THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME ONE EDITORIAL ADVISORS Luis de Albuquerque Joseph Needham J. H. Andrews David B. Quinn J6zef Babicz Maria Luisa Righini Bonellit Marcel Destombest Walter W. Ristow o. A. W. Dilke Arthur H. Robinson L. A. Goldenberg Avelino Teixeira da Motat George Kish Helen M. Wallis Cornelis Koeman Lothar Z6gner tDeceased THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2 Cartography in the Traditional Asian Societies 3 Cartography in the Age of Renaissance and Discovery 4 Cartography in the Age of Science, Enlightenment, and Expansion 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME ONE Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean Edited by J. B. HARLEY and DAVID WOODWARD THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON J. B. Harley is professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, formerly Montefiore Reader in Geography at the University of Exeter. David Woodward is professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1987 by The University ofChicago Allrights reserved. Published 1987 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 8 7 654 This work is supported in part by grants from the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency Additional funds were contributed by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The National Geographic Society The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography, The Newberry Library The Johnson Foundation The Luther I. Replogle Foundation The British Academy and the following individuals Richard B. Arkway John T. Monckton Joe C. W. Armstrong Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl Clive A. Burden Rear Admiral G. S. Ritchie Gerald F. Fitzgerald Walter E. Scott Peter J. Guthorn Richard H. Sigel Arthur Holzheimer Mrs. L. M. C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Roderick Webster Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The history of cartography. Bibliography: p. Includes index. Contents: v.I. Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. 1. Cartography--History. I. Harley, J. B. (John Brian) II. Woodward, David, 1942- GA201.H53 1987 526'.09 86 6995 ISBN: 0-226-31633-5 (Vol. 1) 0-226-31635-1 (Vol. 2, Book 1) 0-226-31637-8 (Vol. 2, Book 2) § The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ofthe American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1992. Contents List of Illustrations IX PART Two Cartography in Ancient Europe and the Mediterranean 103 Preface xv J. B. Harley and David Woodward 5 Cartography in the Ancient World: An Introduction 105 1 The Map and the Development of the History of o. A. W. Dilke Cartography 1 The Historical Importance of the Map Renaissance to Enlightenment: The Early Antecedents 6 Cartography in the Ancient Near East 107 of the History of Cartography Babylonian Geographical Knowledge The History of Cartography as Handmaiden: Babylonian Mensuration and Calculation Traditional Themes from the Nineteenth Century Babylonian Plans The Growth of a Scholarly Identity Babylonian Small-Scale Maps J. B. Harley Celestial Geography Cartographic Knowledge in Syria and Palestine A. R. Millard 7 Egyptian Cartography 117 Topographical Drawing and Religious Cartography PART ONE Cartography in Prehistoric Europe and the Turin Map of the Gold Mines Mediterranean 43 Land Survey, Cadastral Maps, and Building Plans 2 Prehistoric Maps and the History of Cartography: A. F. Shore An Introduction 45 Catherine Delano Smith 8 The Foundations of Theoretical Cartography in Archaic and Classical Greece 130 3 The Origins of Cartography 50 Circular Maps and the Flat Earth: Anaximander and G. Malcolm Lewis His Successors in the Sixth Century B.C. The Impact of New Theories on Cartography from the Sixth to the Fourth Century B.C.: Pythagoras, 4 Cartography in the Prehistoric Period in the Old Herodotus, and Democritus World: Europe, the Middle East, and North Theory into Practice: New Celestial Globes and Maps Africa 54 in the Fourth Century B.C. Prehistoric Maps and Historians of Cartography Prepared by the editors from materials supplied by The Source Material and Its Interpretation Germaine Aujac Recognition of Topographical Maps by Antiquarians in European Rock Art 9 The Growth of an Empirical Cartography in The Classification of Prehistoric Maps from Europe, the Hellenistic Greece 148 Middle East, and North Africa in the Prehistoric Exploration and Discovery in the Reform of the World Period Map Topographical Maps The Measurement of the Earth and the World Map by Celestial Maps Eratosthenes Cosmological Maps The Dissemination of Cartographic Knowledge Conclusion Prepared by the editors from materials supplied by Catherine Delano Smith Germaine Aujac v VI Contents 10 Greek Cartography in the Early Roman World 14 Itineraries and Geographical Maps in the Early 161 and Late Roman Empires 234 Continuity and Change in Theoretical Cartography: Itineraries and the Peutinger Map Polybius, Crates, and Hipparchus The Latin Geographical Manuscripts and Maps and Globes in Education Their Maps The Map of the Inhabited World Recommended by Maps as Decorative and Symbolic Images Strabo The Use of Maps in the Roman Period Prepared by the editors from materials supplied by O. A. W. Dilke Germaine Aujac 11 The Culmination of Greek Cartography in 15 Cartography in the Byzantine Empire 258 Ptolemy 177 Roman Influences: The Theodosian Map and the Updating the World Map: Ptolemy's Criticism of Ravenna Cosmography Marinus of Tyre Religious Cartography: Cosmas Indicopleustes and the Ptolemy's Instructions for Mapmaking Map Mosaics The Celestial Globe in the Almagest The Greek Revival and Ptolemy's Geography The Climata in the Almagest The Greek Manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography The Geography O. A. W. Dilke with additional material supplied by Size and Dimensions of the Inhabited World in the the editors Geography Map Projections 16 Cartography in the Ancient World: A Ptolemy as a Mapmaker: The Tables of Coordinates Conclusion 276 Cartographic Insights from Ptolemy's Topography: The O. A. W. Dilke Coordinates and the Regional Maps Ptolemy's Topography in the Coordinates and Maps: General Considerations Ptolemy's Coordinates: The Examples of the British PART THREE Cartography in Medieval Europe and the Isles and Italy Mediterranean 281 Ptolemy's Maps: Some Regional Examples 17 Medieval Maps: An Introduction 283 O. A. W. Dilke with additional material supplied by P. D. A. Harvey the editors 18 Medieval Mappaemundi 286 12 Maps in the Service of the State: Roman The Context and Study of Mappaemundi Cartography to the End of the Augustan Map and Text Era 201 Terms Etruscan Beginnings Realism versus Symbolism Geographical and Cadastral Maps from the Republican Relationship of Mappaemundi to Other Medieval Period Maps Geographical Maps Problems in the Study of Mappaemundi Agrippa's World Map Classification Systems Cadastral Maps Main Periods of Mappaemundi O. A. W. Dilke Macrobius to Isidore: The Late Greco-Roman and Patristic Period Bede to Lambert of Saint-Orner 13 Roman Large-Scale Mapping in the Early Henry of Mainz to Richard of Haldingham Empire 212 Pietro Vesconte to Fra Mauro: The Transitional Survey Methods of the Agrimensores Period to 1460 The Corpus Agrimensorum Themes in the Study of Mappaemundi The Cadasters of Arausio Form Large-Scale Town Maps: The Forma Urbis Romae Content and Meaning Engineering Plans for Tunnels and Aqueducts Conclusions O. A. W. Dilke David Woodward Contents Vll 19 Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century The Isolarii: Buondelmonti's Liber Insularum Arcipelagi to 1500 371 Other Local Maps Introduction Purpose and Use The Origin and Compilation of the Portolan Charts Surveying and Mapping Drafting Itinerary Maps and the Development of Maps Drawn Stylistic Content to Scale Hydrographic Development P. D. A. Harvey Toponymic Development The Business of Chartmaking 21 Concluding Remarks 502 The Function of the Portolan Charts Gaps and Discontinuities Conclusions Cognitive Transformations Tony Campbell Social Contexts J. B. Harley and David Woodward 20 Local and Regional Cartography in Medieval Europe 464 List of Contributors 511 Scope and Characteristics Origins and Development Bibliographical Index 513 Maps of Palestine and Its Cities Maps of Italian Cities General Index 559 Northern Italian District Maps Jeffrey Pinkham Illustrations With Tables and Appendixes COLOR PLATES 38 Itinerary map of Matthew Paris (Following page 106) 39 Great Britain by Matthew Paris 1 The Star Fresco from Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan 40 The Gough map, ca. 1360 2 Map in the Book of the Two Ways 3 The Thera fresco 4 Fresco from the Boscoreale villa, near Pompeii 5 The Peutinger map: Rome 6 The Notitia Dignitatum: Britain 7 The Madaba mosaic map 8 Jerusalem on the Madaba mosaic map FIGURES 9 Map of the inhabited world from a thirteenth­ 4.1 Principal areas and sites associated with century Byzantine manuscript of Ptolemy's prehistoric rock art in the Old World 56 Geography 4.2 The prehistoric and historical time scale 57 10 Emperor Charles IV with orb 4.3 The Rajum Hani' stone 61 11 Orb in the Last Judgment 4.4 Elements in a modern topographical map 62 12 The three sons of Noah 4.5 Cup-and-ring marks from Northumberland 13 The Beatus map