Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19922-3 — Imagining an English Reading Public, 1150-1400 Katharine Breen Index More Information

Index

Adams, Robert, 256n44 Babel, see Bible ad placitum theory of word origins, 96–98 Baer, Patricia, 254n24 Alan of Lille, 76 Baldric of Dol, Historia Jerosolimitana, 123, 128–29 Alban, Saint, 144 Ball, John, 173–74 Alexander of Villedieu, Doctrinale puerorum, 92 Baptism, 36–38 Alford, John, 20, 100–1, 212 Bartholomew of Pisa, De regimine filiorum et Alighieri, Dante, De vulgari eloquentia, 1–3 filiarum, 100, 243n29 Allen, David, 236n58 Battle of Dover, 147–49 Allen, Elizabeth, 231n30 Beazley, Raymond, 140 Allen, Judson, 83 Beckwith, Sarah, 230n17 Ancrene Wisse, 18–21 Benedict of Nursia and Benedictine Rule, 71, monastic habits as misleading signifiers, 18–20 178–79 author’s use of regere, 20–21 Benson, C. David, 232n39 Angelo, Gretchen, 243n33 Bernard of Clairvaux, 123, 129, 138 Anglo-Norman language, 144–45 Bible, 1 Timothy 2:9, 24 see also French As you did to the least of these, Matthew 25:40, Anselm of Bec, 123 54–56 Aquinas, Thomas, Summa theologiae, 47, 70–78, “Be not solicitous,” Matthew 6:31, 213 90, 168, 199, 204, 205, 207, 211 Dismas, Luke 23:39–43, 38, 207, 214 acquired and infused virtues, 74–78 “Do not let your left hand know what your distinction between habere and se habere, right hand is doing,” Matthew 6:3, 202 71–72 Great Banquet, Luke 14:16–24, 211–12 habitus as perfect disposition, 72–75 Jesus born in likeness of men, Philippians Arch, Jennifer, 260n3 2:7, 55 Aristotle, 44, 62–67, 68, 199–200 Locusts have no king, Proverbs 30:27, 134–35 De anima, 74 Marriage Feast, Matthew 22:1–14, 211–12 Categories, 62–63, 66, 67 Naming of John the Baptist, Luke 1:57–80, 113 Metaphysics, 66, 71–72 Pearls before swine, Matthew 7:6, 24–25 Nicomachean Ethics, 44–45, 63–66 “Rust and moth do not consume,” Matthew Politics, 66 6:20, 213 Arnold of Bonnevalle, 18, 46 Song of Solomon 1:4, 20–21 assuetudo, see consuetudo Taking up the cross, Matthew 10:38, Luke 9:23, Aston, Margaret, 23–24 125–30 audience, imagined, in Langland, 173–74, 186–87, Tower of Babel, Genesis 11:1–9, 3, 94–100, 188–90 133–34 in Matthew Paris, 138–40, 142–45 Wedding at Cana, John 2:1–12, 116–19 in Orrm, 109–13, 120 Birkholz, Daniel, 248n43, 250n73 Augustine of Canterbury, 147 Bland, Cynthia Renée, 255n28, 256n46, Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 46–47 257n56 De ordine, 81 Bloch, Howard, 243n34 Augustinian order, 111–12 Bloomfield, Morton, 258n68

282

Index 283

Boethius, 62–63 De disciplina scolarium, see pseudo-Boethius see also Chaucer, Boece De institutione divinarum, 230n11 Bohemund of Taranto, 137 De vulgari eloquentia, 1–3 Bonaventure, Saint, Commentary on Lombard’s TheDeedsofGodthroughtheFranks, 122–24, 129–37 “Sentences,” 85–87 The Deeds of the Franks, 125–26 Bonvesin of la Riva, Vita scolastica, 89–91 Delhaye, Philippe, 83 Botterill, Steven, 229n7 Dismas (the good thief of Luke 23:39–43), see Bible Bourdieu, Pierre, 7–8, 78, 110 Distichs of Cato, 195 deﬁnition of habitus, 6–7 Doctrinale puerorum, 92 unacknowledged debt to Middle Ages, 7–8 Dominic of Osma, and the Dominican order, 16, Bowers, John, 180, 254n19, 260n3 50–53 Brantley, Jessica, 12, 231n32 Donation of Constantine, 159 Brutus, mythic founder of London, 147 Donatus, Ars maior, 100, 191 Bryan, Jennifer, 231n24 Dove, Mary, 234n23 Bull, Marcus, 245n3, 246n18 Dover, battle of, 147–49 Durham Cathedral, 80–82 Camic, Charles, 230n13 Dyas, Dee, 253n11, 259n89 Cannon, Christopher, 109, 110, 233n8, 244n52, 244n54, 254n24 Eadmer of Canterbury, Life of Saint Carruthers, Mary, 8–9, 84, 241n4, 246n25 Anselm, 73 cartography, see Matthew Paris Eberle, Patricia, 232n45 Cassiodorus, De institutione divinarum litterarum, Engelbert of Admont, Speculum virtutum, 48 108, 230n11, 257n59 England, map of, see Matthew Paris Chaucer, Geoﬀrey, Boece, 22–23 “Epistola ad Hugonem,” 110 General Prologue, Wife of Bath, 144, 170 Equatorie of the Planetis, 9, 223 Miller’s Prologue, 110 Erler, Mary, 231n24 Parson’s Prologue, 11, 228 Etymologies, 67–70, 91–98, 105 Treatise on the Astrolabe, 8, 223–28 ex vi transicionis, 183–84 Troilus and Criseyde, 23, 28–29 exercitium, 67, 68 see also Equatorie of the Planetis extreme vernacular, 12 chlamys/chlamydis (military cloak), 54–56, 127 Chronica majora, see Matthew Paris Fleming, Juliet, 9 Cicero, De inventione, 4, 18 Fletcher, Alan, 40 Clanchy, M. T., 249n59 Fontaine, Jacques, 79 Clanvowe, Sir John, 24 Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, 30, 32, 210 Clopper, Lawrence, 253n11, 253n14 Francis of Assisi, 53, 71 Cole, Andrew, 234n19, 260n8 French language, 11, 16 Coleman, Janet, 255n33 see also Anglo-Norman Coleman, Joyce, 232n46 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, Colish, Marcia, 239n29, 239n35 127–28, 130 Connolly, Daniel, 141, 143, 162, 247n32 consuetudo (custom), 2, 4, 45–49, 64–65, 94, Galloway, Andrew, 183 133–34, 194 Gaudio, Michael, 143, 248n45, 249n49 see also habitus and mos/mores Gaytryge, John, 30–31 Copeland, Rita, 229n10, 243n35, 244n62, Gehl, Paul, 1, 11, 91, 194, 223, 241n3 246n14 gender, chastity and wisdom gendered feminine, Courtenay, William, 70 103–4 crusades, accounts of the First Crusade and in Bourdieu, 7–8, 78 crucesignati, 125–30 in Dante, 2 crusaders as literal readers of Gospel, 125–26 in Gilbert of Nogent, 130 People’s Crusade, 134 in Isidore of Seville, 67, 68 see also Gilbert of Nogent selective citation gendered feminine in Piers Plowman, 185–86, 219 Dante, see Alighieri vernacular gendered feminine, 11, 16, 91–94, Davidson, Mary Catherine, 256n43 96–98, 99, 144–45

284 Index

Gerard of Frachet, Lives of the Brethren of the Hames, Harvey, 232n44 Order of Preachers, 50–53 Hanna, Ralph, 10–12, 24, 173–74, 230n18, 253n7, Gilbert of Nogent, The Deeds of God through the 253n11, 253n13, 255n25 Franks, 122–24 Harvey, P. D. A., 139, 248n41, 250n65, crusades associated with grammar, 129–37 250n67 return journey, 136–37 Helias, Peter, Summa on Priscianus minor, 188, Gilbert of Tournai, De modo addiscendi, 83, 91–92, 242n23 103–5 Heng, Geraldine, 247n27, 252n88 Gillespie, Vincent, 232n40, 236n52 Henry III, King of England, 138, 147, 159–61 Glossa ordinaria, 109 Henry, D. P., 82 Godden, Malcolm, 253n9 Henry of Crissey, 96–98 Godfrey of Fontaines, 85 hermits, 176–82 Gower, John, 29 Historia Anglorum, see Matthew Paris grammar, as foundation of other disciplines, 87–89 historicism, limitations, 8 as introduction to figurative reading, 103–5 Holsinger, Bruce, 7, 230n19 as monastic foundation, 80–82 Honoratus, Marius Servius, “Commentarius in as means of self-formation and self-discipline, artem Donati,” 243n39 85–87, 89–91, 98–99, 100–5 Horobin, Simon, 231n26 as public highway, 105–8 Howard, Donald, 246n23 as result of formal training, 91–98, 105 Hubert of Burgh, 149 associated with crusading and pilgrimage, 129–37 Hudson, Anne, 231n24, 234n23 habitus of, 1, 2, 5, 14, 39 Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon, 86 relationship to vernacular, 242n23 speculative, 101–2 Ignorantia sacerdotum, 30, 32 see also John of Salisbury, Orrm, and Langland imagined audience, see audience, imagined grammatica, 82 Inagaki, Bernard, 240n52 in Dante, 1–3 Informacio, 192–93 Green, Richard Firth, 6, 234n20 Innocent IV, Pope, 158, 159–61 Gregory of Nazianzus, De animae suae Instructions for Parish Priests, see Mirk calamitatibus, 103 Isidore of Seville, Etymologies, 67–70, 91–98, 105 Gregory the Great, 11 Griffiths, Lavinia, 256n34 Jacques de Vitry, 184 Grosseteste, Robert, 63–65, 70 Jameson, Fredric, 236n62 Jean de Meun, The Romance of the Rose, 243n33 habit, as lay garment, 22, 125–30, 176–82 Jean Josse of Marville, De modis significandi, 96 as mental and moral disposition, 22–23 Jean of Flanders, 103 as religious garment, 16–17, 18–20, 26 Jerusalem, 162–65 in Middle English generally, 16–29 see also Crusades, Gilbert of Nogent, Matthew in Boece, 22–23 Paris, and Orrm in Piers Plowman, 176–82 John, King of England, 147 habitus, as lay garment, 18, 46, 67, 68, 125–30 John of Salisbury, Metalogicon, 82, 91, 132, 170 as religious garment, 17–18, 50–62, 67, 68 against natural language and the Cornificians, cartography and nationalism as instances, see 94–96 Matthew Paris grammar as plowman, 98–99 classical and medieval theories, 62–79 grammar forming the mind, 87–89 compared to consuetudo, 45–49, 64–65 grammar as public highway, 105–8 grammar as paradigmatic instance, 1, 2, 5, 14, trivium as compound art of eloquentia, 100 39, 85–87, 89–91, 100–5, 182–99 John the Baptist, see Bible literacy, 59–62 Jones, Edward, 253n10 literary, 176–78, 186–87, 188–90, 216–21 Jordan, Mark, 240n56 moral and ethical dimensions, 3, 4–6, 8, 17–18, Justice, Steven, 12, 24, 175, 253n6 45–49, 56–59, 62–79 see also Alighieri, Aquinas, Aristotle, Bourdieu, Kantorowicz, Ernst, 252n88 Gilbert of Nogent, Isidore of Seville, Kent, Bonnie, 238n11, 238n13, 240n56, 241n62, Wyclif, consuetudo, and mos/mores 254n20

Index 285

Kibbee, Douglas, 232n41 Cambridge, Jesus College MS Q.B.11, The King’s Four Highways, 167 80–82 Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn, 218, 253n18, 258n71 Cambridge University Library MS Ff.5.48, Knighton, Henry, 24 235n43 Krug, Rebecca, 230n17 The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek MS 76 E7, 246n13 Langland, William, Piers Plowman, 14–15, 18 London, British Library MS Royal 14.C.vii, see audience, 173–74, 186–87, 188–90 Matthew Paris Conscience, 190–94 London, British Library MS Royal 17.C.17, differences between B and C, 182–99, 236n51 209–16 New York, Morgan Library MSS M.855, grammatical metaphor, 182–99 246n13 Haukyn the Active Man, 179, 209–16 Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Douce 43, literary habitus, 176–78, 186–87, 188–90, 236n51 216–21 Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Laud 16–17, Meed, 185–86, 197, 202 18, 46 pilgrimage, 216–21 mappamundi, 139 Reason, 195–97 Markowski, Michael, 246n11 “relacioun rect,” 186, 187–97 Martin of Tours, 188 Robert the Robber, 207–9 see also Severus, Sulpicius Seven Deadly Sins, 201–8 Matthew Paris, Chronica majora, 138, 149, 158, 159 Truth’s pardon, 180 Historia Anglorum, 9, 173, 217 use of habit, 176–82, 209 battle of Dover, 147–49 voluntarism, 179–80 map sequence see also Rebellion of 1381 compared to mappamundi, 139 Lavezzo, Kathy, 247n27 imagined audience, 138–40 Lawton, David, 199, 254n23 Jerusalem, 162–65 Leclercq, Jean, 176 nationalism and England, 140–41, 145–49, Le Goff, Jacques, 38 165–71 Lerer, Seth, 225 orientation of reader, 142–45 Lewis, Suzanne, 140, 141, 189, 249n61, 252n90 Rome, 155–59 Leylond, John, Informacio, 192–93 transition from itinerary to map, 153–55 Liber vitae (Durham), 80 use of vernacular, 144–45 Life of Saint Anselm, 73 melotes, 68, 177 Life of Saint Martin, see Severus, Sulpicius Metalogicon, see John of Salisbury Life of Saint Anthony, 47 Middleton, Anne, 12, 125, 182, 197 Lipson, Carol, 11, 223 Minnis, Alastair, 6, 230n13, 243n33 literary habitus, see habitus, literary Mirk, John, Instructions for Parish Priests, 13, litteratio, distinguished from litteratura, 83–84 17, 29–41 Lollards and Lollardy, 23–27 compared to other works of pastoral monastic habits as misleading signifiers, 26 instruction, 30–31 Lombard, Peter, Sentences, 77 on baptism, 36–38 London, in Matthew Paris’s maps, 145–49 on penance, 35 lowest common denominator, audience imagined status of “sory laten,” 37–38, 39–41 as 10–12, 24–25, 30, 32, 108, 200 use of vernacular, 35–41 Lusignan, Serge, 243n32 Mitchell, J. Allan, 231n30 Mitchell, J. B., 142 Machan, Tim William, 234n17 moral organization of space, see Matthew Paris Macrobius, 91 mos/mores, 48, 134, 238n18 Mann, Jill, 254n24 see also consuetudo and habitus manuscripts, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 9, nationalism, see Matthew Paris 248n42 Nederman, Cary, 237n1, 239n35 Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS Nolan, Maura, 232n46 12, 159 nun’s Latin, 11, 16

286 Index

Oculus sacerdotis, 29, 33 Rice, Nicole, 32, 233n47, 256n37 Odo of Dol, De profectione, 129 Richard II, King of England, 12 Orrm, Orrmulum, 14, 172 Richard of Cornwall, 158, 159–61 Anglicized place-names in Holy Land, rihte,inAncrene Wisse, 21 117–18, 120 in Orrmulum (as rihht), 112–14 Augustinian canon, 111–12 see also Langland, and regere homily on John 2:1, 116–19 Riley-Smith, Jonathan, 122, 123 imagined audience, 109–13, 120 Robert of Rheims, Historia Hierosolymitana, orthography and grammar, 109, 112–14 126–27 Robertson, D. W., and Bernard Huppé, 210 Panofsky, Erwin, 7, 223 Roger of Wendover, Chronica majora, 138, 149 Parkes, Malcolm, 231n30, 244n52 The Romance of the Rose, 243n33 Patterson, Lee, 207 Rome, 155–59 Pearsall, Derek, 177, 195, 199, 254n22 Rouse, Richard and Mary, 231n30 Pecham, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, Rust, Martha, 231n32 Ignorantia sacerdotum, 30, 32 Pelagius, 94 St. Albans, 138, 167 Penance, in Mirk, 35 see also Matthew Paris and Roger of Wendover penitence, in Piers Plowman, 179, 201–21 Sanok, Catherine, 231n24 on penitential pilgrimage, see pilgrimage and Scanlon, Larry, 258n72 crusades Schaap, Tanya, 231n26 Phillips, Susan, 200, 258n69 Schirmer, Elizabeth, 235n34 pictura, 11, 228 Schweitzer, Edward, 184 Piers Plowman, see Langland, William Scotus, John Duns, 79, 180, 206 pilgrimage, associated with grammar in Gilbert of Severus, Sulpicius, Life of Saint Martin and Nogent, 129–37 Dialogues, 50, 52–62, 72, 124, 129 associated with monastic life, 12, 245n8 Sherman, William, 232n33 see also Langland and Matthew Paris Sicily, 159–61 Porter, Jean, 240n58 Siger of Brabant, 101–2 Powell, Susan, 235n40 Simon, Yves, 43 Prendeville, John, 238n17 Simplicius of Cilicia, 72 Priscian, Institutionum grammaticarum, 80, 88, Simpson, James, 30, 255n31 92, 103 Smith, D. Vance, 24–25, 187, 257n50 prudence or phronesis (Aristotle), 44–45 Somerset, Fiona, 10–11, 232n38 Prudentius, “Tituli historiae,” 120 Sorry Latin (“sory laten”), 37–38, 39–41 pseudo-Boethius, De disciplina scolarium, 89, South English Legendary, 11, 16 102–3 speculative grammar, 101–2 pseudo-Dionysus the Areopagite, 73 Speculum virtutum, 48 Speculum vitae, 31 Quintilian, Institutio oratoria, 88 Staley, Lynn, 259n81 Stock, Brian, 244n51, 247n28 Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, 129 Strode, Ralph, 29 reading, ﬁguratively, in Gilbert of Tournai, subiectio, as grammatical and ethical term, 103–5 102–3 in John of Salisbury, 94–100 Summa theologiae, see Aquinas in Orrm, 116–19 Summit, Jennifer, 232n46 literally, in The Deeds of the Franks, 125–26 rebellion of 1381, 9, 173–74, 223 Thoresby, John, Archbishop of York, 30 regere (and derived forms) in Ancrene Wisse, 20–21 Thurot, Charles, 101 in John of Salisbury, 87–89 Treatise on the Astrolabe, 8, 223–28 in speculative grammar, 101–2 Trevisa, John, 10, 30, 230n18 see also Langland, and Riht trivium, 100, 183–84 relatio and recordatio, 187–97 Turville-Petre, Thorlac, 247n28 Renna, Thomas, 246n24 Reynolds, Suzanne, 241n10 Urban II, Pope, and First Crusade, 122, 125–30

Index 287

vernacular, 8, 144–45, 165–71, 182–99, 223–28 Warr, Cordelia, 50, 52–62, 238n22 as lay habitus, 5–6, 10–11 Watson, Nicholas, on vernacular, 10–11 expanded definition of, 11–12 on Langland, 212, 213, 258n75 extreme, 12 William of Conches, 242n23 relationship to Latin in: William of Ockham, 44, 79 Ancrene Wisse, 20–21 William of Pagula, Oculus sacerdotis, 29, 33 Dante, 1–3 William of Tournai, De instructione puerorum, Henry of Crissey, 96–98 92–94 John of Salisbury, 94–100 Williams, Raymond, 230n13 Lollardy, 24–27 Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn, 230n12, 231n25 Mirk, 35–41 Worley, Meg, 109, 115, 244n54 Somerset and Watson’sdefinition, 10–11 Wyclif, John, 25–26 see also Alighieri, Lollards and Lollardy, Wycliffite Bible, 7, 24, 223 Matthew Paris, and Wyclif virtues, acquired and infused (Aquinas), 74–78 Yeager, Suzanne, 246n22, 246n26, Virtus, etymology (in John of Salisbury), 94–96, 252n88 98–99 Vita scolastica, 89–91 Zeeman, Nicolette, 254n24 voluntaria affectio, 103 Zieman, Katherine, 12 voluntarist definition of virtue, 79, 179–80, 206 Ziolkowski, Jan, 243n39