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Archaeometric Investigation of the Stone Tools of the Vatya Culture (Pest County, Hungary)

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Archaeometric Investigation of the Stone Tools of the Vatya Culture (Pest County, Hungary) Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, February 2014, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 81 - 94 ARCHAEOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE STONE TOOLS OF THE VATYA CULTURE (PEST COUNTY, HUNGARY) Anna FARKAS-PETŐ1, Tünde HORVÁTH2, István PAPP1 & Péter KOVÁCS-PÁLFFY3 1Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Hungary, e-mail: [email protected] 2Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1014 Budapest, Úri u. 49., Hungary, e-mail: [email protected] 3Hungarian Geological and Geophysical Institute, H- 1143 Budapest, Stefánia út 14., Hungary, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. With the analysis of the middle Bronze Age (2000–1350 BC) Vatya culture findings in Pest county (Central Hungary) comprising of more than 400 polished stone tools and instrument tools this is the first archaeometric study with such scale in Hungary. In order to characterize petrographically the raw- material of the stone tools macroscopic and microscopic stone analyses were made together with mineralogical and geochemical analyses. In the course of the work a new digital database the Archaeometric Stone Tool Database was established. Based on the results, the material of the instrument stones is mainly sandstone and quartzite that were easy to collect from their source areas. Local volcanics, mostly amphibole containing andesite variations dominated among the material of the polished stone tools. Ophiolites (metamorphic basic rocks, serpentinized basic and ultrabasic rocks) were the raw-material of stone axes that indicate either more distant travels for raw-material or exchange import. Keywords. Archaeometrics, Carpathian Basin, Vatya culture, polished stone tools, instrument tools 1. INTRODUCTION 2002). The middle Bronze Age (2000-1350 BC) Petroarchaeology is a specific part of Vatya culture occupying the central part of the archaeometrics involving the mineralogical, Danube-Tisza Interfluve (Fig. 1) has special petrological, geochemical and other geological, significance from several aspects as it controlled the physical and chemical analysis of mineral or stone most important routes in the Carpathian Basin: the material tools for archaeological purposes (Herz & Danube and the associated smaller river network in Garrison, 1998; Rapp & Hill, 1998). central Hungary. Natural conditions of this area In case the geological view is applied in determined fundamentally the lifestyle of the culture studying archaeological tools, questions can be in which agriculture had a central role. This is one of answered that could be researched less effectively by the most completely explored Bronze Age tell other methods. Results can contribute to the better culture in Hungary with variable settlement types, understanding of the lifestyle, movements and multi-layered society, marked and united findings technical development of stone cultures (Pető & (Bóna, 1992). Kelemen, 2000; Szakmány, 2009). The analysis of more than 400 stone tools of Based on this approach, we have been studying the Vatya culture from Pest county presented here is the stone tool findings of the middle Bronze Age the closing stage of our research. Analysing the Vatya culture since 1996 in the framework of an known polished stone tools and instrument stones of archaeologist – geologist co-operation. The results the whole culture presents the opportunity for such were of significant interest from both archaeological overall statistical analyses that would not be possible and geological points of view (Farkas–Pető, 2008; on the basis of only a few localities, tools or Horváth et al., 1999; 2000a; 2000b; 2001; Pető et al., instrument types. 81 Figure 1. Area of the Vatya culture (middle Bronze Age) in the Carpathian Basin 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS were taken by a special (own) construction diamond micro-core-driller (Farkas-Pető, 2008, Pető & 2.1. Archaeological findings Farkas, 2002) or from cuts in the tools or from their chops parallel laminae were prepared in order to The stone tool findings presented in this paper create thin-sections. Optic characterization and photo are owned by several museums and local historical documentation were made using a Nikon Microphot- collections including: Kossuth Lajos Museum, SA type research microscope. Cegléd; Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Mineralogical composition of the samples was Prehistoric Collection; Blaskovich János Museum, determined primarily by microscopic identification Tápiószele (from the local historical collection at controlled by XRD analyses carried out in the XRD Gyömrő); Arany János Museum, Nagykőrös; Laboratory of the Geological and Geophysical Ferenczi Museum, Szentendre; Local Historical Institute of Hungary using a Philips PW 1710 Collection, Solymár. diffractometer applying Cu anticathode and graphite monochromator at 2 Ɵ°/minute paper velocity. 2.2. Literature analysis and field research Parameters of the pipe current were 30 mA and 40 kV. Interpretation was carried out using a multiple In order to identify potential raw-material query software at +/- 10% error rate. source areas the literature was analysed then rock samples were taken for comparative analysis from 2.4. Geochemical analyses the most probable source areas of the stone tools. Major element analysis of the rocks was 2.3. Macro- and microscopic rock analyses carried out in the analytical laboratory of the Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University Macroscopic and microscopic analyses for of Debrecen based on the following chemical the comparative characterization of stone tools were procedures: Na2O and MgO was determined by performed in the Department of Mineralogy and atomic absorption method with a Zeiss-Jena AAS-1 Geology, University of Debrecen. spectrometer. SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, CaO, K2O and total At the museums the stone tool types were iron (as Fe2O3) were determined by WDXRF classified into petrographic groups based on method with a Rigaku 3063P spectrometer. A macroscopic characters. Destructive analyses were tungsten anode X-ray tube was used at 30 kV and performed on mostly damaged samples the detailed 15mA. For Al2O3 and SiO2, an EDDT single crystal analysis of which could represent their own group was used, other elements were determined by using and in this way they became standards. a Ge(111) crystal. All measurements were made in In order to keep to the least destruction vacuum. The international nomenclature (Le Bas et principle cylindrical samples (10-30 mm; ∅=8 mm) 82 al, 1986, Rollinson, 1993) was used for naming the magmatites. 2.5. Archaeometric stone tool database The first rock based stone register in Hungary, the Lithoteca was established in the Hungarian National Museum and it has become available electronically (T. Bíró & T. Dobosi, 1991; T. Bíró, 2005, T. Bíró et al., 2000). On the basis of this idea we created the Archaeometric Stone Tool Database during the years of studying the stone tools of the Vatya culture. The primary base of this new register is the detailed archaeological-petrographic- geochemical characterization of the stone tools with the identification of the probable source area. 3. RESULTS 3.1. Overall characteristics of the stone tools of the Vatya culture in Pest county Figure 2. Location of the Vatya localities in Pest county (Hungary): 1. Cegléd-Öregszőlők; 2. Gomba-Várhegy; 3. From the polished stone tools and instrument Kakucs-Balladomb; 4. Mende-leányvár; 5. Nagykőrös- stones of the Vatya culture found in Pest county Földvár; 6. Százhalombatta-Földvár; 7. Biatorbágy (Bia); (Fig. 2) 410 were analysed archaeologically and 8. Érd-Érdliget; 9. Solymár-Várhegy; 10. Budapest petrographically, the data of which are summarized belterülete (Várhegy-Budavári palota, Kis-Velence, in Table 1. Lágymányos, Soroksár-Várhegy, Péteri-major). 3.2. Results of the petrographic- geochemical analysis of the findings 3.2.1. Sandstones Most frequent rock type of the raw-material of Classification of the raw-material of stone tools, primarily the instrument stones (grinding tools was made according to rock species. This stones and sheets) is sandstone that forms a very system is followed in this chapter. heterogeneous group (Table 1). Table 1: Raw-material of the Vatya instrument stones and polished stones in Pest county Tool types Polished stone tools Instrument stones Other (stone axe, hatchet, (grinding stone, grinding sheet, (ballast, ∑ Rock types chisel, hammer, grindstone, anvil, polishing- unprocessed mace, amulet) stone, mortar, pounder, pieces, etc.) whetstone) Sandstone 11 157 10 178 Limestone - 8 3 11 Volcanics (amphibole and pyroxene 26 29 7 62 andesites, basaltic andesites and their tuffs) Intrusive igneous rocks (diorite, 1 2 3 3 granite) Ophiolites (serpentinized ultrabasics; 29 - - 29 metamorphic volcanics) Quartzite – metamorphic sandstone, pelagic siliceous sediments 12 68 27 107 Other metamorphic rocks 1 (amfibole schist) 1 (gneiss) - 2 Other (unidentified) 6 8 4 18 ∑ 86 273 51 410 83 Further sub-classes can be identified within fragments and minerals are also visible from which this group based on the macroscopic and brown ironstone dissolution is possible. The rock microscopic analyses: contains igneous minerals subordinately, however, - Permian red sandstone (4 pieces) most of these are altered, hardly identifiable. Some This is a reddish brown coloured, strongly mica, mainly muscovite also appears. Pores are cemented sandstone. Certain samples show micro- abundant in the rocks. This can be partly explained stratification
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