IKUNGI DISTRICT COUNCIL
DISTRICT COUNCIL ECONOMIC PROFILE
Prepared by: District Executive Director Ikungi District Council P.O. Box 42 SINGIDA
Mobile No. 0737-219611
2015
1 CHAPTER ONE
Land, Climate, Agro-Ecological Zones and People
1.0: An overview Ikungi is a newly formed district council established on 8th March 2013 through Government gazette no 87 under section 8 and 9 of the Local Government (District Authorities) Act No. 8 and 9 of 1982 under the Ministerial establishment order and certification of establishment issued by the clerk of the National Assembly on 3rd May 2013. The council was formerly under Singida District council and come into effective operations in July 2013. It is one of the six councils within Singida Region. The other councils are Singida Municipal, Iramba District Council, Mkalama District Council, Singida District Council and Manyoni District Council.
1.1: Geographical Location The District lies between 40and 60Latitudes South of the Equator and 340 and 350 Longitudes East of Greenwich. It is bordered by Tabora (Uyui DC) to the West, Singida Municipal to the North, Singida District to the North-East, Iramba District to the North – West, Chemba and Kondoa to the South – East and Manyoni District to the South.
1.2: Land Area, Land Use Pattern and Administrative Units Ikungi District Council covers a total area of about 8,860 square km. under the following distribution; Agricultural land covers 2,580 km2; Grazing land is 2,887 km2; Forests and shrubs covers 1,815 km2, Water in the form of dams and rivers totals 13 km2 and others 48.3km2. : Land use distribution
S/N Land Use Squares kms 1 Available land 8,860 2 Land suitable for Agriculture 2,580 3 Land for pasture and grazing 2,887 4 Water bodies 13 5 Shrubs (eneo la vichaka) 1,815 6 The rest is either mining sites, hills or rocks covering 48.3
The District has two electoral constituencies and is divided into 4 divisions, 28 Wards, 101 registered villages and 545 hamlets (Vitongoji) as administrative areas. Based on data of the population and housing census of year 2012, the total population of the district is 272,959 and 136,781 are female and male 136,178 with average of 5.0 household. The main tribes are Nyiramba, Nyaturu, and Sukuma.
2 Administrative units of Ikungi District. S/N Division Number of Number of Number of Wards Villages Hamlets 1 MUNGAA 7 24 137 2 IKUNGI 6 26 149 3 IHANJA 7 26 147 4 SEPUKA 6 25 112 Total 28 101 545
1.2.1: Administration structure The head of the paid service is the District Executive Director in the district authorities under Full council with three Council permanent Committees. These committees are: Finance, Administration and planning committee Education, health and water committee Agriculture, economics, environment and works committee HIV/AIDS committee The day-to-day activities are run by the Council Management Team. The Council management is headed and led by a District Executive Director who is assisted by the following Heads of Departments: District Planning Officer (DPLO), District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperatives Officer (DAICO), District Livestock and Fisheries Officers (DLFO), Beekeeping Officer, District Land and Natural Resources Officer (DLNRO), District Environmental and Sanitation Officer (DESO), District Community Development Officer (DCDO), District Human Resources Officer (DHRO), District Legal Officer (DLO), District Reforms Officer (DRO), Ward Executive Officers (WEOs) and Village Executive Officers (VEOs). The other supporting functions include the sections dealing with Procurement, Legal, Audit, Information and Communication Technology, and Supplies.
Table 3: Staff status No Sector Staff status Total Required Male Female 1. Administration 86 17 103 227 2. Planning 6 0 6 7 3. Finance 4 4 8 16 4. Trade 0 0 0 3 5. Cooperative 1 0 1 3 6. Community Development 5 5 10 31
3 No Sector Staff status Total Required Male Female 7. Land & Natural Resources 9 0 9 14 8. Sanitation & Environment 1 0 1 9. Water 7 3 10 10 10. Agriculture and Livestock 28 12 40 55 11. Works 3 0 3 8 12. Health 76 152 228 381 13. Education Primary 678 430 1108 1338 14. Education Secondary 331 161 492 570 TOTAL 1254 795 2049
1.3: Climate, Soil and Topography 1.3.1: Climate Ikungi District has a semi-arid climatic condition. It experiences even temperatures, with minima and maxima of 150C and 300C respectively. Nonetheless, there has been notable rise in ambient temperature in the four decades. There are two seasons; the dry season which is the longest (April to November) and the rainy season December to March. The annual rainfall ranges from 600mm – 700mm. This climatic condition favors the production of various agricultural crops.
1.3.2: Soil a) Volcanic soils: are of high agricultural potential and livestock production tends to be restricted to zero-grazing systems. This type of soil is found along lift valley in east zone of Ikungi District council which include the following village Misughaa, Kikio, Msule, Mkunguwakiendo, Mwau, Mang’onyi and Sambaru b) Light sandy soils: Grazing is available during the rains but the soils dry out rapidly thereafter and the forage has little worth.This type of soil is found Makiungu Ward ,Siuyu Ward ,Mungaa Ward,Iseke Ward,Kituntu Ward and Dung’unyi Ward. c) Soils of granite/gneiss origin: are poor and in Ikungi occur mainly Wibia Village and Utaho d) The mbuga black vertisols are widespread and an important source of dry season grazing.This type of soil is found in Mgungira,Iyumbu and Mkiwa The District has three main Agro-Economic zones; Northern Zone, South West and the Eastern Part of Rift Valley. (i) South West Zone: This zone is formed by two (2) divisions of sepuka and part of Ihanja. It is bordered with Uyui and Manyoni District Councils. This zone has also fertile
4 sand, sand loamy and Black soils along Wembere plain suitable for production of various crops. Major food crops grown in this zone are sorghum, Sweet potatoes, paddy, Maize, cowpeas, Bambara nuts, Chickpeas, and green grams. Cash crops include cotton, sunflower, groundnuts, sesame and vegetables.
(ii) Central Zone: Central zone borders Singida Municipal and is within two divisions Ihanja and Ikungi. The soil type in this zone characterized by sandy loamy, and some few areas of clay and gravel soils suitable for production of Sorghum, Sweet potatoes, Maize, cassava, and cowpeas, Millet. Major cash crops include Sunflower, Sugarcane, Kartam, groundnuts and sesame and vegetable.
(iii) Eastern Zone: The eastern Part of Rift Valley is formed by Mungaa Division and is bordered with Singida and, Chemba districts. The soil type of this zone varies from sandy loamy, clay and black cotton soils. Main crops produced in this part are Sorghum, maize, cassava, and cowpeas. Major cash crops are Cotton, Sunflower, and groundnuts. This part receives low annual rainfall ranging from 500mm to 550mm.
1.3.3: Topography Ikungi district occupies the northern part of the central plateau of Tanzania which has elevations ranging from 1,200m to 1,500m above sea level. It had surrounded with the district on all side. There is no permanent rivers in the in the district
1.4 Vegetation About 70% of Ikungi district is covered by forests, woodland, thickets and grassland., The district is endowed with a large area of natural vegetation cover with abundant forest with patches of water logged hyperemia species. The total forest and shrubs area is about 270,590.6 Ha with two (2) prominent forests of Minyughe (2646km2) and Mlilii (57km2). However, demand for forest products in terms of poles, charcoal, firewood and timber is increasing very fast. The exploitation of forest products by local population is increasing very fast therefore; demand for forest products exceeds the capabilities of replenishing them through forestation. The predominant vegetation is acacia, Pterocarpus angolensis (Miombo, Mninga and Mkangazi) and Itigi thickets which cover most of the land.Other spicies are Braghystia (Mitunduru), Afzdlia quanzesis (Mkora) Podocarpus spp (Mipyuhihi) Syzgium cumminii (Mizambarau), Albiric ssp (Mfuru), Acacia (Migunga), Bombax spp (Misufi) and Euphobi spp (Minyaa). Opportunities for undertaking timbering by both hand sowing and saw milling are existing.
1.5 Agro – Ecological Zones (AEZ)
5 Climatic conditions as well as geological features have been the base of identifying different agro-ecological zones in Ikungi district. Basically the region has three distinctive agro-ecological zones. The districts differ in their dominant vegetation as follows:-
1.5.1 South West Zone: This zone is formed by two (2) divisions of sepuka and part of Ihanja. It is bordered with Uyui and Manyoni District Councils. This zone has also fertile sand, sand loamy and Black soils along Wembere plain suitable for production of various crops. Major food crops grown in this zone are sorghum, Sweet potatoes, paddy, Maize, cowpeas, Bambara nuts, Chickpeas, and green grams. Cash crops include cotton, sunflower, groundnuts, sesame and vegetables.
1.5.2 Central Zone: Central zone borders Singida Municipal and is within two divisions Ihanja and Ikungi. The soil type in this zone characterized by sandy loamy, and some few areas of clay and gravel soils suitable for production of Sorghum, Sweet potatoes, Maize, cassava, and cowpeas, Millet. Major cash crops include Sunflower, Sugarcane, Kartam, groundnuts and sesame and vegetable.
1.5.3 Eastern Zone: The eastern Part of Rift Valley is formed by Mungaa Division and is bordered with Singida and, Chemba districts. The soil type of this zone varies from sandy loamy, clay and black cotton soils. Main crops produced in this part are Sorghum, maize, cassava, and cowpeas. Major cash crops are Cotton, Sunflower, and groundnuts. This part receives low annual rainfall ranging from 500mm to 550mm.
1.6 Drainage System In Ikungi district the Ponde and Bubu rivers flow southwards and eastwards into the Bahi swamp which extends across the floor of the Rift Valley into Dodoma region. Other rivers feed the Njombe which ultimately joins with the Ruaha discharging into the Indian Ocean. The Rivers of western Ikungi drain the Wembere plain or swamp.
1.7 Population 1.7.1 Ethnic Groups The main indigenous ethnic groups are Nyiramba, Nyaturu, and Sukuma. The Nyaturu on the other hand are the major ethnic group in Ikungi district.
1.7.2 Population Size and Growth
6 Based on 2012 census report, the district has a total population of 272,959 in which 136,178 (49.9%) are males and 136,781 (50.1) are females. The average population growth rate was 2.4% per annum who were living in the 54,367 (2012) households which have the average of 5 – 6 people. The projections for 2015 put the district population at 295,014 out of that, male were 147,181 which is 49.9% and females were 147,833 which accounted for 50.1 percent of the population.
The table below summarizes the Ikungi District population growth from 2012 to 2015 District/Ward Population (2012 Population projection Census) 2013 2014 2015 Ikungi 272,959 281,633 288,246 295,014 Puma 9,945 10,261 10,502 10,749 Kituntu 8,444 8,712 8,917 9,126 Mungaa 18,276 18,857 19,300 19,753 Siuyu 7,952 8,205 8,397 8,595 Kikio 7,887 8,138 8,329 8,524 Lighwa 7,245 7,475 7,651 7,830 Misughaa 6,679 6,891 7,053 7,219 Ntuntu 11,360 11,721 11,996 12,278 Dung'unyi 10,158 10,481 10,727 10,979 Mang'onyi 14,962 15,437 15,800 16,171 Mkiwa 5,152 5,316 5,441 5,568 Issuna 12,158 12,544 12,839 13,140 Unyahati 9,710 10,019 10,254 10,495 Ikungi 12,661 13,063 13,370 13,684 Iglansoni 11,256 11,614 11,886 12,165 Iseke 6,933 7,153 7,321 7,493 Ihanja 8,269 8,532 8,732 8,937 Minyughe 18,440 19,026 19,473 19,930 Muhintiri 8,896 9,179 9,394 9,615 Iyumbu 9,377 9,675 9,902 10,135 Mgungira 6,548 6,756 6,915 7,077
7 District/Ward Population (2012 Population projection Census) 2013 2014 2015 Mwaru 11,784 12,158 12,444 12,736 Ighombwe 13,344 13,768 14,091 14,422 Mtunduru 17,056 17,598 18,011 18,434 Sepuka 12,446 12,842 13,143 13,452 Irisya 6,021 6,212 6,358 6,507
1.7.3 Population Density Ikungi district had an average population density of 37 persons per sq. km in 2012 and was considered to be moderately densely populated on Tanzania Mainland. It is projected that by the year 2015 Ikungi district will have a total population of about 295,014 and an average population density of 40 people per square kilometer. The district by its size is not considered to have land pressure.
1.7.4 Population Trend Table below shows that from 2012 to 2015 the District’s population increased from 272,959 in 2012 to 295,014 in 2015. However, at the district level there were significant differences in the level of population change with some Wards registering high population increase.
The table below summarizes the Ikungi District population growth from 2012 to 2015 Year 2012 (census Report) Population projection 2013 2014 2015 Number 272,959 281,633 288,246 295,014
1.7.5 Dependency Ratio The Dependency Ratio is a measure which shows the load the economically active population has in supporting the young and the old population who are considered to be dependents. The Age Dependency Ratio therefore compares the number of persons aged 0 – 14 years and those aged 65 years with the ones aged 15 – 64 years who are considered to be economically active. This means that for every 100 active people there were 114 dependants.
The table below summarizes the dependency ratio for the council from the year 2012 to 2015
8 YEARS 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total Population 272,959 281,633 288,246 295,014 Age Groups 0-14 133,436 137,676 140,909 144,218 65+ 11,912 12,290 12,579 12,874 Total 145,348 149,966 15 3,488 157,092 15-64 127,611 131,667 134,758 137,922 Dependency Ratio 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
9 1.7.6 Population distribution by Sex and Age The 2012 population census report showed that females were more than males in Ikungi District. For every 100 females there were 99 males.
AGE 2012 2013 2014 2015
MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL
0-17 76,211 72,563 148,774 78,633 74,869 153,502 80,479 76,627 157,106 82,369 78,426 160,795
18-29 22,034 23,230 49,264 22,734 23,968 46,702 23,268 24,531 47,799 23,814 25,107 48,921
30-44 18,773 20,510 39,283 19,370 21,162 40531 19,824 21,659 41,483 20,290 22,167 42,457
45-60 11,811 13,364 25,175 12,186 13,789 25,975 12,472 14,112 26,385 12,765 14,444 27,209
61+ 7,349 7,114 14,463 7,583 7,340 14,923 7,761 7,512 15,273 7943 7,689 15,632
TOTAL 136,178 136,781 272,959 140,506 141,128 281,633 143,804 144,441 288,046 147,181 147,833 295,014
10 In 2012 Mang’onyi Ward had the highest sex ratio of 112. Table 1.15 shows that, females were more than males in 2012, for every 100 females there were 99 males (2012 Housing and Population census).
Table 1.15: Population and Sex Ratio by Wards; Ikungi District 2012 Ward 2012
Males Females Sex ratio
Puma 4,795 5,150 93
Kituntu 4,219 4,225 100
Mungaa 8,903 9,373 95
Siuyu 3,987 3,965 101
Kikio 3,937 3,950 100
Lighwa 3,575 3,670 97
Misughaa 3,376 3,303 102
Ntuntu 5738 5622 102
Dung'unyi 5,111 5,047 101
Mang'onyi 7,903 7,059 112
Mkiwa 2,625 2,527 104
Issuna 6,212 5,946 104
Unyahati 4,870 4,840 101
Ikungi 6,331 6,330 100
Iglansoni 5,432 5,824 93
Iseke 3,444 3,489 99
Ihanja 4,169 4,100 102
Minyughe 9,239 9201 100
Muhintiri 4,420 4,476 99
Iyumbu 4,590 4,787 96
Mgungira 3,198 3,350 95
11 Mwaru 5,752 6,032 95
Ighombwe 6,692 6,652 101
Mtunduru 8,589 8,469 101
Sepuka 6,092 6,354 96
Irisya 2,979 3,042 98
12 1.7.7 Households and household size
Based on 2012 census report, the district has a total population of 272,959 in which 136,178 (49.9%) are males and 136,781 (50.1) are females. The average population growth rate was 2.4% per annum who were living in the 54,367 (2012) households which have the average of 5 – 6 people. The projections for 2015 put the district population at 295,014 out of that, male were 147,181 which are 49.8% and females were 147,833 which accounted for 50.1 percent of the population.
1.7.8 Rural and Urban population
1.7.9 Migration
13 CHAPTER TWO
The District Economy
2.0 Introduction.
Chapter two describes the economy of Ikungi District Council using both income and none income indicators. The income poverty indicators used include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Per Capita Gross Domestic Product, income poverty rates, poverty gap, gini coefficient and main source of income for the residents of Ikungi District Council. The non-income poverty indicators are demographic characteristics, health, and education status, access to drinking water, food security and housing condition.
Ikungi District Council major economic activities include agriculture, animal husbandry and bee keeping. Agriculture is the back born of the Ikungi economy and about 80 percent of its residents depend on it as their main source of livelihood. Agriculture sector cover 33% of total Ikungi arable land The District’s economy continues to be dominated by the agriculture sector. The major food crops grown in the District include maize, finger millet, sorghum, beans, cassava, Pigeon Peas, rice. Cowpea, lentils, and sweet potatoes and cash crops are sunflower, cotton, onions and groundnuts. These crops are grown in three different major economic zones namely
2.1 District Gross Domestic Product In absolute terms, the Estimated Annual Gross Domestic Product of Ikungi District Council for the year 2015 was Tshs. /=. The Annual GDP 103,254,900,000 was estimated from the data collected in the field and Secondary Data from various District Council Departments and Other Government Agencies and Authorities based on census 2012 and there are no current survey since 2012.
Ikungi District Council continues to be dominated by Agriculture Sector which contributes about 80% of the whole Council 2015 Annual Gross Domestic Product followed by the Industry Sector with 4% and Service sector with 8%\
2.1.1 Sector’s Contribution to Council GDP
14 Introduction
According to UN classification version three there are main three broad sectors which are Agriculture, Industry and Service sectors. Agriculture sector includes crop production, livestock, forestry, hunting, bee keeping and fishing. Industry sectors include mining and quarrying, manufacturing, utilities and construction. Services industry include retail and wholesale trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communication, finance and insurance, real estates, business services, public administration, education, health , and other services. At that time Ikungi district council was under Singida rural district council, therefore specific data concerning economic sector contribution to Ikungi District Council Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was involved in Singida rural district council.
2.1.2 District Contribution to Regional GDP
2.2 District per Capital GDP
Based on 2012 national census, Ikungi district per capital gross domestic product was estimated to be Tsh.350, 000 per year.
2.3. Poverty Indicators As stated earlier, besides GDP and per capita GDP, there are a number of indicators that depict poverty levels in the Council. These indicators include gini coefficient, poverty gap, and percent of households below the basic needs poverty line, main sources of cash income, food security, food consumption patterns, net enrolment, adult literacy rate, health indicators, and access to safe drinking water. They also include housing conditions in terms of types of toilets, roofing materials, and source of energy for lighting as well as for cooking.
2.3.1 Income Poverty Rate, Poverty Gap and Gini Coefficient According to the 2011/2012 Tanzania Household Budget Survey Report, the number of poor per square kilometer in Council was 5. Regarding the poverty line, the report showed that 33.3% percent of Households live below basic needs poverty line.
15 Regarding the Gini Coefficient Rate which measures the percent of uneven distribution of wealth/income, the results portrayed that Manyoni District Council had a Gini coefficient of 0.26 percent and the Percent of Poverty Gap was 7.9.
2.3.2. Main Sources of Cash Income `The main three broad sectors which are Agriculture, Industry and Service sectors. Agriculture sector includes crop production, livestock, forestry, hunting, bee keeping and fishing. Industry sectors include mining and quarrying, manufacturing, utilities and construction. Services industry include retail and wholesale trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communication, finance and insurance, real estates, business services, public administration, education, health , and other services. But Ikungi district has predominant to the agriculture sector and other sectors are still at infant stage
2.3.3. Literacy Rate and Level of Education Literacy is the ability to read and write with an understanding of a short simple statement on everyday life. It excludes the ability to only write or sign one’s own name or write memorized phrases. The ability to read and write may be in any language.
Measure of literacy is obtained by calculating the literacy rate which is the percentage of a specified population who a litarte in a specific language(s). In crude terms the literacy rate is defined as the percentage of population that can read and write in either all or one of the languages out of a given population.
According to the 2012 Population and Housing Census results 62.9 percent of the population 5 years and above was literate in either all or one of the languages (Kiswahili or English). Compared to 2002 Population and Housing Census results there is slightly improvements of Literacy rates in the Council from 60.3 percent there is an increase of 4.3 percent. Literacy rates were highest among those aged 10-44 (over 81 percent) i.e youger age groups than older age groups.
2.3.4. Food Security and Food Consumption Patterns Food security and level of food consumption is also an indicator of poverty level of the household. Number of meals consumed in a day and frequencies of protein intake per week particularly meat and fish are most superior in measuring poverty levels of the households in the country.
16 2.3.4.1 Food Security The percentage of households that reported to have never experience food satisfaction was 20%, followed by those who reported to seldom experience food satisfaction (17%), and those who always experience the problem of satisfying food (63%). The percentage of those who often or sometimes have the problem of food satisfaction was 9 and 8 respectively 2.3.4.2 Number of Meals per Day The majority of rural agricultural households in Ikungi District Council normally had 2 meals per day (54 percent). This was followed by 3 meals per day (42 Percent) and 1 meal per day (3 percent). Also 1 percent of the households had 4 meals per day.
Number of Households and Number of Meals Consumed per Day; 2013-20215 Number of meals per day One Percent Two Percent Three Percent Four Percent Total
2,730 0.3 146,525 54 115,516 42 8,188 3 272959 SourcSource: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007/2008
2.3.4.3 Protein (Meat and Fish) Consumption Frequencies The National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007/08 Report which was considered as the information base for Protein (Meat and Fish) Consumption, Ikungi district council was not yet started and by that time it was under Singida rural district council. Also there are no current survey in which we can rely on it.
2.3.5. Access to Clean Drinking Water The main source of drinking water in Ikungi District Council, according to the National Population and Housing Census of 2012 results, was unprotected well (47.1 Percent), followed by surface water 13.5 percent, Puplic tap/standpipe 13.3 Percent, Protected Drug Well 8.6 Percent, Tube Well/Borehole 5.6 Percent, Unprotected spring 3.7 Percent, Piped water into dwelling 2.9 Percent and other sources as shown in the table below.
Percentage of Households by Type of Water Source 2012
H o u Improved Drinking Water Sources Non-Improved Drinking Water Sources
17
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a o u p p u d d b C t n n i i c P P I I s a o T T R P n t P P U U T i 54,367 Source: Population and Housing Census Results, 2012
2.3.6. Types of Toilets According to 2012 National Population and Housing Census, the most commonly used toilet facility was the traditional pit latrine (64.3%). 21.8% of the total households had no toilet facility. This was a slightly improvement when compared to 2002 census when 24.4% of all households had no toilet facilities.
Percentage Distribution of Households using Improved Toilet Facility, 2015.
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a a t t i u u u d e i o i y y c o l l l i a m o o o T S F t F t F t W P I V C W w L P L E T % 0 0.5 1 6.2 7.6 20 0.002 35.3 Source: 2012 Population and Housing Census Report
Percentage Distribution of Households Non-Improved Toilet Facility,2015. Type of Flush Toilet Traditional Pit Ventilated Other No Total Toilet latrine Pit latrine Toilet facilty Percentage 0.5 46.1 0.1 0 18 64.7 Source: 2012 Population and Housing Census Report
2.3.7. Roofing Materials The 2012 Population and Housing Census Results portrayes that Mud and leaves are the most common roofing materials in Ikungi District Council with 47.1 percent followed iron Sheets with 42.6 percent, Grass and Leaves 9.7 percent, Tiles (0.2 percent), Plastic/Box Paper (0.2 percent), asbestos (0.1 percent) and Canvass (0.1 pecent).
18 Compared to 2002 Population and Housing Results there is great improvements in the percentage of Iron Sheets increased from 28.22 percent in 2002 to 42.6 percent in 2012 and the percentage of Mud and leaves reduced from 60.38 in 2002 to 47.1 percent.
Percentage of Households by Type of Roofing Materials; 2015 Number of Mud and Plastics / t
e
s
Households e Leaves Box s o h s s t / a S s e s Paper
v e s s v n n e b a a o l r s a i e r A G L T I C 54,367 45.1 0.1 0 16 38.2 0.5 0.1 Source: 2012 Population and Housing Census Results 2.3.8. Sources of Lighting Energy According to 2012 Population and Housing Census the main source of lighting was Torch/Rechargeable Lamps with a share of 48.5 percent of the total private households followed with wick lamp (24.9 percent) Kerosene/lantern/Chimney (10.1 percent), Firewood (4.7 percent) Acetylene (1.4 percent) Solar (1.3 percent), Candle (1.2 pecent) and Generators/Private Sources with 0.2 percent.
Percentage Distribution of Households main source of energy for Lighting; Manyoni District Council 2012 b / p ) y e r
/ a e d t s y n i o e m e e / n s n o l e r l t e t c r e a g e p h o i a c l a e d a n r e s L l c r t r e r y
t v w n l t m r a o t o o i u m e k n c e r a a o i r h e T S o c r n a e L e c T i C h i c P l l S e e ( F K C A E W G R 7.7 48.5 10.1 4.7 1.2 24.9 1.3 0.2 1.4 100 Source: 2012 Population and Housing Census Report
Compared to 2002 Population and Housing Results there is improvements in the use of Electricity from 2.34 percent in 2002 to 7.7 percent in 2012, the percentage of using Firewood reduced from 18.62 percent to 4.7 percent and the use of solar increased from 0.05 percent to 1.3 percent
However to great efforts of the Government to supply electricity in Rural areas in recent years and rapid use of solar energy in rural areas it is obvious that the use of Electricity
19 and Solar Power as the source of lighting is very high compared to the data indicated in the report.
2.3.9. Sources of Energy for Cooking The 2012 population and housing census results show that for the most of the private households, the main source of energy for cooking was firewood (83.5 percent) followed by charcoal with 15.5 percents, Kerosene/Paraffin (0.3 percent), gas (0.2 percent), and Other Sources with 0.1 percent each as shown in the table below.
Percentage Distribution of Households by location and main source of energy for Cooking; Ikungi District Council 2012
i i f c a l e c
r s d l s d f d i m w t l r s l t i i s l a y / d d o a r o a
m t s s t c e l a a o a l n a u p i e r r o i o a o i r e o e e o o u h o i p e a n c N n G o l F C T h R R F C W P A H K / A E 54367 - 0.3 0.2 83.5 15.5 - - Source: The United Republic of Tanzania, 2012 Population and Housing Census Report Percentage Distribution of Households by location and main source of energy for Cooking; Ikungi District Council by 2002 it was not yet started e y / l l d t n e a i b o i r l c n o f t a o s e i i a f c r t c o s a h r a i w t l t o o r a N G c e r T p a O r h e i e l p P C F K E A Total Rural Urban Source: The United Republic of Tanzania, 2002 Population and Housing Census Report
It is obvious that deforestation in Ikungi District Council is increasing very fast since firewood and charcoals are the main source of energy for cooking and lighting. These results indicate that more efforts have to be done to improve alternative energies other than charcoal and firewood for protection of forests as well as environment sustainability. The Council is taking necessary stapes to ensure the protection of Forest and environment in general.
2.3.10. Land Development The demand for surveyed land plots have increased in recent years. Land use planning is a key aspect of development of both urban and rural areas of every Council, region and country as well. The land needs in urban areas are dominated by the demand for
20 plots for residential, commercial, institutional and industrial purposes. In rural areas agricultural and other production activities are the major needs for land.
2.3.10.1 Village Land Planning in Rural Areas In the planning of farms, grazing areas and human settlements in rural areas, the village is the first step. The table below shows the number of villages surveyed and demarcated.
Village Land Use Planning in Rural Areas; Ikungi District Council, 2015 Number of Number of Percent of Total Percent of Villages Villages Villages Number Number Villages Already Already with land with land of Wards of Surveyed and surveyed and use use Villages demarcated demarcated planning planning 28 101 74 5 73.2 4.9 Source: District Natural Resources and Land Development Office, 2015
2.3.10.2 The Demands and Supply of Plots in Urban Centers The lack of surveyed plots in most cases give rise to the problem of crowded environment and mushrooming of slums or shanty towns. The table below shows that by March, 2016 the demand for plots in Ikungi District Council was about 2,500. Out of these, the surveyed plots were 969 equivalents to 38.76 percent of the demand. It was further observed that 38.59 percent of surveyed plots were allocated.
The Demand and Supply of Building Plots in; Ikungi District Council; 2015 Demand for Plots Plot Allocated Percent Plots with Percent of Plots Surveyed as per 2015 Allocated certificate plots with Plots certificate 2,500 969 374 38.6 120 12.3 Source: District Executive Director’s Offices –Land Department, 2015
21 CHAPTER THREE
The Productive sector
3.0 Overview Chapter three details the performance of main productive sectors in Ikungi District Council. The productive sectors include crop production, livestock keeping, natural resources, tourism, manufacturing, fishing and mining. The chapter also highlights the possible investment opportunities existing in these sectors
3.1Agriculture Agriculture is the back born of the Council economy and about 80 percent of its residents depend on it as their main source of livelihood. According to UN classifications, agriculture comprises of crop production, livestock, forestry and hunting sub sectors. Others are fishing, beekeeping and tourism.
3.1.1 Distribution of Arable Land The 2015 land use planning shows that Ikungi District Council has a total land area of 8,860 km2, of which2,580 km2 (29.11percent) were classified as arable land and therefore suitable for crop farming. The remaining 6280 km2 (70.88 percent) were considered to be used for other productive activities such as grazing and game reserves. However, only 50.53 percent of arable land is being utilized for crop production.
Distribution of Arable Land in the Council; 2016 Percent of Percent of Arable Land Total Land Total Arable Council Arable Land Under Crop Area (km2) Land (km2) Arable Under Crop Production Land Production (Ha) 8,860 2,580 29.11 1,303.9 50.53 Source: Compiled Data from the District Executive Director’s Offices, 2016
Ikungi District Council covers a total area of about 8,860 square km. under the following distribution; Agricultural land covers 2,980 km2; Grazing land is 2,887 km2; Forests and shrubs covers 2703 km2, Water in the form of dams and rivers totals 13 km2 and others 48.3 km2
22 3.1.2. Food Crops 3.1.2.1 Area under Foods Production The major food crops grown in the District include maize, finger millet, sorghum, beans, cassava, Pigeon Peas, rice. Cowpea, lentils, and sweet potatoes. The Table below shows that sorghum is the main food crop grown in the Council covers 37 percent of the cumulative annual average area under food crop cultivation, followed by Bulrush millet (30 percent) maize (21 percent), and sweet potatoes (6 percent). Other food crops with their percentage area under cultivation were beans (6 percent), cassava (3 percent) and paddy (3 percent)
Estimated Area (Ha) Under Major Food Crops (Maize and Sorghum); 2012/2013 – 2014/15 Crop 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/15 Annual Average Average % Food Crops Area % Area % Area % Area Sorghum 49436 41 49590 38 36386 33 45137 37 Bulrush 36740 31 36740 28 35929 32 36470 30 Millet Maize 21932 18 23972 20 28019 25 24641 21 Paddy 831 1 3400 5 4393 4 2875 3 Cassava 912 1 1070 1 509 0.5 830 1 Sweet 7474 6 5863 6 2906 3 5414 6 Potato Beans 2102 2 2091 2 2,924 3 2372 2 Total 119427 100 135081 100 111066 100 117739 100 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
3.1.2.2 Food Crop Production For the period of three years (2012/2013 to 2014/2015), the Council managed to harvest cummulative annual average of 148,245 tons of food crops as indicated in Table below. The best year was 2013/2014 with a total record of 198914 tons of all crops produced in the Council. This was an increase of about 34.17 percent over the cumulative annual average of 148,245 tons. The worst production of 109,314 tons happened in the season of 2014/2015 which was below the annual average by 148,245 tons, equivalent to 26.26 percent below the annual average production.
23 The table below also revealed that sorghum with cumulative annual average production of 55,203tons led other crops with 36 percent followed by Bulrush Millet and Maize with cumulative annual average production of 50365 tons and 15869 tons respectively, equivalent to 35 percent and 11percent of the Council
Estimated Production of Major Food Crops (Tonnes) by Type; 2012/13 – 2014/15 Crop 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/15 Annual Avera Average ge % Food Crops MT % MT % MT % Production Sorghum 44,922 33 84300 42 36386 33 55203 36 Bulrush Millet 55109 40 55111 28 40875 37 50365 35 Maize 4832 4 28766 14 14010- 13 15869 11 Paddy 6024 4 7480 4 6590 6 6698 3 Cassava 3315 2 2140 1 1527 1 2328 2 Sweet Potato 18600 14 18190 9 6393 6 14394 10 Beans 3705 3 2927 2 3,533 3 3388 3 Total 136,507 100 198,914 100 109,314 100 148,245 100 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
3.1.3. Cash Crops 3.1.3.1 Area under Cash Production The Table below indicates that during the crop season of 2012/2013 to 2014/2015 cash crops in the Council covered an annual average area of 15,887 hectares. However, types of soil, topography and weather caused the Council depend on sun flower, cotton, Cowpeas and groundnuts as the main cash crops. The Table below also indicates that acreages under cash crops cultivation were dominated by sun flower (annual average of 15,887 hectares or 90 percent), groundnuts with 598 hectares (3 percent) was second, Cowpeas with 545 hectares (3 percent), Cotton with 322 hectares (2 percent), cshewnuts with 114 hectares (0.8 percent), Sesame with 91 hectares (0.6 percent), Yellow gram with 84 hectares (0.6 percent).
24 Estimated Area (Ha) Under Major Cash Crops; 2012/13-2014/15 Annual
Crop 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/15 g a r
Average %
Cash e e Area v Crops Area % Area % Area % A Sunflow 14501 88 14124 87 19038 94 15887 90 er Sesame 77 0.5 77 0.5 120 0.6 91 0.6 Groundn 599 4 599 4 595 3 598 3 uts Cotton 319 2 305 2 343 2 322 2 Yellow 120 0.8 132 0.9 - - 84 0.6 gram Tobacco ------Cowpea 805 5 801 5 30 0.2 545 3 s Cashew 4 0.1 133 0.9 206 1 114 0.8 nuts 10 16425 100. 16171 20332 100. 17642 100 Total 0. Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
3.1.3.2 Cash Crops Production There are number of reasons which make the amount of cash crops harvested either to increase or decrease. Among others, are lack of insecticides, fertilizers, prices and cost of production against revenue only to mention a few. Production of cash crops in Ikungi District Council fluctuated over the specified period as indicated in Table below Nevertheless, the Council managed to harvest an annual average of 31,873tons of all cash crops between 2012/13 and 2014/15. Sun flower was the dominant cash crop. It had an average annual production of 29,780tons, equivalent to 93 percent of all cash crops produced in the Council. Ground nuts and Cowpeas were the second cash crop produced with an annual average 770 tons and 774 tons with (3 percent) respectively, cotton the third with 363 tons (1 percent), the fourth were Sesame and Yellow gram with 96 tons and 89 tons (0.3) respectively.
25 Estimated Production (Tonnes) of Major Cash Crops by Type; 2012/13- 2014/15
Annual e
Crop 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/15 g
Average a r % Productio e v
Cash Crops MT % MT % MT % n A Sunflower 20193 90 31073 94 38076 95 29780 93 Sesame 93 0.5 77 0.2 120 0.3 96 0.3 Groundnuts 817 4 899 3 595 2. 770 3 Cotton 299 1 319 1 472 1 363 1. Yellow gram 43 0.2 224 0.7 - 89 0.3 Tobacco ------Cowpeas 994 4 560 2 768 2 774 3 Cashewnuts - - - - Total 22439 100 33152 100 40031 100 31873 100 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015 3.1.4. Crop Marketing The Table below shows an indicative estimated amount of cash crops marketed and revenue earned in 2014/15 in Ikungi District Council. A total of 140,001 tons of cash crops were marketed in the Council which earned a sum of Tshs. 81,060,600,000/=. Most of the revenue earned was due to B.Millet which accounted 35.3 percent, followed by Sorghum which accounted for 30.2 percent of total revenue, followed by Paddy 14.7 percent, Sunflower 7.8 percent, Sweet Potato the third 5.5 percent, Maize, Groundnuts the 0.5 percent and Cotton, Simsim / Sesame 0.2 percent
Amount and Value of Cash Crops Purchased by Ikungi District Council; 2014/15 Crop Amount Average Price Revenue Earned Percent Rank Purchased per Ton in Tshs Earnings (Ton) (Tshs.) 29,725 11,890,000,000/= 14.7 3
Paddy 400,000/= 14,062 6,327,900,000/= 7.8 4
Sunflower 450,000/= Sweet 14,732 300,000 4,419,600,000/= 5.5 5 Potato 574 700,000/= 401,800,000/= 0.5 6
Maize Simsim / 163,300,000/= 0.2 7 Sesame 71 2,300,000/=
26 402,500,000/= 0.5 6
Groundnuts 161 2,500,000/= 168,800,000/= 0.2 7
Cotton 211 800,000/= 36,386 700,000/= 25,470,200,000/= 30.2 2 Sorghum 28,612,500,000/= 35.3 1
40,875 B.Millet 700,000/= 3,204 1,000,000/= 3,204,000,000/= 4 Finger millet TOTAL 140,001 81,060,600,000/= 100
Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
3.1.5. Irrigation Development Program me Ikungi District Council has potential areas that can be utilized for irrigation purposes in order to improve crop production. The Council has a total of Ikungi 6,850 potential area for irrigation but only 50 hectors are utilized so far which implies that the Council in collaboration with various stackholders need to take more initiatives to speed up irrigation developments.
3.1.5.1 Traditional Irrigation Traditional Irrigation is a local way system of irrigating commonly applied in small scale farming practiced along the rivers, lakes and dams. Traditional Irrigation is not practiced in Ikungi District Council due to lack of water sources.
3.1.5.2 Improved Irrigation Most of agriculture households in Ikungi District Council are small scale farmers who have inadequate resources to invest in improved irrigation which essentially needs both financial and material resources. Their financial incapability is evidenced by comparing the size of the area under improved irrigation with traditional one. In that case, the table below indicates that from 2012/13 to 2014/15, The Council estimated area potential for irrigation is 6,850 Hectares and only 50 Hectares equivalent to 0.007percent is utilized so far in 1 irrigation Scheme available. This situation can be used as one of non-economic indicator portraying the poverty level facing the majority of farmers in the Council.
27 Prospects for Improved Irrigation in the Council; 2012/13 – 2014/15 Estimated 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 Potential Area Under Major Crops Area Under Major Area Under Major Area (Ha.) Irrigation Irrigation Crops Irrigation Crops (Ha.) (Ha.) (Ha.) 6,850 50 -Sunflower, 50 -Sunflower, 50 Sunflower, Maize and Maize and Maize and vagetable vagetable vagetable Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
Irrigation schemes in Ikungi district council Na. Name of Area Under Major Crops Number of Production Scheme Irrigation (Ha) Farmers (T/Ha) 1. Mang’onyi 50 -Sunflower, 250 Sunflower-2.5 irrigation Maize and ,Maize -1.5 Scheme vegetable Vagetab-1.2 TOTAL 1 50 1 250 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
3.1.5.3 Modern Irrigation In modern farming, the use of modern irrigation system is used as one of the possible way of improving crop yields. It involves the application of modern tools and technologies for irrigating large scale farming. This type of irrigation is capital intensive, which needs to invest in machinery, technologies as well as skilled labours. Availability of reliable and sufficient water sources is another important aspect for large scale farming.
Though The Council has an area potential for Irrigation Schemes has not yet started modern irrigation system. So far, the only achievement already made was allocating potential areas for modern irrigation.
Prospects for Modern Irrigation in the Council; 2012/03 – 2014/15 Estimated 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
28 Potential Area Under Major Area Under Major Area Under Major Area Irrigation Crops Irrigation Crops Irrigation Crops (Ha.) (Ha.) (Ha.) (Ha.) 6,850 50 - 50 - 50 - Sunflowe Sunflow Sunflow r, Maize er, er, and Maize Maize vagetable and and vagetab vagetabl le e
Source: Data from IKUNGI District Council Agricultural Department, 2016
3.1.6. Farm Implements The use of modern agriculture equipments is of great importance for agricultrure development in Ikungi District Council as it increases crops production, minimizes time spent as well as promotes large scale farming. According to 2002 National Population and Housing Sensus about 91% of the rural private household owned Hand hoes while in Urban 65.19% of the private household owned Hand hoes. Regarding this, it will be difficult to alleviate poverty in rural areas by depending much on hand hoe farming. To encounter that Manyoni District Council has already addressed the issue by emphasizing the use of modern agriculture equipments for agriculture development in the Council.
Types of Farm Implements Ikungi Districts Council; 2013-2015 Implements 2013 2014 2015 Power tillers 14 15 15 Rippers 1 1 1 Ox Weedier - - - Ox Cats 2,989 3,893 3,896 Ox planter 1 1 2 Sorghum Threasher {Disel} 2 2 2 Sorghum Threasher (hand) - - - Dehuller (Sorghum/Burush) - Tractors 10 11 16 Ox Plau 58,282 58,423 58,321
Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Agricultural Department, 2015
3.1.7. Status of Agricultural Personnel
29 The Agriculture sector still faces shortage of staff despite of being significantly contributing to the Council economy. The Table below shows that in 2015 the Council had a total of 7 available agriculture officers, 30 field assistant officers.
Staff Establishment and Availability of Agriculture Personnel; 2015 Available % of S/N Required Deficit Male Female Total Deficit 1 Daico - 1 - 1 - 0 2 Cooperative Officers 3 1 - 1 2 67 3 Agricultural Officers 3 1 - 1 2 67 4 Agricultural Field Officers 92 21 11 32 60 66 5 Agro Technician II 6 2 - 2 4 67 TOTAL 104 26 11 37 66 63.4 Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Offices, 2016
The table below reveals that by 1st January 2015 the Council had a total of 37 staff in agriculture sector.
Attrition of All Personnel in Agriculture; 2015 Total all Cause and Number of dropouts personnel Death Retirement Other as at Transfer Change of 31.12.2015 Profession Men Female Men Female Men Female Men Female ------Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Offices, 2015
3.1.8 Investment Opportunities in Agriculture Sector Potential areas for investment in Agriculture include: Availability of Area suitabale for Irrigation Agriculture Oil seeds production and processing (sun flower), Supply of agriculture inputs such as fertilizer, insecticides, seeds etc at affordable prices, Supply of farm implements such as power tillers, tractors, hand hoes, ox- cats etc at affordable prices, Agro- processing especially oil processing industries, Market research for agriculture products is needed to improve the economic status of Council residents and
30 Introduction of alternative and diversified Bio-diesel crops through research which can attract the youth to grow as they are economical and have high value.
3.2.0 Livestock Development
The types of livestock kept at large in Ikungi District Council according to 2012 Population and Housing Census include cattle 554,830(41%), goats 244,451 (18%), sheep 149,010(11%),Dogs 17,233 (1%) pigs 1,239(0.09%), donkey 4,160(0.3%) and Poultry 403,183(29%). Data indicate that cattle, sheep, Poultry and goats contribute a large percentage in the earning of livestock keepers.
Estimated Livestock Population in Ikungi District Council, 2012
Source: Population and Housing Census Report, 2012.
31
Table 1: Estimated of All Types of Livestock Population by Ward; Ikungi District Council, 2016 S/N Ward Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys Chicken Ducks Dogs Pigs 1. IKUNGI 22,295 13,044 2858 70 55,147 191 477 54 2. UNYAHATI 21,803 18,348 979 188 6,528 250 1000 0 3. MKIWA 16,496 6,010 1,690 87 20,880 279 305 142 4. ISSUNA 22,365 12044 887 452 66,348 3,948 1194 0
5. MANG'ONYI 12,668 4,475 1,408 183 13,872 225 454 0
6. DUNG'UNYI 13118 13,320 2,154 145 96,993 281 1,111 0
7. MGUNGIRA 52,900 17,199 9,361 307 10,585 307 262 315 8. IYUMBU 23,321 4,521 4,640 112 31,914 57 203 0 9. IRISYA 6,297 2,814 431 34 24,900 312 474 0 10. SEPUKA 9,794 3,264 2,160 21 21,831 341 666 0
11. MTUNDURU 18,017 13,320 8,926 48 51,417 268 750 28 12. MWARU 9,575 5,394 3,002 69 39,036 1,540 696 7
13. IGHOMBWE 26,463 13,439 8276 39 30,366 102 430 0 14. IHANJA 11,517 8,371 2,374 115 38,667 292 342 0 15. ISSEKE 6,557 5,295 831 11 35,721 122 294 0
16. MUHINTIRI 16,550 13,752 208 42 17,944 127 1,156 0
17. IGLANSONI 40,799 15,848 15,278 38 6012 355 38 0 18. PUMA 5,453 3,082 863 38 28,365 309 466 20 19. KITUNTU 5,967 3,205 324 11 36,786 74 168 4
20. MINYUGHE 9,092 7,663 1,410 155 29,841 319 671 0 21. MAKILAWA ------0
32 22. MUNGAA 5,301 3,798 1795 503 8,942 231 600 0 23. SIUYU 5,085 3194 1,642 103 14,199 132 508 107 24. KIKIO 11,402 6,614 3,196 280 24,681 200 697 7 25. NTUNTU 14,840 8,898 2,299 127 35,667 89 953 90
26. MAKIUNGU 4,857 2,852 1,272 565 14,460 170 565 194 27. LIGHWA 4,774 4,584 946 70 6,232 75 632 0
28. MISUGHAA 18,258 8,243 1,744 296 23,160 321 855 0 Total 400,771 213,845 76,696 3752 894,055 10,328 17,073 541 Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2016
33 Figure 1I Percentage Distribution of All Types of Livestock Population by Ward, 2016
Generally, highest concentration of livestock was observed in Mgungira 14 persent followed by Ighombwe 7 ,while the lowest concentration includes Siuyu,Makiungu,lighwa,and Mungaa with 1 persent
34 Table 2: Distribution of Cattle Population by Type in the District council, 2015/16 Ward Population of Cattle by Type
Indigeno Impr Ward Imp War Ward Percenta us Ward oved rove d ge of the Perce Total Perce Dairy d Perce Ward Cattle ntage ntage ntage Total Cattl Beef e Catt le
IKUNGI 22,295 5.56 11 6.14 0 0 22,306 5.56 UNYAHATI 21,803 5.4 15 8.37 0 0 21,818 5.4 MKIWA 16,496 4.1 0 0 0 0 16,496 4.1 ISSUNA 22,365 5.58 0 0 0 0 22,365 5.57 MANG'ONYI 12,668 3.16 7 3.9 0 0 12,675 3.16 DUNG'UNYI 13,118 3.27 9 5.02 0 0 13,127 3.27 MGUNGIRA 52,900 13.19 0 0 0 0 52,900 13.19 IYUMBU 23,321 5.8 0 0 0 0 23,321 5.8 IRISYA 6,297 1.57 6 0 0 0 6,297 1.57 SEPUKA 9,794 2.4 0 0 0 0 9,794 2.4 MTUNDURU 18,017 2.38 0 0 0 0 18,017 2.38 MWARU 9,575 0 0 0 0 0 9,575 0 IGHOMBWE 26,463 6.6 0 0 0 0 26,463 6.6 IHANJA 11,517 2.87 22 12.29 0 0 11,539 2.87 ISSEKE 6,557 1.6 13 7.26 0 0 6,570 1.6 MUHINTIRI 16,550 4.1 0 0 0 0 16,550 4.1 IGLANSONI 40,799 10.18 0 0 0 0 40,799 10.18 PUMA 5,453 1.36 18 10.05 0 0 5,471 1.36 KITUNTU 5,967 1.48 5 2.79 0 0 5,972 1.48 MINYUGHE 9,092 2.26 0 0 0 0 9,092 2.26 MAKILAWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
35 MUNGAA 5,301 1.32 18 10.05 0 0 5,319 1.32 SIUYU 5,085 1.26 4 2.23 0 0 5,089 1.26 KIKIO 11,402 2.8 8 4.46 0 0 11,410 2.8 NTUNTU 14,840 3.7 5 2.79 0 0 14,845 3.7 MAKIUNGU 4,857 1.2 27 15.08 0 0 4,884 1.2 LIGHWA 4,774 1.19 10 5.58 0 0 4,784 1.19 MISUGHAA 18,258 4.55 1 0.55 0 0 18,259 4.55 Total 400,771 100.00 179 100.00 0 0 400,920 100.00 Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2015/2016
Experience has shown that livestock keeping in Ikungi district council in a large extent practiced traditionally and comprises entirely of indigenous cattle. However, in recent years the residents have developed an interest in dairy cattle keeping for the main purpose of increasing milk production to meet the demand.
Dairy cattle owned by individuals outweighed those owned by organizations. Individual owners were 179 while one (1) organization Puma Mission) involved in dairy cattle keeping. Only 18 cattle were found in two sites.
Table 3: Distribution of Dairy Cattle by Ward; Ikungi District council, 2013/16
Ward Number Individual Owners Organisation Owners of Cattle Number Percentage Number Percentage of the Total of the Total
36 Mungaa 18 18 11.3 0 0
Kituntu 5 5 3.1 0 0
Puma 18 0 0 18 100
Ikungi 11 11 6.9 0 0
Unyahati 15 15 9.4 0 0
Iseke 13 13 8.2 0 0
Irisya 6 6 3.8 0 0
Makiungu 27 27 16.9 0 0
Ihanja 22 22 13.8 0 0
Dung`unyi 9 9 5.6 0 0
Mang`onyi 7 7 4.4 0 0
Lighwa 10 10 6.3 0 0
Ntuntu 5 5 3.1 0 0
Misughaa 1 1 0.6 0 0
Kikio 8 8 5.0 0 0
Siuyu 4 4 2.5 0 0
Total 179 159 100 18 100
Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2013/15
The distribution of dairy cattle as it has shown in the table 3 above has been summarized in the figure 3 below for easy clarification as follows,
37 Figure 3: Percentage Distribution of Dairy Cattle by Ward; Ikuingi District council,
2015
Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2013/15
Dairy goats keeping are not common in the District; there were a total of 22 dairy goats in the year of 2013/15. Ntuntu and Mungaa wards contains a total number of dairy goats available in the District council.
3.2.1 Grazing Area
38 Grazing land is defined as that land that is available for the grazing needs of livestock. It excludes all tsetse fly area, all wildlife and forest reserves also tree plantations, but it includes game controlled areas. In many cases it overlaps arable land and areas for ‘other use’.
Table below shows that in 2013-2015 estimated grazing area in the district covered 3737.2 km . The table also shows that Ikungi district utilized 95 percent of its available land suitable for grazing.
Estimated Areas under Grazing in the District; Ikungi District Council ,2013- 2015 Land Suitable Land Used Percent Tsetse fly Percent of for Grazing for Grazing of Infected Tsetse fly (Km2) (Km2) Grazing Area Infected Area (Km2) Area 2,802.9 2,662.8 95 250 6.7 Source: Compiled Data from the District Executive Directors’ Office,2013- 2015
3.2.2 Animal Health and Infrastructure
3.2.2 Livestock Infrastructure Livestock quality improvement is limited by access to facilities capable of controlling or preventing animal diseases. Diseases affect animal health and reduce both meat and milk production in quality and quantity and in some cases brings death to the animal affected. Table below indicates there are 30 dips in the District, 20 dips are not working and 10 dips are in good condition while out of 10 dips only 5 dips are working. Furthermore, the table reveals that the District council had 4 working veterinary centres, 2 crushes were working , 7 hides/skin sheds as well as 9 slaughter slabs.
Table 6: Distribution of Livestock Infrastructure by District; Singida District council, 2016 Ward Dips Vertinar Crushe Hides/sk Slaught Poultr Water Cattle
39 y s in sheds er slabs y trough market centres market W N W NW W N W N W N W N W W W W W IKUNGI 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 UNYAHAT 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I MKIWA 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ISSUNA 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 MANG'ON 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YI DUNG'UN 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YI MGUNGIR 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 A IYUMBU 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IRISYA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SEPUKA 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 MTUNDU 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RU MWARU 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IGHOMB 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 WE IHANJA 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ISSEKE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MUHINTI 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RI IGLANSO 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 NI PUMA 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 KITUNTU 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MINYUGH 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E MAKILAW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A MUNGAA 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 SIUYU 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 KIKIO 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NTUNTU 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MAKIUNG 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U LIGHWA 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MISUGHA 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A TOTAL 7 23 3 1 2 0 7 9 0 3 0 2 4 0 Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2016
In order to prevent, reduce and treat animal diseases the Council provides vaccines to animals as follows; Type of Livestock Disease/Vaccine Number % Chicken NEWCASTLE 925,000 76 Chicken FOWLPOX 150,680 37 Dogs RABIES 34,500 67 Cattle FMD - - Cattle CBPP - - Goats CCPP - - Cattle BQ 255,600 63 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Livestock Department, 2013-2015
41 3.2.3 Marketing of Livestock and Their Products
The table below highlights the number and value of livestock marketed in Ikungi District Council in the year 2013-2015. A total of 233,681 livestock valued at Tshs. 30,428,991,000 were marketed. Cattle at 89 percent were the main contributor to the Council’s total revenue obtained from marketing of livestock. Goats was the second by contributing 8 percent, Poultry (49 percent) the third, Sheeps (8 percent) the fourth while pigs with 1 percent contributed the least to the Council’s total revenue obtained from marketing of livestock. However, the average price per livestock indicates that cattle had the highest value (Tshs. 300,000), followed by pigs (Tshs. 180,000), goats (Tshs. 50,000), and sheep (40,000) and poultry (9,000) respectively.
Marketed Livestock by Type (Official Markets) and Revenue Earned; 2013-2015 Livestock Number of Percent Total Revenue Percent Average Livestock Number (Tshs.) Revenue Price Cattle 90,128 39 27,038,400,000 89 300,000 Goats 28,053 12 1,402,650,000 4.6 50,000 Sheep 18,579 8 743,160,000 2.4 40,000 Pigs 1,194 1 214,920,000 0.7 180,000 Poultry 114,429 49 1,029,861,000 3.4 9000 Total 233,681 100 30,428,991,000 100 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Livestock Department,
3.2.3.1. Hides and Skins Marketing hides and skin of livestock have been facing number of problems in Ikungi District Council. Among others, participation of private sector due to free market, lack of official markets, lack of/unused public hides and skin sheds, lack of veterinary officers and falling of prices of livestock products has an adverse impact on the flow of reliable data from the grassroots to the Council level.
In the year 2013-2015 Ikungi District Council sold 19,315 pieces of skins/hides valued Tshs. 45,590,500
42 Item 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 NO REVENUE NO REVENUE NO REVENUE Average Price Cattle 3,256 11,396,000 3,137 10,979,500 2,917 10,209,500 3,500 Hides Goat 1,721 2,581,500 1,250 1,875,000 3,030 4,545,000 1,500 Skins Sheep 1,579 1,579,000 1,310 1,310,000 1,115 1,115,000 1,000 Skins Total 6,556 15,556,500 5697 14,164,500 7,062 15,869,500 Source: Data from Ikungi District Council Livestock Department.
3.2.3.2 Milk and Eggs Production
Milk production activity in Ikungi District Council of indigenous cattle During the year 2013 and 2015 the Council produced a total of about 121,278,807 litres produced respectively with its value of 121,278,807,000 in 2013 – 2015, large number of cattle in this district is indigenous cattle hence low production of milk ,since one indigenous cattle produce 2 to 3 liters per day ,also at least only 30 percent of the flock milked.
Dairy cattle and goats had the lowest share of milk production because they are very susceptible to harsh conditions and diseases compared to indigenous cattle therefore their management is very expensive to subsistence livestock keepers.
The table below shows number of litres milked during the year 2013-2015
Number of Litres of Milk Marketed by Type; 2013 - 2015 Livestock 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Number Revenue Number Revenue Number Revenue of Litres (TShs.) of litres Tshs of litres Tshs
43 Indigenous Cattle 39,245,000 39245000,000 40,201,000 40,201,000,000 41,124,007 41,124,007,000 Diary Cattle 247,500 247,500,000 214,500 214,500,000 204,000 204,000,000 Diary Goats 6,600 6,600,000 7200 7,200,000 9000 9,000,000 Total 39,499,100 39,499,100,000 40,442,700 40,442,700,000 41,337,007 41,337,007,000 Source: Ikungi District Council Livestock Development Department.
Milk production from Indigeneous, Dairy Cattle and dairy goats in 2014 and 2015 in Singida District Council
3.2.3.3 Eggs Produced
Egg production in the Council are decreasing due to free range system where by chickens are scavenging to find their own food as a result the value of eggs produced decreasing . Year 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Number of Eggs 15,880,814 17,940,714 21,120,914 Value of Eggs 4,764,244,200 5,382,214,200 6,336,274,200 (Tshs.) Source: Ikungi District Council Livestock Development Department.
44 Table bellow highlights a list of diseases which caused poor health and even deaths to cattle in Ikungi District council.
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Four Major Cattle Diseases Which Caused Morbidity and Mortality by Ikungi District; 2013, 2014 and 2015 District/Disease Morbidity Cases reported Mortality Cases reported
2013 2014 2015 Total Percentage 2013 2014 2015 Total Percentage of Morbidity of Mortality
Ikungi DC
East Coast Fever 91 108 115 314 , 25 23 19 44 86 , 21.71
Black quarter 95 147 162 404 32 25 97 95 217 54.79
Anaplasmosis 106 110 144 360 29 19 14 16 49 12.37
Babesiosis 43 19 12 74 6 9 5 6 20 5.05
Heart water 33 37 45 115 9 10 6 8 24 6.06
Sub-Total 368 421 478 1267 100 86 141 169 396 100
Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2016
With reference to theTable above, three diseases were revealed contributing to poor health and even deaths of cattle in Ikungi District Council in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The diseases were East coast fever,Black quarter,Anaplasmosis,Heart water and Babesiosis, A total of 1,267 morbidity and 369 mortality cases were reported in the District Council .
Three Major Goat Diseases Which Caused Morbidity and Mortality by District; Ikungi 2013, 2014 and 2015 District/Disease Morbidity Cases reported Mortality Cases reported Percentage
2013 2014 2015 Total Percentage 2013 2014 2016 Total of Mortality of Morbidity
Ikungi DC
Helminthiasis 12,203 14,547 18,232 44,982 95 89 88 272
Sub-Total 12,203 14,547 18,232 44,982 100.00 95 89 88 272 100.00
Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2016
45 The table further shows that, among these diseases, Helminthiasis caused much illness to goats than any other diseases, 0.6% a of morbidity and mortality cases respectively were due to this disease.
Apart from agriculture and livestock keeping, poultry keeping is another main economic activity done by the residents of Ikungi District Council. Unfortunately, among many factors which affect poutry industry in the District Council, diseases associated to poultry happened to be the leading factors.
Four Major Poultry Diseases Which Caused Morbidity and Mortality by District; Ikungi 2013, 2014 and 2015 District/Disease Morbidity Cases reported Mortality Cases reported
2013 2014 2015 Total Percentage of 2013 2014 2015 Total Percentage Morbidity of Mortality
Ikungi DC
New castle 4,307 3,288 3,826 11,421 84.8 2,126 1,615 1,302 5043 92.8
Fowl pox 287 359 373 1019 7.6 25 24 19 153 2.9
Cocidiosis 155 211 104 470 3.5 67 81 43 191 3.6
Fowl cholera 197 215 148 560 4.2 19 12 18 49 0.9
Sub-Total 4946 4073 4451 13,470 100.00 2,237 1,732 1372 5436 100.00
5 Source: Compiled Data from the ward Extension Officers, 2016 6 Fishery Due to limited number of water bodies like rivers, lakes and dams associated with unreliable rainfall in the District Council; fishing activities are mainly undertaken as small scale activities thus making insignificant contribution to the District Council economy. The main location of fishing activities is Dam Wembere in Mgungira and
46 Iyumbu Ward. Also Kimbwi dam at Mungaa and makiungu ward,Itigi dam at Irisya ward and small individual dams at Ikungi and Ihanja ward.
Table bellow shows fishery resource facilities and production for the period of 2013- 2015.. Table 11: Fishery Resource Facilities and Production in Ikungi District Council, 2015/16 District No. of No. of No. of Registered Fish Production Fishing Fishermen Fishing Vessels licenses Weight (Tons) Value (TSHS)
Ikungi DC 0 54 - 76.8 614,400,000
Source: Ikungi District Council 2016
Table 12: Revenue (Tshs) Collection from Fishermen by Ikungi DC- 2013/15
District 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 Total
Ikungi DC - 200,000,000 160,000,000 100,800,000 460,800,000
Source: Ikungi District Council 2016
7
3.2.4 Establishment and Personnel
The table below shows the availability of livestock personnel in Ikungi District Council.
47 Staff Establishment and Availability of Livestock Personnel Ikungi District Council; Livestock Personnel Field Officers and Assistant Field Officers Type of Actual Type of Field Actual t t
Livestoc deman Available i Officer and deman Available i c c i i f f k Officer d Mal Femal e Assistant Field d Mal Femal e D D e e Officer e e Verterina Field officer 2 1 0 1 101 16 6 79 ry officer Livestock Assistant Officer 5 0 4 1 livestock field 0 1 3 0 officer Fisheries 1 0 0 1 Officer Tatal 6 0 2 4 101 17 9 79 Source:Data from the Ikungi District Council livestock department.
3.2.5 Investment Opportunities in Livestock Subsector
Ikungi District has inadequate livestock infrastructure that are working such as dips, health centres, water points, abattoirs etc. Therefore construction of livestock infrastructures might be a priority area of investing in livestock sub sector. Another area which highly needs investors is dairy farming and livestock processing industries such as milk processing, leather tanning and meat canning. Specifically, the district needs to look at the following possibilities:
Meat processing: There is a need for building modern abattoirs in the district which can process and add value and serve as a local market for livestock keepers.
Tanneries:
For adding value to the hides and skins by fully processing them or semi processed (wet blue) before export,
Chicken – Meat processing industry:
48 Ikungi District one like other districts of Singida is prominent in the production of traditional chicken. Chicken meat of this district is unique and has a palatable taste which attracts the market within and outside the district and region as well. Due to reliable source of chicken; the district is a good strategic area for investing in chicken- meat processing industry.
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49 3.3 Natural Resources
Natural resources sector is comprised of various sub-sectors including forestry, bee- keeping, fisheries and wildlife. The sector plays an important role in the promoting climate stability, conservation of water sources, soil fertility, controlling land erosion, and providing source of wood fuel, and industrial materials.
3.3.1 Forestry
Village Forest area covers 2703 Hectors. The Council has a sustainable plan to demarcate and conserve forest resource in all 24 villages and this will promote the ongoing beekeeping projects. Currently the total of 46 villages has demarcated forest reserves.
Number of Tree Seedlings Raised by Institution 2013-2015 Institution 2013 2014 2015 NGOs 223,600 217,530 483,400 Others 87,618 85,418 142,300 Total 311218 302948 625700 Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Office, Forest Section, 2015
Number of Tree Seedlings Raised by Wards: 2013-2015 S/NO Ward Name 2013 2014 2015 1 Mungaa 25,008 300,000 700,000 2 Siuyu 400 340 200 3 Kikio 4 Lighwa 5 Misughaa 6 Ntuntu 7 Dung’unyi 8 Mang’onyi 1,000 1,200 1,500 9 Mkiwa 350 1000 10 Unyahati 11 Ikungi 12 Issuna 400 480 1,600 13 Iglansoni 350 400 600 14 Iseke 2,150 2,500 2,300 15 Ihanja 17,500 5,400 4,000 16 Minyughe 320 385 615 17 Muhintiri 250 300 515 18 Puma 5,600 6,500 7,120 19 Kituntu 20 Iyumbu
50 S/NO Ward Name 2013 2014 2015 21 Mgungira 22 Mwaru 300 360 480 23 Ighombwe 320 750 5,000 24 Mtunduru 3,400 6,000 3,000 25 Sepuka 4,103, 26 Irisya 378 Total Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Office, Forest Section, 2015
Production of charcoal [bag] and value by wards; 2013-2015 S/No 2013 2014 2015 Numbe Value Numbe Value Numbe Value Ward Name r of (Tsh) r of (Tsh) r of (Tsh) bags Bags Bags 1 Mungaa 400 4000000 480 4,800,000 600 6,000,000 2 Siuyu 3 Kikio 4 Lighwa 5 Misughaa 6 Ntuntu 7 Dung’unyi 8 Mang’onyi 1000 10,000,000 1200 12,000,000 1500 18,000,000 9 Mkiwa 350 3,500,000 1000 12,000,000 10 Unyahati 11 Ikungi 12 Issuna 400 4,000,000 480 4,800,000 1200 14,400,000 13 Iglansoni 14 Iseke 15 Ihanja 16 Minyughe 17 Muhintiri 18 Puma 19 Kituntu 20 Iyumbu 21 Mgungira 22 Mwaru 23 Ighombwe 350 3,500,000 400 4,000,000 830 9,960,000 24 Mtunduru 25 Sepuka 26 Irisya 27 mwaru 300 3,000,000 360 3,600,00 480 5,760,000 Total
51 3.3.2 Environment conservation
In general, environment refers to the surroundings of an object, or the Natural environment, all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth. Environmental conservation is a practice of protecting the environment, on individual, organizational or governmental level, for the benefit of the natural environment and (or) humans. Due to the pressures of population and our technology the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized and the Council began placing restraints on activities that caused environmental degradation.
The National Environment Policy of 1997 as framework for environmental decision-making in Tanzania. The policy objectives are to:-
1. Ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources without degrading the environment or risking health or safety 2. Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air 3. Conserve and enhance natural and man-made heritage, including biological diversity of unique ecosystems 4. Improve condition and productivity of degraded areas 5. Raise awareness and understanding of linkages between environment and development 6. Promote individual and community participation 7. Promote international cooperation
The Council in collaboration with other stakeholders has been taking necessary steps to ensure environmental conservation through;-
Tree Planting (Afforestation and reforestation)
Though the Council is endowed with adequate forestry resources covering an area of 2703 km2, but due to increasing of human activities such as cutting trees for fire wood, charcoal, timber poles and agriculture activities, the Council has taken necessary initiatives of tree planting as quick indicator of environmental conservation and management in order to prevent critical deforestation that might happen in the near future.
52 Liquid Waste disposal
Currently, about 600 M3 of liquid waste is produced in the Council per day. Due to lack of Liquid waste collecting vehicle, the council capacity to collect liquid waste is only 200 M3. In order to compat the situation the Council has started to allocate funds to purchase the Liquid waste collecting vehicles, also as immediate solution private liquid collecting vehicles have been hired for liquid waste collection.
Solid Waste Disposal
.The Council is overwhelmed by the generation of solid waste materials which ended up by being disposed by methods that lead to further pollution.
The experience indicates that the majority burn their solid waste near their household followed by those who use solid waste pits dug in the household. Others throw the solid waste anywhere near the households including along the side of the road or footpaths. Due to lack of solid waste collecting vehicles the least proportion is collected by the Ikungi District council and even worse they do not collect solid waste every day. Since this method of throwing solid waste haphazardly is rampant there is no control of solid waste and so they spread it in streets and other open spaces like play grounds and schools.
Generally in order improve environmental conservation the Council is practicing National Environmental Policy of 1997, Environmental Management Act of 2004 and Council By laws.
53 3.3.3. Fishery
Fishing activities in Ikungi District Council is very marginal and it is mainly carried for domestic consumption due to lack of water bodies like rivers, lakes and dams associated with unreliable rainfall in the Council. Since the activity is very marginal the contribution of fishing in the Council economy is significantly very low or absolutely is unknown.
Revenue (Tshs) Collection from Fishermen by Ward; Ikungi District, 2010/112015/16 Ward 2013/1 2014/15 2015/1 Total Ward percentage share of 4 6 the District Total Total Percentage of the Total Source: Compiled Data from the District Executive Directors’ Offices Ikungi District, 2016
3.3.4. Beekeeping.
54 The data presented in the table below indicates that from 2014 to 2015, Ikungi District Council had a total of 6,606 beehives of which 4206 (63.7%) were traditional and 2400 (36.7%) were modern.
Number of Traditional and Modern Beehives by Ikungi District; Singida Region, 2014– 2015 District 2013 2014 2015 Total Traditional - 1,928 2,278 4,206 Modern - 860 1540 2,400 Sub Total Source: Compiled Data from the District Executive Directors’ Offices, Ikungi district, 2015
The number of bee keepers has been increasing each year from 1,620 in 2013 to 1,725 in 2015 and number of bee keeping groups increased from 35 in 2013 to 54 groups as it has been shown in the table below.
Year 2014 2015
Number of bee keepers 1620 1725
Number of bee keeping groups 35 54
Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Office, Beekeeping Office, 2015
55 3.3.4.1 Beekeeping Products
Beekeeping in Ikungi District Council is mainly carried out traditionally. The data in the table below indicates that the highest quantity of honey of 25019 litres valued was harvested in 2015. Production of beeswax was at the pick in 2015 by harvesting 703 Kg while the lowest production was observed in 2014 in which 562 Kg of beeswax was harvested.
Beekeeping Products Harvested in the Council; 2013/2014-2014/2015
Year Quantity of honey Quantity of Beeswax produced (Lt). produced (Kg).
2013/2014 22,234 562
2014/2015 25,019 703
Total 47,253 1,265
Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Offices, Beekeeping Office, 2015
Values forBeekeeping Products Harvested in the Council; 2013/2014- 2014/2015
Year Values of honey Values of Beeswax produced produced (Tsh.). (Tsh.).
2013/2014 222,340,000 5,620,000
2014/2015 250,190,000 7,030,000
Total 472,530,000 12,650,000
Source: Data from the District Executive Directors’ Offices, Beekeeping Office, 2015
3.3.5 Tourism
Ikungi District Council has many tourist attractions such as Msule hot spring water at Misughaa ward though most of them are not well known. However, it lacks well developed infrastructure so as to bring the Council within the current tourist circuits. The Council is far from the coastal belt and northern tourist circuits. Nevertheless, the completed construction of Dar es Salaam to Mwanza road as well as development of the central line corridor would be an added advantage in the development of tourism sector
56 in this Council. About 54% of the Council area is occupied by Forest Reserves namely Minyughe forest Reserves, and Mlilii forest Reserve.
3.3.5.1: Eco Tourism
Availability of good infrastructure such as accommodation facilities, telecommunication services, roads, banking/bureau de change services and tour operators are essential tools in the development of competitive tourism industry.
Dar es Saalam to Mwanza road plays a key role in the eco-tourism development of the Council. The road provides easy communication between the Council and other big commercial cities in Tanzania like Dar Es Salaam and Mwanza which encourage more people to come in search of bussiness opportunities, mining activities as well as those who come for tourism purposes. However, the main challenge which currently faces the Council is the issue of accomodation. In this regards, construction of new accommodation facilities become a pressing issue. There is also a need of increasing the number of financial services such as banks, bureu de change etc so as to meet the higher demand of these services in the near future.
3.3.6 Status of Natural Resources Personnel
The table below shows the number of staff in Natural Resources staff in Ikungi District Council from 2013 to 2015. Forest Section had high number of staff in all years, followed by beekeeping Department the Wildlife and fisheries Section had no staff in all years.
Natural Resource Personnel in Ikungi District 2016
District Forest Beekeeping Fisheries Wildlife Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Ikungi 4 - 1 - - - - - 5 Total 4 - 1 - - - - - 5 Source: Compiled Data from the Ikungi District Executive Directors’ Offices, 2016
The table below highlights number of staff in Natural Resources whom because of death, retirement, transfer or change of profession left the office in the Council in 2015.
57 By 1st January 2016 the Council had no any Natural Resource staff left the office either by retirement or Transfer.
Attrition of all Forest Personnel in Ikungi District, 2015 District Total all Cause and Number of dropouts personnel Death Retirement Transfer Change in Total as at profession 1.1.2015 Ikungi 5 - 1 - - Total 5 - 1 - - Source: Compiled Data from the Ikungi District Executive Directors’ Offices, 2015
3.3.7 Investment Opportunities in Natural Resources
The increase demand of forest resources leads to remarkable depletion of forest resources in the district thus the investment in this sector should be directed to reforestation and forestation activities like tree planting in order to conserve the environment. The natural resources provides attractive environment for beekeeping, tourism industries, waste collection services.
58 3.4 Mining sector
Ikungi District is said to be much endowed with gold as the only mineral being exploited at Londoni village where the exploitation area is estimated to be 2000m2. This mineral is being exploited since 2004 with independent multinational company which was given a mining permit with the mother ministry of Mineral and Energy. However there are a reasonable number of small miners around Londoni who are also being engaged to sustain their livelihoods. As the rule of thumb the District is benefiting from the mining exploration by receiving the levy or mineral access with average of 0.3% of the entire value of copper once exported.
The district expects the sector to be a more contributor in district economy and boost the income of the small scale miners and enable them to improve their socio-economic services. na Year name license place Amount(ton) Value
1 2013 Yusufu M PML00991- Sambaru 5,031.66 269,247,758 Gwayaka 93CZ
2 Masaka N Seni PML001567- Sambaru 878 54,815,000 77CZ
3 Magdalena PML16000-008 Sambaru 1,352 84,552,490 China
4 Mpondi Mining PML004867CZ Sambaru 1,346.54 81,650,930
Total 490,266,178
1 2014 Mpondi Mining PML004867CZ Sambaru 2,925.37 161,288,712
2 Masaka N Seni PML001567- Sambaru 274.8 19,680,000 77CZ
3 Musa Maduhu PML000976- Sambaru 84.4 5,124,768 80CZ
4 Mattary khalfa PML1505CZ Muhintiri 1,385.00 Mohamed 90,000,000.00
59 5 SHIKITA ML 451/2012 Sambaru, 1,462.75 MINING Ikungi 52,662,240.00
Total 328,755,720
1 2015 Masaka N. Seni PML001567- Sambaru, 928.11 77CZ Ikungi 44,970,000.00
2 Mpondi Mining PML004867CZ Sambaru, 115.00 Ikungi 6,934,500.00
3 Yusufu M. PML0006991- Sambaru, 234.00 Gwayaka 93CZ Ikungi 8,426,000.00
Total 60,330,500.00
Potential of Mining; Ikungi district, 2014
Type of Village Owner Current Distance from Minerals License with situation district PPLS PMLS licenses HQ in(KM) Gold SHIKITA 43 Sambaru Small Active 56km scale SHANTA Local Miners miners Muhintiri Muhintiri Small Some 63km village scale active Source: Ikungi district, 2014
60 3.5.0 Industrial Production
3.5.1 Introduction
Industries all over Tanzania are known to play a major role in socio-economic development. Ikungi district like others is promoting industries, mostly small scale contribute significantly to jobs creation, income generation and stimulation of growth in both urban and rural areas of the district.
3.5.2 Commerce and Manufacturing Industries
Most of the residents in the district are engaged in small and medium scale agriculture activities hence agro-processing industries are keys to the development in the district. Table below gives a number of small and medium scale industries which are available in the district in 2015. However, due to poor state of infrastructure existed in some areas including no electricity; it was difficult to attract even local investors to the district. Current installation of electricity to is done to many wards and improvements of road will open the door for both local and foreign investors to flow in the district. Nevertheless, the exits of good road and electricity will provide the district with good link to commercial cities in Tanzania and other neighbouring countries.
Small and Medium Scale Industries in the District; Ikungi District, 2015 Type of Industries Agro-processing Other Types of Industries Industries l a
Oil Milling Timber Bicycle t
Carpentry Welding Tailoring o processing machines processing repair T 39 3 30 - 4 - - 9 Source: District Executive Director’s Office, Ikungi District, 2015
3.5.3 Investment Opportunities in Industrial Sector
Ikungi district is a strategic area for industrial investment. The district has potential and varieties of agriculture products, livestock and beekeeping thus creates opportunities for agro processing industries and their related industries. The supportive policy environment and attractive allocated industrial areas with passable roads are added
61 advantages to investment on industrial areas. The data on crops produced in the district and existing potential land for the production of more crops justifying the available Investment opportunities. The potential investments are in the following areas:
3.5.3.1 Agro-processing industries especially in the following: Oil milling industries- from sunflower, groundnuts, sweet potatoes, onion and cotton, Human food processing industries- maize, sorghum and millet milling, Animal food processing industries-from maize waste products and from oil milling industries
3.5.3.2 Livestock Products Processing Industries These include processing of livestock products such as milk processing, leather tanning and meat canning.
62 CHAPTER FOUR
Economic Infrastructure
4.0 Introduction
The chapter three explains the existing economic infrastructure in Ikungi District. It covers the road network development in terms of road classification, type of road surface and accessibility, railway, water supply and sanitation improvements in the infrastructure are being continuously carried out to support economic and social development.
4.1 Road Network
The district has a road network of total length 1,235 kilometers. In addition only 741 kilometers (60%) is passable throughout the year that includes dry and rain season. More so there is a road extension approaching 86 km which is reinforced with gravel. Extensive district square kilometers, low population density and poor road infrastructure contribute to the high running costs of the transport management and communication. This is because during rainy season local transports are hired which are relatively expensive than the public transport.
4.1.1 Road Networks by Type; 2016
Type (Km)
Trunk Regional District Feeder Urban Total
- 266 131.9 1211.32 - 1,477.32
Source: Ikungi District Council Engineer’s Office.
4.1.2 Road Network Classification
Road Type Distance (km) Condition Tarmac 70 - Gravel 86 Good Earth 1,079 Average TOTAL 1,235
63 4.2 Railway Transport
Ikungi District Council is fortunate in having the central railway line from Singida to Dodoma which passes through Manyoni District Council under Singida – Manyoni railway line
4.3 Air Transport Facilities
Ikungi district Council has no airstrips
4.4 Telecommunication Services
The telecommunication services available in the district are Tanzania Telecommunication Company (TTCL) and Vodacom, Zantel, Airtel and TIGO companies. The telecommunication services have now obtained adequate coverage therefore accessible at every point of the district. Telecommunication network has enabled access to the fax and internet services. Adequate coverage of the telephone network provides opportunity for the health department to strengthen the health management information system. Sustainable telecommunication network has a positive effect on consultation; reporting and referral system.
4.5 Energy
The electricity network in the district connected from the National grid through Rural Electrification Agency Project (REA). This provides an additional opportunity to access electricity especially for the population and health facilities across the District. Of the total 39 available health facilities only 10 health facilities which is 26% of the total number of health facilities access the electricity from the national electrical grid. In addition many of the remaining health facilities are capacitated with solar current. To date 10 health facilities benefit from solar electricity equal to 26% of all health facilities.
64 CHAPTER FIVE
Social Services
5.0 Introduction This chapter discusses the status of social services available in District Council and cover health and education sectors’ development in terms of existing facilities and improvement made in the provision of services. Moreover, water and sanitation services are also discussed.
5.1 Health Sector The status of public health services in any Council can be easily be visualized through the health infrastructure, availability and commitments of health practitioners, implementation of preventive and curative measures and availability of medicine. This part of social services covers sector development in terms of health facilities available in the Council, morbidity, mortality, and reportable communicable diseases.
5.1.1 Health Facilities Health Facilities in the Council; 2013-2015 Yea TOTA Hospitals Health Centres Dispensaries r L H/F Publi Privat Tota Publi Privat Tota Publi Privat Tota c e l c e l c e l 201 36 0 2 2 3 0 3 27 4 31 3 201 38 0 2 2 3 0 3 29 4 33 4 201 38 0 2 2 3 0 3 29 4 33 5 201 39 0 2 2 3 0 3 30 4 34 6 Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
5.1.1.1 Health Facility Ratios The Number of Health Facilities in Relationship to Land Area in the Council; 2013 and 2015 2013 Year 2014 Total Land Total Average Total Land Total Average land Area Number land Area Area Number Area in Sq.kms. (Sq.kms.) of hfs in Sq.kms. (Sq.kms.) of hfs Per hfs Per hfs
65 8860 36 246 8860 38 233.158
Year 2015 Total Land Total Average land Area Number Area in Sq.kms. (Sq.kms.) of hfs Per hfs 8860 38 233.158
Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
Number of Health Facilities in Relation to the Population in the Council; 2013,2014 and 2015 2013 2014 Total Total Mean H.f.s Total Total Mean H.f.s Populatio Numbe Average per Populatio Numbe Average per n r of Populatio 10,00 n r of Populatio 10,00 h.f.s n Per h.f.s 0 h.f.s n Per h.f.s 0 Peopl Peopl e e 275,172 36 7,644 1.3 288,246 38 7,586 1.32
2015 Total Total Mean H.f.s Population Number Average per of h.f.s Population 10,000 Per h.f.s People 300,161 38 7,899 1.27
Source: Computed Data from District Executive Director’s Office, Ikungi District Council, 2015
5.1.1.2 Population per Doctor Ratio The status of public health services in any Council can also be easily visualised through the health infrastructure, availability and commitments of health practitioners,
66 implementation of preventive and curative measures and availability of medicine. The table below shows the average population per doctor for the year 2013 and 2015. The average population per doctor in 2013 was 68,793. That means one doctor serves 68,793 people. The ratio decreased to 50,027 people per doctor. The ratio is very high compared to international ratio which requires one doctor to serve 7,000 people.
The Number of Doctors and Average Population per Doctor in the Council; 2013 and 2015 2013 2014 Total Total Average Total Total Average Populatio Doctors Population Populatio Doctors Population n Per Doctor n Per Doctor 275,172 4 68,793 288,246 6 48,041
2015 Total Total Average Populatio Doctors Population n Per Doctor 300,161 6 50,027
Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015 CCHP 5.1.1.3. Population per Hospital Bed Ratio
The Number of Hospital Beds and Average Population per; 2013 and 2015 2013 2014 Total Total Average Total Total Average Population Number Population Population Number Population of Beds Per Bed of Beds Per Bed 275,172 273 1,008 288,246 273 1,056
2015 Total Total Average Population Number Population of Beds Per Bed 300,161 273 1,099
Source: Computed Data from Ikungi District Medical’s Office, 2015
67 5.1.1.4. Primary Health Facilities As the available official health facilities were not enough to serve the ever growing population of Ikungi District Council. The Council has a total of 38 Health Facilities which serves 28 Wards and 101 Villages. The data shows that each Ward has an average of 3:28 Health Facilities. On the other hand the data depicts great shortage of Health Facilities (38) compared to the number of Villages (101) by 62.37% in the Council that is one Health Facilities serves an average of Three Villages.
Distribution of Health Facilities in the Council; 2015 Number of Ward Number of Village Ratio of Wards per Ratio of Health Health Centre’s facilities per Villages 28 101 3/28 38/101 Source: District Medical Office – MTUHA Database, Ikungi District Council, 2015 5.1.1.5 Status of Health Personnel In spite of the improvement made so far by the Council in the provision of health facilities, the Council still has significant shortage of health personnel by 63% include particularly Nurses, Clinical Officers, Nursing Officers, Medical Doctors, assistant medical officers, pharmacists, radiographers, chemists, specialist dental surgeons, dental surgeons and physiotherapists as shown in the table below
Type and Number of Medical Personnel; Ikungi District Council, 2015. Medical Personnel Required Available Deficit Specialist Doctors 7 2 5 Medical Doctors 26 4 22 Ass. Medical officer 42 6 36 Health Officers 4 1 3 Pharmacists 3 0 3 Nursing Officers 25 3 22 Clinical Officers 39 26 13 Nurses 200 71 129 Nutrition Officers 2 0 2 Social Welfare 7 4 3 Lab. Technician 7 2 5 Medical Attendants 113 59 54 Technologist(Pharmacy) 6 0 6 Technologist (Radiography ) 3 0 3 Total 484 178 306
68 Looking at the reasons for attrition of Health personnel in the Council, the data in the table below depict that the situation was not bad since only 7 staff left the sector. Retirement was the major cause of dropout (5 staff), while death and Brain Drain reasons shares 1 staff each.
Causes of Attrition of Health Personnel; 2015 Total Cause and Number of dropouts Total Personnel as Death Retirement Brain Drain Other Total Personnel as at 1.1.2015 at 31.12.2015 178 1 4 0 1 6 232 Source: Computed Data from Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015 5.1.2 Morbidity (Outpatients) 5.1.2.1 Morbidity in Ikungi District Council The health sector aims at solving the problems of morbidity or sicknesses along with mortality and these are the key targets of any health service development efforts. However, in order to take care of morbidity, the government has to have an inventory of these health problems.
Table below reveals that Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Malaria has become the most commonly cause of morbidity in all 2013 and 2015.
List of the Ten Most Commonly Reported Causes of Morbidity (Out-Patients), 2013-2015 TOP TEN OPD DIAGNOSIS BY YEAR 2013
<5 years 5+ years DIAGNOSIS M F TOTAL % of M F Total % of total total OPD OPD cases cases Malaria 10,362 11,300 21,662 30.0 9,706 10,884 20,590 23.9 Other 2,749 2,750 5,499 7.6 16,801 16,586 33,387 38.7 diagnosis ARI 9,402 9,326 18,728 26.0 974 1,002 1,976 2.3 Diarrhea 4,508 3,141 7,649 10.6 3,113 2,514 5,627 6.5 disease Pneumonia 3,711 3,647 7,358 10.2 2,032 3,200 5,232 6.1 Intestinal 1,610 2,320 3,930 5.5 2,005 2,065 4,070 4.7 worms Eye conditions 1,206 1,612 2,818 3.9 1,411 2,366 3,777 4.4 Fractures 836 650 1,486 2.1 2,323 2,162 4,485 5.2 Injuries 825 661 1,486 2.1 2,245 2,240 4,485 5.2
69 Skin diseases 726 760 1486 2.1 1,435 1,194 2,629 3.0 TOTAL 35,935 36,167 72,102 35,935 36,167 72,102 TOP TEN OPD DIAGNOSIS BY YEAR 2014
<5 years 5+ years DIAGNOSIS M F TOTAL % of M F Total % of total total OPD OPD cases cases ARI 11,214 13,057 24,271 38.2 19,345 22,048 41,393 34.7 Pneumonia 4,981 5,080 10,061 15.8 5,391 6,125 11,516 9.7 Other diagnosis 2,022 2,587 4,609 7.2 6,680 8,740 15,420 12.9 Malaria 2,848 2,851 5,699 9.0 5,312 6,846 12,158 10.2 Intestinal 2,670 2,801 5,471 8.6 4,166 4,793 8,959 7.5 worms Diarrhea 2,333 2,434 4,767 7.5 2,668 2,988 5,656 4.7 disease Skin disease 2,103 1,984 4,087 6.4 2,836 3,103 5,939 5.0 Injuries 1,044 843 1,887 3.0 3,757 3,441 7,198 6.0 Cardiovascular 44 43 87 0.1 2,497 4,277 6,774 5.7 Disorders Eye conditions 1,246 1,395 2,641 4.2 2,136 2,014 4,150 3.5 TOTAL 30,505 33,075 63,580 54,788 36,167 90,955
TOP TEN OPD DIAGNOSIS BY YEAR 2015
<5 years 5+ years DIAGNOSIS M F TOTAL 1. % of M F Total % of total total OPD OPD cases cases Malaria 7,457 8,331 15,788 38.9 8,453 11,167 19,620 39.3 ARI 2,860 2,707 5,567 13.7 3,381 4,581 7,962 15.9 Skin disease 2,424 2,695 5,119 12.6 2,007 2,227 4,234 8.5 Pneumonia 2,694 2,896 5,590 13.8 1,484 1,828 3,312 6.6 Other 1,107 1,120 2,227 5.5 2,539 3,341 5,880 11.8 diagnosis Intestinal 1,068 1,193 2,261 5.6 1,589 1,908 3,497 7.0 worms Emergency 341 297 638 1.6 1,223 935 2,158 4.3 surgical conditions
70 Eye conditions 435 424 859 2.1 840 945 1,785 3.6 Ear conditions 624 651 1,275 3.1 360 449 809 1.6 Diarrhea 627 587 1,214 3.0 281 439 720 1.4 diseases TOTAL 19,637 20,901 40,538 19,637 20,901 40,538
Inpatient Admissions and Deaths per Diagnosis 2013
S/N Diagnosis < 5 years 5+ years TOTAL CFR in % Adminission Deaths Adminission Deaths Adminissions Deaths M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 Normal 0 0 0 0 0 16450 0 7 0 16450 0 7 0.042 deliveries 2 Other 400 417 18 16 1242 1232 70 67 1642 1649 88 83 5.2 diagnosis 3 Malaria 782 800 1 1 500 679 4 2 1282 1479 5 3 0.29 uncomplicated 4 ARI 900 946 1 2 341 319 2 1 1241 1265 3 3 0.24 5 Pneumonia 450 550 11 15 261 286 3 2 711 836 14 17 2.00 6 Diarrhea 402 406 3 3 112 130 0 1 514 536 3 4 0.67 disease 7 Malaria 220 240 3 5 200 144 9 6 420 384 12 11 2.86 Severe 8 Fractures 22 11 0 0 220 159 0 0 242 170 0 0 0.00 9 Anemia 32 40 2 4 60 71 5 7 92 111 7 11 8.87 10 Cardiovascular 13 7 2 0 74 88 36 32 87 95 38 32 38.46 diseases TOTAL 3221 3417 41 46 3010 19558 129 125 6231 22975 170 171
Inpatient Admissions and Deaths per Diagnosis 2014
S/N Diagnosis < 5 years 5+ years TOTAL CFR in % Adminission Deaths Adminission Deaths Adminissions Deaths M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 Malaria 1521 932 0 0 375 452 16 14 1896 1384 16 14 0.91 Uncomplicated 2 Pnemonia 604 629 11 12 829 862 38 24 1433 1491 49 36 2.91 3 Other 76 68 1 0 766 693 23 24 842 761 24 24 2.99 diagnosis 4 Diarrhea 377 392 1 1 266 246 4 2 613 638 5 3 0.64 diseases 5 Emergence 34 13 0 0 192 151 0 0 226 164 0 0 0.00 Surgical condition 6 Other Injuries 51 52 0 0 156 102 0 0 207 154 0 0 0.00 7 Fractures 41 34 0 0 137 83 0 1 178 117 0 1 0.34 8 Tuberculosis 5 6 0 0 136 142 16 20 141 148 16 20 12.40 9 ARI 46 47 0 0 72 75 0 0 118 122 0 0 0.00 10 Malaria Severe 79 97 1 1 14 32 2 3 93 129 3 4 3.15 TOTAL 2834 2270 14 14 2913 2838 99 88 5747 5108 113 102
Inpatient Admissions and Deaths per Diagnosis 2015
S/N Diagnosis < 5 years 5+ years TOTAL CFR
71 in % Adminission Deaths Adminission Deaths Adminissions Deaths M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 Normal 0 0 0 0 0 6684 0 16 0 6684 0 16 0.23 deliveries 2 Malaria 654 646 4 2 876 949 1 1 1530 1595 5 3 0.26 severe 3 Pneumonia 360 382 0 0 279 330 0 0 639 712 0 0 0.00 4 Other 129 101 0 0 473 531 0 0 602 632 0 0 0.00 diagnosis 5 Anemia 168 182 0 0 258 315 0 0 426 497 0 0 2.00 6 Diarrhea 275 242 2 2 176 229 2 1 451 471 4 3 0.76 disease 7 Fractures 19 15 0 0 306 224 0 0 325 239 0 0 0.00 8 ARI 96 121 1 0 125 136 0 0 221 257 1 0 0.21 9 Other 3 5 0 0 130 82 0 0 133 87 0 0 0.00 injuries 10 PID 0 0 0 0 0 173 0 0 0 173 0 0 0.00 TOTAL 1704 1694 7 4 2623 9653 3 18 4327 11347 10 22 Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
5.1.3 Mortality 5.1.3.1 Mortality in Ikungi District Council The mortality data can be traced through observing the death records of in – patients at hospital and those dying at home. Poor management of village registers has resulted in the dependence of death records of in-patients to give as indicative causes of mortality in the Council.
72 5.1.4 HIV/AIDS Infections The recent health problem of HIV/AIDS is the single most important threat to the morbidity and survival of the human race. In the context of the country AIDS has now caught up with malaria and tuberculosis as the greatest causes of death among in-patients. The big problems of malaria and tuberculosis are virtually static while that of HIV/AIDS is on the upsurge. Hence, the assessment of HIV/AIDS prevalence along with its control is the single greatest challenge to the health delivery system in the Council, region and country at large.
The Rate of New AIDS Cases in the Population; 2013 to 2015 Year 2010- 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 Screened Males 0 0 5704 2620 3522 Persons Females 0 0 9080 3250 4584 Total 0 0 14,784 5870 8190 Males 0 0 75 111 102 % 1.3 4.2 2.8 HIV Positive Females 0 0 164 145 186 % 1.8 4.4 4.0 Total 0 0 239 256 288 % 1.6 4.3 3.5 Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
5.1.4.1 The Impact of HIV/AIDS The socio-economic assessment of the Council can not be discussed without addressing the extreme challenges caused by the HIV/AIDS and the effect of efforts so far made by various local and international organisations in combating the epidemic. HIV/AIDS is highlighted in this document, because it is a major health problem and a leading cause of mortality since its advent at the end of 1987. The other reason for addressing the epidemic stems from the role it plays in impoverishing families and generating widows, orphans and vunerable children due to the loss of bread-winers in their families.
The epidemic is a serious threat to the Council’s social and economic development and has a serios and direct implications on the socioal services. In the abscence of a cure, the deversitating impact of the epidemic is incomprehensible. It has been established that poverty significantly influences the spread of HIV/AIDs, which ultemeltlly leads to a loss of economically active segments of the society, leading to a reduction in income. The human capital loss has serious sociol and economic impacts in all sectors of the economy and at all levels. All too often, the high cost of care and burials falls on to the already
73 overbudened households, leaving orphans and dependents, as well as vulnerability to HIV infection.
(i) The Increase of Widows Understanding the status of HIV/AIDS prevelance in the Council is very difficult since many people die before reaching the hospital. Lack of VCT and clinic facilities in remote areas where people can be tested in order to know their health status is a problem. Thefore, it is possible that there are people who live with the HIV/AIDS virus without knowing that they have it.
One of the indication of a high prevelance rate in the Council is the increasing number of widows. Unfortunately, the Council do not have current information about percentage of widows and their characteristics.
(ii) The Increase of Orphaned Children 5.1.5 Malaria Prevalence Though Malaria is not associated directly with HIV/AIDS, the number of deaths caused by Malaria has been increasing since the outbreak of HIV/AIDS.
7.1.6 Pneumonia Prevalence The socio-cultural conditions of people and the weather to a large extent have influence on the spread of pneumonia disease in the Council.
5.1.7 Diarrhea Prevalence Diarrhea is a known disease in Ikungi District Council, but very few morbidity cases were reported before the outbreak of HIV/AIDS. The available data indicate that the number of new diarrhea cases has increased in the last decade along with the spread of HIV/AIDS. As stated above, diarrhea is among the five most killer diseases in the Council by case fatality rate of 3.4% in the year 2015. 5.1.8. Child Nutrition Percentage of Severe Malnutrition for Children under One Year; 2013-2015
Item 2013 2014 2015 Total Weighed 31,954 10,354 69,406 Percent of Severely Underweight 0.0125%(4) 0.019% (2) 0.025% (18) Death 100 % (4) 0 0 Source: Ikungi District Medical Office, MTUHA reports, 2015
74 5.1.8.1. Mother and Child Health Care Trends in Infant Mortality Rate; Ikungi District Council, 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 2 2 5 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Trends in Perinatal Mortality Rate Council, 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 8 20 24 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Trends in Maternal Mortality Rate; Ikungi District Council, 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 79 94 210 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Percentage of Expectant Mothers Vaccinated TT2 2013, 2014 and 2015 2013 2014 2015 d d d e e e e e e d d d t t t
g g g t t t e e e a a a a a a t t t
n n n n n n
r r r i i i e e e l l l l l l e e e e e e c c c c c c g g g a a a a a a c c c v v v r r r t t t t t t r r r a a a e o e o e o a o a o o o o a o T T T V P C T T T V P C T T T V P C 8,667 7,339 87 8,595 9,249 108 11,076 10,466 90 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Percentage of Children Under One Year Vaccinated DTP-HB-HiB3 (Pentavalent3); 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 e e e e e e d d d t t t
g g g t t t e e e a a a a a a t t t
n n n n n n
r r r i i i e e e l l l l l l e e e e e e c c c c c c g g g a a a a a a c v c v c v r r r t t t t t t r r r a a a o o o e e e o a o o a o o a o T T T V d P C T T T V d P C T T T V d P C 8,667 10,108 117 8,595 114,000 116 11,076 12,262 111 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Trends in Percentages of Pregnant Mothers attending Clinic Services; 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 125 172 133 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Number of deliveries attended by TBAs; 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 3095 (36%) 1776 (21%) 1140 (10%) Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
75 Percentage of women receiving Family planning services; 2013 2014 2015 26 24 38 Source: Reproductive and Child Health Reports (Ikungi District Medical report), 2015
Item 2013 2014 2015 Birth Rate (%) 2.8 2.8 2.8 Perinatal Mortality 8 20 24 Neonatal Death Rate 3 3 5 Number of Health Facilities with PMTCT services 33/36 35/37 36/38
Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
Since the success of immunization depends mostly on the awareness of women and community at large. Ikungi District Council put more efforts on sensitization campaigns in all the 58 villages in order to have good coverage.
The trend of BCG vaccination for children Under Five Year shows an increase in the number of children vaccinated between 2013 and 2015. On the other hand the Council successfully maintained the coverage of all vaccines above the targets except for OPV-0 vaccines which recorded 71% in 2015.
Vaccines Coverage for Under Five Children’s; 2013-2015 Type of 2013 2014 2015 e e e
Vaccine e e e t t t d d d
g g g a a a t t t e e e a a a t t t
n n n n n n
r r r e e e i i i l l l l l l e e e e e e c c c g g g a a a a a a c c c c v c v c v t r t t r t t r t r r r a o a o a o o a o o a o o a o e e e T T T V d P C T T T V d P C T T T V d P C BCG 8667 12232 140 8595 13848 160 11076 20352 174 OPV-0 8667 4571 53 8595 4604 53 11076 7055 60 OPV-3 8667 10730 124 8595 9091 105 11076 11680 105 PENTA3 8667 10108 117 8595 10014 116 11076 12262 111 MEASLES 8667 12075 139 8595 10846 126 11076 11958 108 PCV-3 8667 6750 78 8595 10234 119 11076 11818 109 ROTA 8667 8454 98 8595 11420 132 11076 11958 107 Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
5.1.9 Community Health Fund Coverage Community Health Fund is a voluntary community based financing scheme whereby households pay contributions to finance part of their basic health care
76 services to complement the Government health care financing efforts for each year.
The objectives of the Fund are;- i. To mobilize financial resources from the community for provision of health care services to its members ii. To provide quality and affordable health care services through a sustainable financial mechanism, and iii. To improve health care services management in the communities through decentralization by empowering the communities in making decisions and by contributing on matters affecting their health.
The coverage of Community Health Fund in the Council for the period of 2013 and 2015 have been raised from 9,925 Households registered in the year 2013 to 17,534 Households registered in the year 2015 due to various reasons including income poverty contributed by drought season in the year 2015 and low awareness on the benefits paying for Health services before illness. By December 31, 2015 the number of households registered for CHF membership was 8,581.
Year 2013 2014 2015 Number of Households Joined CHF 9,925 9,419 17,534 Amount of Funds Collected for CHF 49,625,000 47,095,000 103,609,000 Source: Ikungi District Council Medical’s Office, 2015
The council continues to make more efforts to create awareness of the community to join the scheme in order to improve the provision of health services.
5.1.10 Investment Opportunities in the Health Sub-Sector
The Health sub-sector faces many problems including prevalence of diseases such as Pneumonia, Malaria, Diarrhea, Clinical AIDS, and shortage of workers and drugs. Investment is needed in the construction of more health facilities, availability of instruments/drugs and training of health/medical personnel
77 5.2 THE EDUCATION SECTOR 5.2.0 An Overview Education is a behavioral reconstruction and a tooling sector for the future human resource according to the Nation aspiration. Education sector in the district level covers Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary and tertiary education which includes also Adult Education (formal and non formal) and or vocational. Therefore, the maturity of this fundamental sector in Ikungi District Council involves improving all the above mentioned areas.
5.2.1 Pre-Primary Education
The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training has set a condition that enrolment of children for school age going in primary education should be for those who would have graduated in pre-primary education. This condition has influenced the expansion of Pre- School schools in Ikungi District Council. The table below shows the increase of Pre- primary schools in the Council yearly from 2013 to 2015.
Table 5.28: Number of Pre-Primary Schools in Ikungi District Council; 2013-2015 Year 2013 2014 2015 Number of Percentage Increase of Increase Public 102 102 108 6 5.8% Private - - 0 0 0% Total 102 102 108 6 5.8% Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
The status of increase of Pre-Schools versus to the fact of council coverage is compared through data which shows that Ikungi District Council had a proportion of (4) Pre- Primary Schools per Ward and (1) school per village as it is shown in the table below.
Table 5.28a:Number of Pre-Primary Schools, by Wards, Villages; 2015 Number of Number of Schools Ward School Ratio Village School Wards Villages Ratio 28 101 108 1:4 1:1 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
78 The total enrolment in Public Pre-primary schools has been increasing over the years. The Table below shows that the enrolment number was 9,106 in the year 2013. In the year 2015 the number of enrolment was 9,340 an increase of 2.6% compared to the previous year where the enrolment difference stood at 243. This expansion was due to new establishment of council which led to have closer supervision which then led to have raised number.
Table 5.29: Total Enrolment of Pupils in Pre-Primary Schools from 2013 to 2015 YEAR 2013 2015 Increase 2013-2015 Public Private Total Public Private Total Number Percent 2013 9,106 0 9,106 9,340 0 9,340 243 2.6% Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
The table below relatively shows the average and rations number of pupils per Ward, Village and school in the Council level in year 2015. Table 5.29a: Number of Pre Primary Pupils per School, by Village; and Ward 2015 Number Number Number 2015 Of of of Number Pupils Pupils Village Pupils Ward Village Schools Pupils Ward Ratio Ratio School Ratio 28 101 108 9,340 1:334 1:92 1:86 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
5.2.2 Primary Education Ikungi District is a newly council which was established in the year 2013.The district had 102 Primary Schools and the number increased to 108 in the year 2015. Among other factor which delayed the increase of schools is due to private sector participation which is low and has lingered the development of primary education as it is shown in the following table below.
Trend of increase of Primary Schools in Ikungi District Council year 2013 to 2015. Year 2013 2014 2015 Number of Percentage increase of increase Public 102 102 108 6 5.8
79 Private - - - - - Total 102 102 108 6 5.8 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
5.2.2.1. Coverage of Education System The table below shows the average number of schools per ward and village as well as density of schools in terms of the number of schools per 100 sq. kms in the year 2015. The average number of schools per ward is 4 and the density was 0.5 schools per 100 sq. kms and the average of (1) Primary School per village. The table to show the average number of Schools per Ward, Village and Area of 100 sq. kms in 2015 Land Area Wards No. of No. of Average Schools Per No. of Schools per (Sq.kms.) Villages Schools Ward Village 100 Sq. kms. 2015 8,860 28 101 108 4 1 0.5 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
5.2.2.2. Primary School Enrolment Ratios Community participation through PEDP has managed to motivate parents in the Council to enroll their children and thus improve the enrolment rate in the Council. This improvement can be seen through changes of net enrolment rates, gross enrolment rates, reduction of drop out of pupils, availability of education facilities and performance of pupils in general.The enrolment into standard one, according to the education policy, though is for children aged seven years, it has been expanded to cover children between 6 and 7 years due to culture and norms of the people of Tanzania.
Moreover, Ikungi district has taken responsibility to educate the Parents and Guardians to allow girls to be enrolled in order to give them opportunity of equal education. The table below shows that between 2013 and 2015 the enrolment of standard I increased by the difference of 236 pupils. The district managed to increase standard one enrolment by 2.8 percent. Table 5.31: The table enrolment of standard I in the district between 2013 to year 2015 TARGET ACTUAL Percentage of YEAR BOYS GIRLS TOTAL BOYS GIRLS TOTAL enrolment increase 2013 to2015
80 Difference % of Diff 2013 4,435 4,394 8,829 4,171 4,214 8,388 2014 4,570 5,125 9,695 4,380 4,767 9,147 236 2.8% 2015 4,397 4,374 8,771 4,318 4,306 8,624 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
Gender consideration in enrolment process. Looking at sex difference, the district has done a credible job of reducing gap of enrolment among sexes. Boy enrolment increased at decreasing rate compared to girls, while girl enrolment increased at increasing rate. In 2013, boy’s enrolment percentage was 49.1 while girls were 50.9. In 2015 boys percentage was 47.8, whereby Girl’s percentage stood at 52. Judging from the information presented in the table below, Ikungi district has done well in ensuring that girls and boys get equal opportunities in getting primary school education.
Table 5.31a: Total enrolment by sex and increase of gender balance by enrollment ratio between Boys and Girls , (Pupils enrollment Standard I-VII) year 2013, 2014 and 2015. YEAR BOYS GILRS TOTAL Percentage of enrollment Boys Girls 2013 23758 24616 48374 49.1 50.9 2014 22645 24640 47285 47.9 52.1 2015 21,939 23,942 45,881 47.8 52.2 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015.
5.2.2.3. Completion Rate The completion rate of the primary education cycle in Ikungi district improved slightly due to the improvement of school environment such as provision of meals and parents involvement through school committees. The completion rate is an indicator of the efficiency of the school system that shows the extent to which a cohort of pupils admitted in class one completes the primary education cycle irrespective of whether they sit for the final examination or not.
The average completion rate for School circle year 2008 to 2014 was 69.9 percent (64.5 percent for boys and 75.4 percent for girls). This cohort was enrolled in 2008 and completed in 2014. The average completion for the second circle was 80.6 percent (74 percent boys and 86.9 percent girls) and this cohort was enrolled in 2009 and completed standard VII in 2015. Sex – wise, there was an improvement in girls’ retention than boys. In first circle, completion rate for girls was
81 75.4 percent compared to 64.5 percent boys, while girls’ retention in circle two stood at 86.9 percent compared to 74 percent boys as indicated in table below.
Table 5.32: Number of completion rate for Pupils who were enrolled in (STD I in 2008) and completed (STD VII in 2014) and Pupils enrolled in 2009 and Completed STD VII in 2015. Sex 2008 to 2014 2009 to 2015
Enrolled 2008 Completed 2014 Completion Rate Enrolled 2009 Completed Completion 2015 Rate Boys 2,897 1,870 64.5% 2,445 1,814 74%
Girls 3,237 2,442 75.4% 2,537 2,205 86.9%
Total 6,134 4,312 69.9% 4,982 4,019 80.6%
Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015.
5.2 Main Streaming (COBET) The district has taken some efforts to enroll pupils in Non Formal classes as an alternative of illiteracy eradication campaign especially in remote areas where children are left out of formal system due to several factors. This program is intended to be an alternative to children who missed registration in formal schools and also for pupils who drop from the formal classes for various reasons whereby children between 9 and 13 years are encouraged to enroll in order to fulfill their desire. In this program there are two cohorts, cohort (I) for the lower classes who pursue module which covers standard (I to 1V), where the total of 48 children were enrolled in 2014, of them 40 learners which is 83% were mainstreamed to standard (V) and In 2015 , 117 children were enrolled , of them 76 which is 64 % were mainstreamed in standard (V). These pupils who have been mainstreamed in formal classes are now studying between class V and VII and they are expected to graduate respectively in 2016 and 2017. This newly established council has successfully enrolled this minimal number of learners despite to limitation of basic resources for honorarium and for supervision matters. The council and stakeholders expects the increase number of learners in the coming years due to the on-going massive campaigns by district authorities.
82 The following presentation in the table below shows the cohort I and cohort II year 2014 and 2015 who were enrolled and mainstreamed in standard (V)
(Main streaming of COBET learners into formal education ) (2014 - 2015) Year COHORT I TOTAL COHORT II TOTAL BOYS GIRLS TOTAL MAINSTREAMED % BOYS GIRLS TOTAL MAINSTREAMED % (STD - V) (FORM - I) 2014 20 28 48 40 83% 0 0 0 0 0 2015 104 70 117 76 64% 0 0 0 0 0 COBET= (Complimentary Basic Education in Tanzania) Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
5.2.2.4 Dropout Rate Education policy insists stakeholders to make sure that every registered pupil to attend schooling according to the year calendar and to continue until he graduates in standard VII. Different from this regulation, dropout means discontinuing into classes. There are several reasons that lead to have dropout in our district. Ikungi District Council in collaboration with various stakeholders has managed to take initiatives to reduce the magnitude of drop out in Primary schools. Results have shown great improvements although truancy is the leading course of dropout, followed by other reasons, deaths and there were pregnancy issues reported.
In this area dropout discussion will account for the pupils who were enrolled in 2008 who completed standard VII in 2014 and those who were enrolled in 2009 who completed std VII in 2015.
5.33 The information in tables (i – v) made respectively to corner wide range of presentation. i) Truancy Truancy was a major reason of dropout in Ikungi District Council. Data in the table below shows that the Council managed to reduce the number of truancy for an average of 0.5 % between 2009 to 2015 compared to 1.4 % (base year) of truancy between 2008 to 2014 .
The table to show truancy status in the district. Truancy Year Boys Girls Total Percent 2008 – 2014 41 20 61 1.4
83 2009 – 2015 17 20 37 0.9 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
ii ) Pregnancy
The Table below shows that dropout due to pregnancy is not a signal of truancy in the council compared to other reasons. The Council did not have pregnancy issues recorded since year 2008 – 2015 due to high efforts of educating community made by the Council in collaboration with stakeholders. The table to show pregnancy status in the district level Pregnancy Year Girls Total Percent 2008 – 2014 0 0 0 2009 – 2015 0 0 0 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015 iii) Sickness School Dropout due to sickness between 2008 and 2014 was 0.2 compared to 0 percent dropout that was recorded between 2009 and 2015. This case was reduced due to improved health centers and education health given to the community as it is shown in the table below.
The table to show sickness status in the district level. Sickness Year Boys Girls Total Percent 2008 – 2014 4 5 9 0.2 2009 – 2015 0 0 0 0
84 iv) Deaths School Dropout due to deaths is still a big reason in Ikungi District Council. Between 2009 to 2015, death toll increased for 0.03 percent compared to 0.04 that was recorded between 2008 to 2014 as it is shown in the table below.
The table to show sickness status in the district level Death Year Boys Girls Total Percent 2008 – 2014 0 2 2 0.04 2009 – 2015 3 0 3 0.07 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
V. Other Reasons Dropout due to other reasons in the circumstance of Ikungi District Council includes mobility of parents especially the Sukuma tribe who practice agriculture and pastoral activities, also It is commonly caused by poor family those who fail to accommodate their children with essential School needs and or remained with hunger both at home and at school .Another factor is the cause of long distance walking for children who live in the scattered settlements. Really, these are just few of them. Between 2009 and 2015 these reasons increased by 0.6 percent compared to 0 percent according to records which was taken between 2008 to 2014.
85 The following table indicates the problem of dropout due to other reasons in the Council. Others Year Boys Girls Total Percent 2008 – 2014 0 0 0 0 2009 – 2015 10 13 23 0.6 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department
5.2.2.5. Pass Rate (PR) The pass rate of Standard VII examinations and number of pupils being selected to join form I reflect the quality of primary education provided in the Council. Ikungi District Council Pass rate for Standard VII examination have recorded slight improvement as the rate increased from 45% in the year 2013 to 53.5% in 2014, before it further increased to 58.7% in the year 2015. Also the Council successfully maintained 100% percent to select all pupils passed the examination to join Form I for the period of three years consecutively as shown in the table below. Table 5.34: Number of Students who Sat for S.t.d VII Examination between 2013-2015 and those who Joined Form I in Public Secondary Schools by Sex; Item 2013 2014 2015 Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Pupils Registered for Exam 2,203 2,539 4,742 1,870 2,468 4,348 1,852 2,228 4,080 Pupils not Sat for Exam 62 30 92 46 35 81 38 23 61 Pupils Sat for Exam 2,141 2,509 4,650 1,824 2,433 4,257 1,814 2,205 4,019 Pupils Passed 992 1113 2,105 1,040 1,247 2,287 1,162 1,271 2,433 Pass Rate 45 53.5 58.7 Pupils selected for Form I 992 1113 2,105 1,040 1,247 2,287 1,162 1,271 2,433
100 100 100 Percent of Selected Pupils Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
Pass rate; In 2013, out of 2,141 boys who sat for Standard VII examination, 992 or 46 percent were selected to join Form I in public secondary schools. For girls, a total of 1,113 or 44.3 percent of
86 the 2,509 who sat examinations were selected. The percentage of pupils who were selected to join for secondary schools was high compared to that of 2013, In 2015 out of 1,814 boys who sat for Standard VII examination 1,162 or 64 percent were selected to join Form I in public secondary schools. For girls, a total of 2,433 or 58.7 percent of the 2,509 who sat examinations were selected.
The table below shows the percentage of pupils by sex who were selected to join form I in public secondary schools in 2013 compared to those who were selected in 2015.
Table 5.35: Number of Students and percentage who sat for STD VII Examination in 2013 to 2015 and those who Joined Form I in Public Secondary Schools by Sex. Pupils Sat for Pupils Joined Form I Percent of Selected Pupils
Year Std VII Examination
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
2013 2,141 2,509 4,650 992 1,113 2,105 46 44.3 45
2014 1,824 2,433 4,257 1,040 1,247 2,287 57 51 53
2015 1,814 2,205 4,019 1,162 1,271 2,433 64 57.6 58..7
Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015.
5.2.2.6. Primary School Facilities For any School institution function properly, attractive teaching and learning environment is related to certain basic facilities which should be provided by educational authorities at either Local or National level. The most common facilities are classrooms, toilets, staff houses, teachers, furniture, libraries, bookstores, textbooks. Other provision includes meals, medical care, finance are very essential too. The data shows that Ikungi District Council still has the deficit of primary school facilities as it is shown in the tables below.
The council strength and weakness of furniture and buildings are gathered in the tables below to show the district status.
87 FURNITURES The council is still facing a very serious deficit of furniture in schools; the information in the table below has been made to corner the wide range of presentation.
Table 5.36: District status of Primary School Facilities; 2013 to 2015 2013 2014 2015 Facilities Required Available Deficit % Required Available Deficit % Required Available Deficit % Deficit Deficit Deficit Desks 15,699 10,584 5,115 32 15,699 10,808 4,891 31 18,179 11,242 6,937 38 Tables 2,118 1,014 1,104 52 2,120 1,014 1,106 52 2,368 937 1,431 60 Chairs 2,422 1,025 1,397 58 2,426 1,325 1,101 45 2,480 1,058 1,422 57 Cabinets 567 171 396 70 567 171 396 70 1,359 332 1,027 76 Text Books 435,366 149,984 285,382 65.5 425,565 165,955 259,610 61 412,929 170,700 242,229 58 Source: District Primary Education Department, 2015
BUILDINGS Status on weakness and strength of buildings presented below shows the council is still facing deficit of furniture in schools. This information is a comparison between year 2013 and 2015 whereby information in the table below has been made to corner the wide range of presentation.
Table 5.36a: Availability of buildings the district level. 2013 2014 2015 Facilities Require Availabl Defici % Require Availabl Defici % Require Availabl Defici % d e t Defici d e t Defici d e t Defici t t t Classroom 1,182 628 554 47 1,193 628 565 47 1,370 632 738 54 s Teacher’s 1,033 385 648 62 1,072 385 687 64 1,282 387 895 70 Houses Pit 2,326 1,172 1,15 49 2,180 1,189 991 83 2,555 1,286 1,26 50 latrines 4 9 Teacher’s 192 103 89 46 194 103 91 47 322 224 98 30 Offices Stores 110 54 51 46 110 54 56 51 187 67 120 64 Source: District Primary Education Department, 2016
Availability of classrooms in 2015 Table 5.36b: Availability of classrooms, ration and percentages respectively. Deficit Number of Availability Class Required
88 Schools of class rooms Pupil Class rooms ratio Number percentage
108 632 1:72 1,370 738 54
Shortage of Primary Schools only in 2015 The table below shows the shortage of Primary school only, ration and percentages respectively. Number of Total pupils School Required Deficit Schools Pupil Schools ratio Number percentage
108 45,881 1:425 108 0 0
5.2.2.8 Primary School’s Teachers (2015) Considering to Teachers demand in ( both Pre-Schools and Primary Schools) the total number of pupils were gathered. The table below shows that in 2015 the Council had a total number of 55,221 pupils. Of them 9,340 were Pre- School pupils, and 45,881 were Primary School pupils. The demand of teachers was 1,228 whereby available Teachers were 1,033. This resulted to have a gap of 195 teachers equal to 16% and pupils ration being 1:54 which is higher than a recommended Teacher Pupils Ratio of 1:45. The table to show Teachers - pupil rational in the council (2015) Total Actual Available Deficit Percent of Deficit Based Percent Teacher Pupils Pupils Teachers Deficit on TPR Deficit Based Ratio Required on TPR
55,221 1,228 1,033 195 16 8,736 15.8 1:54
Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
The table below shows availability of Primary School Teachers in the year 2015 Teachers by categories
EDUCATION MALE FEMALE TOTAL MASTERS DEGREE 1 1 1 BACHELOR DEGREE 23 9 32
89 DIPLOMA 43 18 61 GRADE III 560 372 932 IIIB/C 6 1 7 TOTAL 633 400 1033 Source: Ikungi District Council Primary Education Department, 2015
5.2.2.4 ADULT EDUCATION Ikungi District Council has made remarkable improvement in the eradication of illiteracy since was establish in 2013. Along with expansion of primary and Secondary Educations, the Council has also expanded adult education using primary schools as centers and the head teachers becoming in-charge of the adult education campaigns through the various program.
5.2.2.5 Literacy rate Literacy is the ability of reading writing and arithmetic .It is also connected with understanding of a short simple statement on everyday life. It generalizes the ability to write or sign one’s own name or memorization of phrases. This ability can be measured in any language. Illiteracy measurements are obtained by calculating the literacy rate which is the percentage of a specified population compared to literate number. Presently there is no table represents age population for Adults due improper source of records.
The following table shows the total number of adults (18+) , literate number which is compared to illiteracy number in the Ikungi district. Illiteracy rate stands at 18%. READING WRITING ADULT AGE 18+ ARITHMETIC ILLITERACY 3Rs MALE F/MALE TOTAL MALE F/MALE TOTAL MALE F/MALE TOTAL % 66,334 71,036 137,370 54,393 58,250 112,643 11,941 12,786 24,727 18 ICBAE= (Integrated Community Based Education Tanzania)
The district registered 107 Primary Schools to host adult education Centers. In 2015 the district has a total number of 107 centers, of them 54 were active and 53 were dormant.
90 In the year 2015 the Council had successfully managed to enroll total number of 2,739 ICBAE students, of them 1,468 were male and 1,271 female who were interacting in various programmes.The Council in collaboration with stakeholders is considering adult education as an alternative through illiteracy campaign.
The following table below shows number of adults who are registered in various programs 2015
TECHNICAL INTERACTING IN INTERACTING LIFE SKILLS SKILLS ECONOMICS ACTIVEIES IN AND SOCIAL TOTAL INTEPRENEURSHIP STUDIES
MALE FIMALE TOTAL MALE FIMALE TOTAL MALE FIMALE TOTAL MALE FIMALE TOTAL MALE FIMALE TOTAL
272 0 272 421 414 835 425 426 851 350 254 604 1468 1094 2562
ICBAE = (Integrated Community Based Adult Education )
Attendance in adult classes is generally poor whereby annual average stand at 8.4%. The common reasons that results poor attendance is economic activities which include pastoral and agriculture activities and or misinterpretation of education value through adult education. This indicator results to have a district agenda that will ensure promotion education through adult program.
The table below shows the number of registered learners in classes and the percentage of annual attendance. ANNUAL AVERAGE OF LEANERS % 3Rs REGISTERED ATTENDING IN CLASSES OF ATTENDANCE MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL 8.4 1468 1271 2739 112 120 232
5.2.3 Secondary Education Secondary education is a fundamental stage of education stated as constitutional right to every individual citizen in our country and implementation of Millennium Goals in Education and worlds
91 Education agreement on equity in education provision as in Universal Primary Education (UPE) and Education for All (EFA). Since its establishment in 2013, Ikungi District Council has been ensuring provision of secondary education and its improvement through short and long time plans and annual budgets by establishing, strengthening and improving educational infrastructure and facilities entirely within its borders. Apart from the fact that the development of secondary education in Ikungi district has passed through different challenges due to its historical context and the poor nature of the economy, 35 secondary schools have been established and operating between 2013 to the end of 2015 . Among these, 30 are public schools while 5 are non-government schools accommodating about 8,000 to 8,500 students. The district has one public and two private advanced level secondary schools. Establishment of 30 public schools scattered in all 28 wards in the district have fulfilled the National campaign in equal provision and easy access of education to all school aged children by establishing a secondary school in each ward as indicated in Table 5.37. Table 5.37: Number of Secondary Schools by Ownership in Ikungi district 2013 to 2015 District 2013 2015 Increase Between 2013 – 2015
Public Private Public Private Public Private
Ikungi 30 3 30 5 0 2
Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Director’s Office (Education Department), Ikungi District, 2015
5.2.3.1 Secondary School Enrolment The enrolment of students in Ikungi district has been increasing year after year parallel to improvement of school infrastructures constructed and rehabilitated through government support and community contributions due to raised awareness on the importance of education to their children. Table 5.38 shows that student’s enrolment between 2013 and 2015.
Table 5.38: Total (Form I – VI) Enrolment by Sex and School Ownership; Ikungi district 2013, 2014 and 2015
92 Year Public Private
Boys Girls Total Percent Boys Girls Total Percent Increase Increase No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent
2013 3,967 52.8 3,540 47.2 7,507 140 26.22 394 73.78 534
2014 3,686 47.8 4,018 52.2 7,704 -2.6 140 26.22 394 73.78 534 0
2015 3,586 45.9 4,226 54.1 7,812 4.0 224 30.31 515 69.69 739 -22.7
Comparing the enrolment by gender, girls students were more than boys students in public and private secondary schools in all years 2013, 2014 and 2015. While girls enrolment rate increased, the boys enrolment had been falling from 51% in 2013 to 45 in 2015. This may be a result of women population growth than men as national Population and Housing Census 2012 concerns as there is no evidence of boys’ dropouts or truancy than that of girls’ enrolment. In all 3 years form 1 selected students registration to public secondary schools was between 86 to 100 percent as shown hereunder:
Table 5.39: Total (Form I) Enrolment by Sex in Public schools; Ikungi district 2013, 2014 and 2015
Year Selected Registered Registered Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total in % 2013 992 1113 2105 992 1113 2105 100 2014 1040 1247 2287 945 1024 1969 86 2015 1151 1265 2416 1125 1217 2342 96.9
Sensitization and follow up to parents of passed and selected students done in collaboration of government leaders, Council Management team and Councilors have been a part of high registering rate of new students’ intake every year.
93 5.2.3.2 Quantity and State of School Facilities The quantity and quality of facilities are crucial in promotion and sustenance of secondary education. The status of facilities including classrooms, students’ and teachers’ toilets, staff quarters, libraries, laboratories, dormitories, desks, dining halls and teachers’ offices is shown in Table 5.40 below.
Table 5.40: Status of Secondary School Facilities in Ikungi district, 2015
2015
Facility Required Actual Deficit Percent Deficit
Classrooms 196 251 -55 -28.1
Chairs 7812 7182 630 8.1
Tables 7812 7182 630 8.1
Dormitories 90 2 88 97.8
Library 30 6 24 80.0
Laboratories 90 4 86 95.6
Toilets 447 305 142 31.8
Teacher's Houses 552 67 485 87.9
Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Director’s Office (Education Department), Ikungi district, TSS 2015
Table 5.40 shows that Ikungi district has reduced deficit of secondary school facilities in 2015. Despite the outstanding deficit to some facilities, the District Council through strategic plan, Medium Term
94 Expenditure Frame Work budgets and other programs under donor support and contributions from other development partners has endless strategies of fulfilling needs to all schools.
5.2.3.3 Teaching staff Demand and Employment
The expansion of education access through establishing secondary schools as required by SEDP led to high demand of teachers. The government efforts in deploying teachers minimized a gap in the district. According to enrolment trend, about 500 teachers were needed to tackle the situation. By the early 2015, about 480 teachers were employed.
Nevertheless, the district is still suffering from shortages of science teachers. From 2015 to date there is an excess of Arts subject teachers. By 2015, the status of teachers’ availability in the schools was as reflected below:
Table 5.41: Teachers staff status by 2015 in Ikungi District
SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS TEACHERS (PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY & MATHS)
ARTS TEACHERS
Demand Available Deficit Percent Deficit Demand Available Deficit Percent Deficit
254 73 181 71.3 361 480 -119 -33.0
5.2.3.4 Implementation versus Available resources (i) Teachers Teachers’ employment has been one of the government’s priorities in quality assurance of education provision under Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP). Up to December 2015, a total of 480 teachers were employed and posted to all 30 public secondary schools to meet a demand of 254 science teachers and 361 arts (social subjects) teachers. An excess of 119 teachers were observed to arts teachers and a shortage of 181 science teachers noted as well. The science teacher – students’ ratio was 1: 170 while arts teacher – student ratio was 1: 16
95 (ii) Staff Quarters Besides the shortage of science teachers, shortage of staff quarters in all schools is at worse. Only 67 teachers’ houses were available while a demand was 480 houses as indicated in the table 5.41 above.
(iii) Teaching and learning infrastructure As shown in the table 5.40 above, insufficiency of the required infrastructure and facilities existed for long. Only classrooms and teachers toilets had no deficit. But students’ toilets, dormitories and hostels which shorten walking distance and secure students from truancy and pregnancy, libraries for private studies and references to students are still crucial problem. Also a demand of laboratories in all schools whereby 4 out of required 90 were available which is 4 percent needed special attention.
5.2.3.5 School Overall Performance Improvement of teaching and learning environment can be reflected in academic assessments especially in final examinations. The performance in Form Two and Form four National Examinations in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 in public and private secondary schools was as follows:
Table 5.42: Form II Final Examinations-Ikungi District
Year Registered Attended Passed Failed % Passed
2013 2339 2065 1949 116 94.38
2014 1485 1485 1454 31 98
2015 1637 1476 1398 78 90.99
Table 5.43: Form IV Final Examinations-Ikungi District
Year Registered Attended Results %
96 Div I Div II Div III Div IV TOTAL
2013 1445 1398 32 109 172 558 871 64
Distinction Merit Credit Pass
2014 1101 1005 26 90 143 393 652 65.3
Div I Div II Div III Div IV
2015 1525 1487 44 115 175 654 988 66.64
5.2.4 Colleges and Vocation Training Schools Ikungi District Council is not well gifted with colleges and vocational training schools. Until 2015 the Council has two governmental (vocational) Primary Schools and two non governmental training centres. Puma Primary School (vocational) has 5 girls doing needle work and cookery and Makiungu Primary School (vocational) has 11 boys pursuing carpentry. On the side of non governmental centers owned by RC Mission Training Centers, the Issuna (Vocational) centre has 22 girls studying domestic skills and also Puma (Vocational) centre has 18 girls studying domestic skills. The district and the respected stakeholders have responsibility to sensitize and to encourage different ages join adult education as a closer alternative to cover the gape of education.
5.2.7 Investment Opportunities in Education.
The challenges facing the development of Education Sector in the Council are inadequacy of Vocational Training Centers, Pre-primary Schools, Primary Schools and Secondary Schools as well as school facilities like classrooms, textbooks, laboratories, toilets, learning and teaching materials and inadequacy of teachers. Therefore investment in the building of Vocational Training Centers, Schools, supply of textbooks, laboratory equipment and materials and building materials is needed.
97 5.3 Water Supply and Sanitation
5.3.1 Rural Water Supply
Owing to the topographic nature and climate of Ikungi District Council, Shallow Well is the major source of water supply in rural areas. Other water sources are Bore Holes, and rain water harvesting tanks. The table below shows the number of various sources of water available in rural areas. The data for 2015 shows the sources of water in Ikungi District Council.
Number and Type of Rural Water Sources in Ikungi District; from 2012 to 2015 District District Charco/ Spring Shallow Rainwater Bore Lake Ox-bows Total Dam Well Holes Water 2013 0 0 311 108 1 0 0 420
2014 0 0 7 14 1 0 0 22
2015 0 0 7 10 0 0 0 17
Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Director’s Office (water Department), 2015
The data from the Water Department shows that in 2015 the rural population was supplied water by 7 hand pump water schemes, 10 rain water harvesting schemes, 0 wind mills and 1 of the rural water schemes consisting of diesel engines and 1 Electricity Pump as indicated in the table below.
5.44 Number and Type of Technologies Used in Rural Water Supply, Ikungi District 2015 District Type of Technology Wind Electricity Diesel Hand Gravity Rain Water Total Mill Pump Pump Pump Piped harvesting Harvesting
2013 6 6 12 311 0 54 389
2014 0 1 1 7 0 14 23
2015 0 1 1 7 0 10 9
Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Director’s Office (water Department),
98 The percentage of rural population served with clean water in Ikungi District Council increased from 49.8 percent in 2013 to 50.4 percent in 2015
Percentage of Rural Population Served with Clean Water In Ikungi District;2013, 2014 and 2015
District 2013 2014 2015 Est. Est. Percent Est. Est. Percent Est. Est. Percent Pop. Pop. covered Pop. Pop. covered Pop. Pop. covered Covered Covered Covered Ikungi 281,633 140,253 49.8 288,246 143,546 49.8% 295,014 148,687 50.4% Source: District Executive Director’s Office (Water Supply and Sanitation Department
The management of rural water supply schemes in the Council, according to the water policy, is carried out by Village Water Committees (VWCs). The table below shows that Village Water Committees in Ikungi District Council had collected a total am amount of Tsh. 90,634,460.96 by 8th July2015.
Number of Rural Village Water Committees, Village Water Funds and Funds in the VWFs in Ikungi District, up to 08.07 2015
District Number of VWC’s VWF’s Total Funds Village (TShs) as in July Active Inactive Total Operate Dormant Total 2015 IKUNG 101 53 48 101 11 32 43 90,634,460.96 * VWCs = Village Water Committees, VWFs = Village Water Funds Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Director’s Office (Water Supply and Sanitation Department 5.3.2 Urban Water Supply Ikungi district council is not involved in urban water supply.
5.3.3 Sanitation
Ikungi District Council does not have a wastewater disposal system. Very few households have septic tanks and the most common way of disposing human waste is through traditional pit latrines.
Moreover, with the lack of cesspit emptier and solid waste dump trucks, over-flooding sewage and uncollected garbage pollutes the environment of Council headquarter and other townships. At the same time, diarrhea and water borne diseases are rampant in the Council due uncollected animal dung and improper covering of human faces during the rainy seasons.
99 Table 5.50: Availability of Toilet Facilities by District; Singida Region, 2002 and 2009
2013 2014 2015
Number of Number of Percenta Estimat Number Percenta Estimat Number Percenta HHs HHs with ge of HHs ed of HHs ge of ed of HHs ge of Toilet with Number with HHs Number with HHs with Facility Toilet of HHs Toilet with of HHs Toilet Toilet Facility Facility Toilet Facility Facility Facility
54367 37132 68.3 54367 39633 72.9 54367 44580 82
Percentage Distribution of Households Non-Improved Toilet Facility
Table 5.51: Number and Type of Basic Sanitation Facilities; Ikungi District, 2015
District Households with Type of Number of Total Sanitation Households Households Without Improved Uncovered Toilet Latrine /Traditional Pit Latrine
Ikungi 18716 25864 9787 54367
5.3.4 Investment Opportunities in Water Supply
Although the Council has made some efforts in providing safe and clean water to its urban population, this is not the case in the rural areas. Investment is needed in regard to the supply of pipes, drilling and pumping equipment and the increase of the capacity of water storage. There are also opportunities for tapping and bottling clean and safe water from the numerous springs in the region that can be sold within the country or exported. This can increase the income of the Council and its people.
100 CHAPTER SIX
Other Development Issues
6.0 Introduction
Chapter six discusses other development issues including gender empowerment such as day care centres, women’s economic groups and women’s participation in policy and decision making. Other issues discussed in this chapter include youth development, saving and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOSS), Community Based Organisation (CBOs), Faith Based Organisation (FBOs), Cooperatives and Non-Government Organisation (NGOs). The chapter also discusses investment opportunities in development of Savings and Credit Association in the Council.
6.1 Gender Empowerment
Gender empowerment aims at ensuring that the disadvantaged group particularly women, are fully participate in the policy and decision-making process and in all aspects of economic, social-cultural and politics. Various measures have been put in place to minimize time spent by women and girls in attending home activities and allow them more time to participate in above mentioned activities. These measures include the use of family planning, opening and operating day care centers; establishment of women’s economic through provision microloans.
6.1.2 Child Care Centers
Child Care Centers have become an important service in various parts of the Council. This is due to the fact that, keeping children at day care centers apart from giving women chances to participate fully in economic activities, it also allows children to join pre-primary which is a prerequisite for joining primary school. The table below show Number of Day Care Centers in the Council; 2013-2015.
Year 2013 2014 2015
No. day care center 3 3 3
No. Pupils 285 285 285
Source: Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Community social welfare), 2015
101 6.1.3 Women Economic Groups
In order to respond to the requirements of women emancipation in society, women economic groups have been established to cater for to-day’s women emerging requirements. The 2015 data shows that Ikungi District Council has 121 active women economic groups with 2449 members, the majority of which (24 groups) were located in Ikungi Ward, followed by Sepuka ward with (18 groups) and Kituntu (16 groups).
The table below reveals that there were 18 groups which loaned 9,900,000 Tanzanian shillings. Only 9,900,000 have been recovered, The loan provided 2014.
No. of Total No. of Total Total Total Total Groups recovered loaned recovered groups Membership Loaned loaned (TShs) loans by NGOs loans by (Tshs) (TShs) NGOs (TShs)
121 2449 18 9,900,000 9,900,000 - -
Source: Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Community Development), 2015.
Women economic groups by wards in Ikungi district council,2015. S/N Ward No. of Women No. of Economic Groups Member.
1 IKUNGI 24 688
2 PUMA 11 221
3 KITUNTU 16 123
4 IHANJA 3 51
5 ISEKE 2 15
6 MUHINTIRI 5 55
7 IGLANSONI - -
8 ISSUNA 4 96
9 MKIWA 2 68
10 MANG’ONYI 2 10
102 11 UNYAHATI 3 55
12 DUNG’UNYI 2 39
13 MAKIUNGU 4 64
14 MUNGAA 3 51
15 LIGHWA 2 46
16 NTUNTU 2 10
17 KIKIO 5 73
18 MISUGHAA 2 36
19 SIUYU 3 36
20 IRISYA 1 27
21 SEPUKA 18 540
22 MWARU 1 26
23 IYUMBU 2 39
24 MGUNGIRA - -
25 IGHOMBWE - -
26 MAKILAWA - -
27 MINYUGHE 2 24
28 MTUNDURU 2 56
TOTAL 121 2449
Source:Compiled Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Community Development).2015.
103 6.1.4 Women Participation in Decision Making
Among the goals and targets of Tanzania Development Vision 2025 and 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2030 goal Five) are to empower women by involving them in various levels of decision making. Table below illustrates the steps that are being taken to involve women in various positions to emancipate themselves from their present position to a much higher position in society by participating in all spheres in the society. The table depicts the number of women participated in managerial, technician as well as politics in Ikungi District Council.
Professionals/ Politics (MPs, Managerial Total Technicians Councilors) Year Femal Male Male Female Male Female Male Female e
2015 16 3 1290 835 30 10 1336 848
2014 16 3 964 624 27 10 1007 637
2013 16 3 964 624 27 10 1007 637
Source: Compiled Data from District Human Resources Office,2015.
6.2 Youth Development
Youth is another group which organizes and form groups for the purpose of social economic development. It is from these groups that credits facilities become easier in such a way that the formed groups loaned money for the purpose of economic development. Up to 2015 there is no any youth group get loan from Government or NGOs. The table below shows number of youth groups by division in Ikungi DC.
S/N Division No. of Total No of Total Total Total Total group membe groups loaned recovery loaned recovery s rs loaned Tsh loans by loans by NGOs NGOS
1 IKUNGI 5 100 - - - - -
2 IHANJA 3 60 - - - - -
3 MUNGAA 4 80 - - - - -
4 SEPUKA 1 20
104 Total 13 280 - - - - -
Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Community Development), 2015
6.3 Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOSS)
Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOSS) in the Council contribute significantly to development especially for low income groups and individuals. SACCOSS members have access to financial resources because financial institutions in Tanzania prefer to channel loans to these groups or individuals through their SACCOSS. Until 2015 Ikungi District Council has 14 active SACCOSS with a total of 2,172 members (1,292 Males and 880 Females), 106,352,500 shares 326,541,956 loan issued and an outstanding loan of 133,297,242.
Active SACCOSS in Ikungi District Council; 2016
Total Total recovered Number of Membership Total loaned to loans by SACCOS Shares members (Tshs) members (Registered) Male Female (Tshs)
14 1,292 880 106,352,500 326,541,956 193,244,717
Source: Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Coopertive Development), 2016
6.4 Community Based Organizations (CBOs)
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) are small groups within the societies formed with the same aim of social economic development. The 2015 data shows that, there are 510 CBOs with 9624 numbers of members in Ikungi District Council. The existing CBOs concentrated in outstanding matters such as agricultural, livestock, business, education health and HIV/AIDS. In Ikungi DC by 2015 the record of CBOs are as shown in the table below.
105 Active CBOs in Ikungi District Council; 2015
S/N Ward No. of Community Total No. of Base members. Organizations(CBOs).
1 IKUNGI 67 2319
2 PUMA 27 446
3 KITUNTU 33 646
4 IHANJA 31 345
5 ISEKE 11 174
6 MUHINTIRI 18 305
7 IGLANSONI 4 92
8 ISSUNA 16 304
9 MKIWA 5 85
10 MANG’ONYI 21 462
11 UNYAHATI 24 312
12 DUNG’UNYI 29 510
13 MAKIUNGU 20 664
14 MUNGAA 11 231
15 LIGHWA 20 249
16 NTUNTU 11 198
17 KIKIO 22 214
18 MISUGHAA 14 180
19 SIUYU 26 371
20 IRISYA 7 138
21 SEPUKA 32 792
22 MWARU 18 316
106 23 IYUMBU 4 59
24 MGUNGIRA 9 201
25 IGHOMBWE 3 45
26 MAKILAWA 1 30
27 MINYUGHE 6 104
28 MTUNDURU 10 144
TOTAL 510 9624
Source: Compiled Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Community Development).2015
6.5 Faith Based Organizations (FBOs)
Faith Based Organisations (FBOs) are small formed groups based on Council. Like other groups, FBOs also concentrate on important issues, such as poverty, environment protection education, health and HIV/AIDS. Currently in secondary data of the District there is no record of FBOs.
6.6 Cooperatives
The Table below shows these various types of cooperatives by numbers and members in Ikungi District Council. The table shows that there is no Consumer and Service cooperative in the Council. Among all reported cooperatives, those concerned with marketing observed to be higher in number (27) with 6196 members followed by Other (Not SACCOS) 11 with 439 members
Other Active Cooperatives in the Council; Ikungi District Council, 2015
Consumer Service Agricultural Others (Not Cooperative Cooperative Marketing SACCOS) Cooperative
Number Member Numb Memb Numbe Member Number Member er er r
- - - - 27 6196 11 439
107 Source: Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Cooperative Development), 2015
6.10 Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
Ikungi District council has 18 NGOs working in Ikungi District where number beneficiaries are 216482. NGOs in Ikungi district are mostly engaged in awareness creation, consultation, loan provision, water services, education, health and HIV/AIDS prevention. The table below show the list of NGOs and their activities.
Na Name No.of Beneficiaries Activity
1. Youth Movement for Change (YMC) 48 Reproductive and Health education
2. Fu-DI 108 Economic Empowerment
3. Sustainable Environment Management Action 1769 Water and sanitation (SEMA)
4. HELVETAS SWISS INTERCOPERATION 48 Aagriculturalempowerment and gender
5. NODIP 181 HIV education and support to Most Vulnerable Children
6. Orphan and Vulnerable Children Care (OVCC) 5 HIV education and support to Most Vulnerable Children
7. Student Integration in Community Development 210 -Support to Most Vulnerable (SICD) Children and Economic empowerment to Vulnerable households
8. MEDA 167177 Voucher scheme
108 9. PSI 1852 Reproductive health
10. ENGERNDER HEALTH 873 Reproductive health
11. MARIE STOPS 2910 Martenal and Child health
12. WORLD VISION 14597 -Support to Most Vulnerable Children and Economic empowerment to Vulnerable households.
13. TUNAJALI 894 -Awereness creation on HIV/AIDS -Daeling with Home Based Care (HBC) for people living with HIV/AIDS.
14. Health Action Promotion Association (HAPA) 17543 -Reproductive health education
-Awareness creation on HIV/AIDS.
15. WFP 8041 School feeding program
16. JEHPAIGO - Martenal and Child health
17. IFAKARA HEALTH INSTITUTE - Martenal and Child health
18. FRIENDS OF WIBIA 231 Water and education
TOTAL 216482
Source:Data from District Executive Directors’ Offices (Community Development).2015
109