALATION OF POWDER ▶ BY INHALATION OF POWDER ▶ Adult: 18 micrograms once daily ▶ Adult: 55 micrograms once daily SPIRIVA RESPIMAT® DOSE EQUIVALENCE AND CONVERSION Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary Each 65 microgram inhalation of umeclidinium bromide disease | Adjunct to inhaled corticosteroids and long- delivers 55 micrograms of umeclidinium. acting beta2 agonists for the maintenance treatment of l patients with asthma who have suffered one or more CAUTIONS Cardiac disorders (particularly cardiac rhythm Respiratory system severe exacerbations in the last year disorders) ▶ BY INHALATION OF AEROSOL l SIDE-EFFECTS ▶ Adult: 5 micrograms once daily ▶ Uncommon Arrhythmias . rash . sinusitis . urinary tract infection l CAUTIONS Cardiac arrhythmia requiring intervention in l PREGNANCY Manufacturer advises use only if potential the previous 12 months . hospitalisation for moderate to benefit outweighs risk. severe heart failure in the previous 12 months . life- l BREAST FEEDING Manufacturer advises avoid—no threatening cardiac arrhythmia . myocardial infarction in information available. the previous 6 months . unstable cardiac arrhythmia l HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT Use with caution in severe CAUTIONS, FURTHER INFORMATION impairment. Regularly review treatment in patients at high risk of l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Patient or carers should be cardiovascular events. given advice on how to administer umeclidinium l SIDE-EFFECTS inhalation powder. ▶ Common or very common Dizziness . epistaxis . oropharyngeal candidiasis . pruritus . taste disturbance l MEDICINAL FORMS ▶ Rare Gingivitis . glossitis . insomnia . intestinal There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines obstruction . paralytic ileus . sinusitis . stomatitis containing the same drug. ▶ Frequency not known Dehydration . joint swelling Inhalation powder ▶ Incruse Ellipta (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) A l PREGNANCY Manufacturer advises use only if potential fi Umeclidinium bromide 65 microgram per 1 dose Incruse Ellipta bene t outweighs risk. 55micrograms/dose dry powder inhaler | 30 dose P £27.50 DT l BREAST FEEDING Manufacturer advises avoid—no price = £27.50 information available. l RENAL IMPAIRMENT Plasma-tiotropium concentration raised. Manufacturer advises use only if potential benefit Umeclidinium with vilanterol 2 outweighs risk if eGFR less than 50 mL/ minute/1.73 m . The properties listed below are those particular to the l PRESCRIBING AND DISPENSING INFORMATION combination only. For the properties of the components SPIRIVA RESPIMAT® Use Spiriva Respimat ® only when please consider, umeclidinium above. patient unable to use Spiriva Handihaler ® device. l INDICATIONS AND DOSE l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Counselling Advise patients to report any worsening of Maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary cardiac symptoms during treatment. disease ▶ Patients or carers should be given advice on how to BY INHALATION OF POWDER ▶ administer tiotropium powder inhalation and pressurised Adult: 1 inhalation once daily inhalation. l CAUTIONS Arrhythmias . bladder outflow obstruction . l NATIONAL FUNDING/ACCESS DECISIONS cardiac disorders . convulsive disorders . diabetes— ® SPIRIVA RESPIMAT monitor blood glucose (risk of ketoacidosis) . hypertension Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) Decisions . hyperthyroidism . hypokalaemia . prostatic hyperplasia . The Scottish Medicines Consortium has advised (November severe cardiovascular disease . severe hepatic impairment . 2007) that Spiriva Respimat ® is restricted for use in chronic susceptability to angle-closure glaucoma . susceptibility to obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who have poor QT-interval prolongation ® manual dexterity and difficulty using the Handihaler l INTERACTIONS → Appendix 1 (antimuscarinics, device. sympathomimetics beta2). l SIDE-EFFECTS l MEDICINAL FORMS ▶ There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines Common or very common Constipation . cough . dry mouth containing the same drug. . headache . nasopharyngitis . oropharyngeal pain . Pressurised inhalation pharyngitis . sinusitis . upper respiratory tract infection . ▶ Spiriva Respimat (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) urinary tract infection Tiotropium (as Tiotropium bromide) 2.5 microgram per ▶ Uncommon Atrial fibrillation . rash . rhythm idioventricular 1 dose Spiriva Respimat 2.5micrograms/dose solution for inhalation . supraventricular extrasystoles . supraventricular cartridge with device | 60 dose P £33.50 DT price = £33.50 tachycardia . tachycardia Inhalation powder ▶ Frequency not known Angle-closure glaucoma . ▶ Spiriva (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) arrhythmias . fine tremor (particularly in the hands) . Tiotropium (as Tiotropium bromide) 18 microgram Spiriva hyperglycaemia . hypokalaemia (when in high doses) . 18microgram inhalation powder capsules with HandiHaler | paradoxical bronchospasm . urinary retention 30 capsule P £34.87 DT price = £34.87 Spiriva 18microgram inhalation powder capsules | 30 capsule P SIDE-EFFECTS, FURTHER INFORMATION £33.50 DT price = £33.50 | 60 capsule P £67.00 ▶ Hypokalaemia Potentially serious hypokalaemia may result from beta2 agonist therapy.

l PREGNANCY Manufacturer advises use only if potential SELECTIVE BETA2-AGONISTS (LONG-ACTING) benefit outweighs risk. l BREAST FEEDING Manufacturer advises avoid—no Bambuterol hydrochloride F information available. 3 l DRUG ACTION Bambuterol is a pro-drug of terbutaline. l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE Patient or carers should be given advice on how to administer umeclidinium with l INDICATIONS AND DOSE vilanterol dry powder inhaler. Asthma (patients who have previously tolerated beta2- agonists) Other conditions associated with reversible l MEDICINAL FORMS | There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines airways obstruction (patients who have previously containing the same drug. tolerated beta2-agonists) Inhalation powder ▶ BY MOUTH ▶ Anoro Ellipta (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) A ▶ Adult: 20 mg once daily, dose to be taken at bedtime Vilanterol (as Vilanterol trifenatate) 22 microgram per 1 dose, Asthma (patients who have not previously tolerated Respiratory system Umeclidinium bromide 65 microgram per 1 dose Anoro Ellipta beta2-agonists) | Other conditions associated with 55micrograms/dose / 22micrograms/dose dry powder inhaler | reversible airways obstruction (patients who have not 30 dose P £32.50 previously tolerated beta2-agonists) ▶ BY MOUTH BETA2-ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS, SELECTIVE ▶ Adult: Initially 10 mg once daily for 1–2 weeks, then increased if necessary to 20 mg once daily, dose to be taken at bedtime Selective beta2 agonists f l CONTRA-INDICATIONS Severe pre-eclampsia l PREGNANCY Manufacturer advises avoid—no information l CAUTIONS Arrhythmias . cardiovascular disease . diabetes available. (risk of hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis, especially with l BREAST FEEDING Manufacturer advises avoid—no intravenous use) . high doses of beta agonists can be . 2 . information available. dangerous in some children hypertension l HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT Avoid in severe impairment. hyperthyroidism . hypokalaemia . susceptibility to QT- l interval prolongation RENAL IMPAIRMENT Reduce initial dose by half if eGFR less than 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2. CAUTIONS, FURTHER INFORMATION ▶ Hypokalaemia Potentially serious hypokalaemia may result l MEDICINAL FORMS from beta2 agonist therapy. Particular caution is required There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines in severe asthma, because this effect may be potentiated containing the same drug. by concomitant treatment with theophylline and its Tablet derivatives, corticosteroids, diuretics, and by hypoxia. ▶ Bambec (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) Bambuterol hydrochloride 10 mg Bambec mg tablets | l INTERACTIONS → Appendix 1 (sympathomimetics, beta ). 10 2 28 tablet P £14.46 DT price = £14.46 Hypokalaemia may be potentiated by concomitant Bambuterol hydrochloride 20 mg Bambec 20mg tablets | treatment with theophylline and its derivatives, 28 tablet P £15.77 DT price = £15.77 corticosteroids, and diuretics. l SIDE-EFFECTS Angioedema . arrhythmias . behavioural disturbances . collapse . fine tremor (particularly in the Formoterol fumarate F hands) . headache . hyperglycaemia (especially when given intravenously) . hypersensitivity reactions . hypokalaemia (Eformoterol fumarate) (with high doses) . hypotension . ketoacidosis (especially l INDICATIONS AND DOSE when given intravenously) . muscle cramps . myocardial ischaemia . nervous tension . palpitation . paradoxical Reversible airways obstruction in patients requiring long- bronchospasm (occasionally severe) . peripheral term regular bronchodilator therapy | Nocturnal asthma vasodilation . rash . sleep disturbances . tachycardia . in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator urticaria therapy | Prophylaxis of exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator l PREGNANCY Women planning to become pregnant should therapy | Chronic asthma in patients who regularly use be counselled about the importance of taking their asthma an inhaled corticosteroid medication regularly to maintain good control. ▶ BY INHALATION OF POWDER l MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ▶ Child 6–11 years: 12 micrograms twice daily, a daily dose ▶ In severe asthma, plasma-potassium concentration should of 24 micrograms of formoterol should be sufficient for be monitored (risk of hypokalaemia). the majority of children, particularly for younger age- ▶ In patients with diabetes, monitor blood glucose (risk of groups; higher doses should be used rarely, and only hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis, especially when beta2 when control is not maintained on the lower dose agonist given intravenously). ▶ Child 12–17 years: 12 micrograms twice daily, dose may l PATIENT AND CARER ADVICE be increased in more severe airway obstruction; ▶ When used by inhalation The dose, the frequency, and the increased to 24 micrograms twice daily, a daily dose of maximum number of inhalations in 24 hours of the beta2 24 micrograms of formoterol should be sufficient for agonist should be stated explicitly to the patient or their the majority of children, particularly for younger age- carer. The patient or their carer should be advised to seek groups; higher doses should be used rarely, and only medical advice when the prescribed dose of beta2 agonist when control is not maintained on the lower dose fails to provide the usual degree of symptomatic relief ▶ Adult: 12 micrograms twice daily, dose may be because this usually indicates a worsening of the asthma increased in more severe airway obstruction; increased and the patient may require a prophylactic drug. Patients to 24 micrograms twice daily or their carers should be advised to follow manufacturers’ ▶ BY INHALATION OF AEROSOL instructions on the care and cleansing of inhaler devices. ▶ Child 12–17 years: 12 micrograms twice daily, dose may be increased in more severe airway continued →