A CASE STUDY of RUSSIAN NEW MEDIA by Vsevolod Markov

CEU eTD Collection

In requirements Science Political for fulfillmentof the Master thedegreeArts partial in of of WHY NOT CENSOR THE INTERNET? A CASE STUDYOF RUSSIAN Supervisor: Professor MarinaPopescu Department ofPoliticalScience Central European University Vsevolod Markov Budapest, Hungary NEW MEDIA Submitted to Submitted (2013) By

CEU eTD Collection censorshipmedia new overinRussia. the mobilization of attempts of precedence low and capital, state to predispositions historical media, o The promotion, it. over control speech of freedom of system either match not does media new the over censorship of level the Russia, In countries. authoritarian and democratic both from r Russian the of dynamics the that find I polls. opinion public of results statistical the and data comparative including evidence, of range a use I it, answer to order In media. new the over censorship of level specific a implements government the why is research this of center the at question The media. new the over censorship of level the affect Abstract n hs eerh I netgt te oil n pltcl icmtne i Rsi that Russia in circumstances political and social the investigate I research, this In

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CEU eTD Collection paper. providedwho me with alltheassistance that I could askfrom them during the courseof wr development theof research design and editing. Also, Iwould like to thank my family and friends effort that Bogdana Buzarnes guidancethroughout progress the of this thesisI would like also to acknowledge the great amount of I would liketo thank my supervisor, Professor Marina Popescu, providedwho me support with and Acknowledgments

cu, Florin Zubascu, and Sorin Cebotari put into helping me with the ii

iting this CEU eTD Collection Chapter 3.2. Government Intentto CensorNew the Media Chapter 3. Analysis Chapter 2. Methodology Chapter 1. Theoretical Frameworkand LiteratureReview Introduction Acknowledgments Abstract Table ofContents Social Capita Chapter 3.1. RegimeDynamics Concept Definition Timeframe Dependent and IndependentVariables PublicThe Discourse Russianof Blogosphere Internet Optimists Internet Skeptics Ability to censor the contentand information flow on the web Gen Theoretical Approaches to the Role of the New Media in Mobilization of PublicOpinion National and Global Nature Implications Overv CurrentControl over the Traditional Media PublicOpinion Attitudes about Media Control CurrentThe Situation Freedom Speechof NotDoes Fit into War againstOligarchs Bringing inControl of the Me Media in Putin's Russia Reestablishmentof Control over Media Russian Media during Yeltsin's Presidency Russian Media during Transition Rough Transformation USSR of Media into Russian Media Media in USSR eral Directions of Discussion aboutthe New Media inPolitics

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CEU eTD Collection Conclusions Government Popularity and RegimeSupport Precedence of Mobilization Attempts and the Role of New Media The ProspectedThe Effectiveness of New Media Censorship and Government Intent Implications Implications New Media and RecentProtests FirstUses ofNew the Media

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rtial Justice and The Anatomy of Injustice, both Injustice, of Anatomy The and Justice rtial 31

ad eito o 1.25 of deviation dard

Systems Survey suggests Survey Systems ition. ition. CEU eTD Collection collapse the following but WCIOM, of part be to used Center, Levada second, The Affairs). LaborSocial and ofMinistry the to (accountable governmentalentitya as 1987 in established All The companies. survey AttitudesPublic Media Opinion about Control public attitude towards the media issues inRussia. public the with along goesadequ lacking broadcastis news the that understanding statistic This 2012). (Popescu/Toka/Gosselin/Pereira 1.4 of deviationstandard a with 2.72 accuracyis news TV for scoreexperts'mean the ten, to zero of source credible the not arechannels television suggeststhat 2012 in expertsmedia Russian of surveyThe stability. ofsense adelivering was lackedbut adequacy, governmental imposed the towards supportive be c to out turned Russia in public the powerful NTVofchannels, Moscow. like and media theEcho gover the result, a As oligarchs. the against campaign lasting long a started Putin Therefore, government. the on pressure impose to oligarchs allowing of potential a had media over control that realized he power, to came Putin When purposes. political own their for it using started and media the of hold a took oligarchs andmoguls elections,presidential the1996 early As as chaoticcondition. a to development its medi the power, to came Yeltsin When before. speech of freedom the experienced never independence Russia's of era the entered that people Most decades. few a for economy the as centralized state ensorship. For most people it meant the return to a Soviet style of media that could have have could that media of style Soviet a to return the meant it people most For ensorship. - controlle For the purpose of this paper, I looked at data provided by two well two by provided data at looked I paper, this of purpose the For that early 2000's is 1990's and thelate of events of the The important implication most towards predispositions historical has public Russian above, mentioned was it As a was exercising their independence without regulatory preparation, which brought which preparation, regulatory without independence their exercising was a d media sources. During USSR and the communist regime, media was as as was media regime, communist the and USSR During sources. media d - Russian C Russian enter for the Study of Public Opinion (WCIOM) was was (WCIOM) Opinion Public of Study the for enter 32

acy. Recent social surveys disclose the disclose surveyssocial acy.Recent

mn to oe te most the over took nment

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s n my e, h nmes n h sres o o alway not do surveys the in numbers the see, may one As level. current the at remain should (Levada Center2012). Report it believe 44% decrease. should it think 16% while increase, should media the over control the that claim respondents the of 24% controlled36 t changed from governmentally is media that convinced those of number the while 8%, to 12 from reduced free is media that think who respondents of number the 2012 to 2006 From dom about information the expressing is media mass that believe respondents the of 19% while 43% rarely have suspicions; such falsified, or incomplete is receive they information the that feeling a have often 45% manner, significant a in while 43% trustthe massmedia selectively; media mass the from received information the trust 47% is it think not do necessary;(Levada Report 2010); Center 28% while censorship, political for need a is there believe 59% so; think po is there believe respondents the of 63% disinformation, andvulgar content 2010). (Fedorov in be should censorship media that believe 58% trust the radio; 44% and newspapers, the trust 50% TV, from receive they information the trust 70% while 24% trusttheir familyand members acquaintances; prefer respondents the of 49% estic political figures biased; is objectively, it while 51% think

rned into an independent, non independent, an into rned -

owned WCIOM indicated that 58% expressed their desire their expressed 58% that indicated WCIOM owned o 37%;

the information produced by professional journalists, professional by produced information the

litical censorship over TV, and 24% do not do 24% and TV, over censorship litical

- governmental polling and sociological and polling governmental creased due due creased

to the excess of violence, of excess the to mth Fr example, For match. s

CEU eTD Collection major the owned ten has which (VGTRK), Enterprise Unitary to State Federal the is government zero state the from through scale control the government on 2.62 is rem it for gave media national Putin, Vladimir of term second the By (Popescu/Toka/Gosselin/Pereira2012). they score mean The citizens". of behalf on government of actions the scrutinizing 'watchdog' a as "serving not generally is Russia in media that believe 2012 in surveyed were that experts media Russian Current Media Control Traditional the over the reasons attitude the towards freedom. public’s media for popula government regime and the support of notions the describe will I section, subsequent the In discussed only. (as not but predisposition above), historical the include may attitude this behind motivations t also is Russia in media most controlled the that suggests opinion Public receive. they information the of completeness and adequacy of price the at even freedom, media up give to agree Russians that indicate above increaseshould thesharewhoareagainst ofthe than islarger it. respondents themedia itover of who thinkthat the level those share of the bothsurveys, Yet, according to 8 those of 45 Moreover, biased. but adequate, always not is receive they information the that suspect respondents the Center of 88% over Levada that indicates following: the is finding interesting most The censorship. governmental Ab television. especially media, in trust their of expressed Russians majority relative the that agree to seem agencies both generally explain Nevertheless, option. maybe discrepancy an as level" current a the at "remain provide not Such did WCIOM view: of media. point methodological the over control more for ie state ained h ipiain f hs idn i o part of is finding this of implication The - we, hl te ot nleta piae rdtoa mda et under went media traditional private influential most the while owned, rity in hybrid and authoritarian regimes, which may also be also may which regimes, authoritarian and hybrid in rity he most trusted and favored by the people. The The people. the by favored and trusted most he - we Gazprom owned 34

clr motne Te ubr presented numbers The importance. icular % ae uh upcos frequently. suspicions such have 8% -

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ed from the the from ed CEU eTD Collection Rossiyskaya Gazeta Izvestiya Kommersant Komsomolets Moskovskij Pravda Komsomolskaya of Printed Press Echo Moscow The Radio Mayak Radio Russia Radio TNT NTV STS Russia Channel One Television Type/Name ListTable 1.ofthe Top scale from zeroto the on 6.82 was statement this to agreeing for score mean The journalists." individual bribing and bypressurizing andreport how media news groups the influence what people interest and o experts media Russian 2010, from Survey Systems Media that, according toEuropean mention to isimportant evidence. it Nevertheless, "self of concept the using measured be only may control governmental state orgovernment the to connection direct no is there because press, printed the for missing is parameter last The shares). total of percentages (in control governmental of level the and ownership, press), the for copies thousand in circulation and radio and TV for population of percentage in (Reach coverage audience potential the about information the presents below table The st radio

ations, namely Radio Mayak and Radio Russia, even before the collapse of the USSR. the of collapse the beforeeven Russia, Radio Mayakand Radio namely ations, 1

ten (Popescu/Toka/Gosselin/Pereiraten 2010). -

owned companies (with the exception fo exception the (with companies owned 185 51 125 700 thousands) in (circulation, 655 80% 32% 92.4% 96.9% 60% 72.5% 92% 95.1% 98.5% 98.8% 74% Reach - Reach Owners, Media, Traditional and GovernmentControl level

Gazprom VGTRK VGTRK Gazprom Gazprom Modern Times Group Enterprise (VGTRK) Sta Federal Government Government National MediaGroup Alisher Usmanov Pavel Gusev Media Partner

ften agree to the statement "politicians, business "politicians, statement the to agree ften 35

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2997 75

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coincides with coincides he most influential and trusted trusted and influential most he

it; and (2) the m the (2) and it; ost CEU eTD Collection survey The exercises. it that trust of level and popularity, its media, traditional control state exerciseofcensorship level it? lower over traditional the as media new the censoring in intentions same the has government the that assumes one If 2012). (Popescu/Toka/Gosselin/Pereira 2.1 of deviation withastandard gave thisvariableis7.2 ten,the score they mean for zeroto On the from scale polarization. political increased has internet the that believe experts media that suggest 2012, in conducted statistics survey The internet. the on issues political over censorship "selective" exercise Russia in media new the duringrecent politicalcrises the (Breuer 2012). E Tunisia, Iran, 2013). (King/Pan bloggers Chinese of posts the on censorship keyword and websites disfavored on landing from users domestic the prevent to China" of Firewall "Great to permit political pervasive governmental a acquire with to have citizens the countries Cuba, In 2012). the Initiative (OpenNet censorship as classified are states other and Turkmenistan online the in regime the wel are protect environment that policies censorship harsh of Examples regimes. authoritarian about talking when discussed often is incentive This regime. the to threat of implemen for reason possible one policies, censorship political of case In society. and system political the by put constraints the within and level enough high a to arises them for need the when policies new processing Chapter3.2. gypt, and Syria engaged in blocking social networks or shutting down internet providers providers internet down shutting or networks social blocking in engaged Syria and gypt, n h peiu scin I ae led pitd t h aiiy f h gvrmn to government the of ability the at pointed already have I sections previous the In media, traditional for creates government the that burdens of level high the Despite evolve? policies government new do Why

buy a modem (CIA World Factbook 2011). The Chinese government employs the employs government Chinese The 2011). Factbook World (CIA modem a buy Government Intentto Censor theNew Media l - known: China, Iran, Syria, Vietnam, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Emirates, Arab United Bahrain, Vietnam, Syria, Iran, China, known: s relative freedom: in 2012, the OpenNet Initiative indicated OpenNet the 2012, in freedom: relative s ting a higher level of government control is the perception the is control government of level higher a ting 37

asm ta te oenet starts government the that assume I

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CEU eTD Collection for call a include that posts the censor to is intent government the that assuming in correct is "collective the theory action potential" of otherwrong 2013).On hand, the (King/Pan/Roberts government Chinese of goal "the that assumes which theory, critique" "state the that of shows content analysis relevant politically Their and action. policies censorship collective for calls silences but criticism, government allows Jennif and King Gary regard. this in arise that questions to answers to way the all Index Democracy authoritarianism. the down dropped Russia Nevertheless, valu transition. democratic sustain to Russia lead may that factor the is capital social that Russia. in develop to likely not is capital variables Capital Social attempts.of mobilization precedence (3) and support, regime and popularity government (2) capital, social (1) factors: also is internet the censor to intent government’s the that argue will I sections, following the In media. new and traditional both over censorship political pervasive least at exercise above listed countries all of governments The media. new t censor does government the why about idea full a give not 5.91 does government the by controlled is is it ten that fact the However, to manipulation. opinion public of zero tool a is from dynamics regime the scale the on statement this (Popescu/ to support of score mean The media. traditional of competitor a as considered be yet not may Russia in media new conduct Related study on the censorship over the new media in China provides possible possible provides China in media new the over censorship the on study Related influential most the of one as capital social consider theorists Mobilization Resource ed in 2010 shows that there are more Russian media experts, who believe that the that believe who experts, media Russian more are there that shows 2010 in ed

of the mobilization potential mobilization the of Toka/Gosselin/Pereira 2010). Traditional media censorship that was derived from from derived was that censorship media Traditional 2010). Toka/Gosselin/Pereira

(Breuer, 2012). 2012). (Breuer,

However, in 2000, Christopher Marsh predicted predicted Marsh Christopher 2000, in However, 38

s o upes isn" n eea, is general, in dissent" suppress to is Robert Putnam suggested that social that suggested Putnam Robert driven by the following following the by driven er Pan argue that China China that argue Pan er es during during es not CEU eTD Collection capita social their measured and groups three in countries European divided socialability capitalenhance haslow development. democratic to trust" mutual Putnam's definit thatunder suggested (Putnam, 1993).Marsh and vigorous cooperation, and affairs, reciprocity public of relations in horizontal life, participation associational "active by characterized communities civic 32 percentare that not. the to compared them, to available participation political of level the with satisfied are they mo politics in participate to ready not are respondents of percent 77 Moreover, policy. public and development political current in interest an have not do respondents the of percent 52 2012, from statistics Center' of means by perceptions at seems look it measure, to to reasonable easy not are variables these of some While norms. and values and safety, and trust reciprocity, participation, power, citizen of perception diversity, networks, be i it canwhich on components following capital the estimating by measured social Krishna, Anirudh to According capital. social of development the social capital. that suppose may one 2000), with countries in selective but substantial, be always Marsh not may media the over censorship 1995, Uslaner 1993, (Putnam capital social the that imply 2013 Initiative yet not does media new OpenNet the of means the by criticized is government the that to fact the report), according of, example an is China (which content political ma one Therefore, action. Another study was conducted in 2008 by Anneli Kaasa and Eve Parts, in which they which in Parts, Eve and Kaasa Anneli by 2008 in conducted was study Another cou fromdifferent is Russia that suggest above listed numbersThe for factors critical are networks horizontal and engagement civic suggests, Putnam As

the state has to censor it. However, since the collective action is often affected by affected often is action collective the since However, it. censor to has state the

cnld ta ee i te onre wt srne fleig of filtering stronger with countries the in even that conclude y re than they already do and almost half of them indicated that that that indicated them of half almost and do already they than re 39

oil uvy. codn t te Levada the to According surveys. social ion of civic community,ion of Russia's s based: sense of belonging, of sense based: s

ntries with stronger with ntries bsd n the on based l

low CEU eTD Collection government more motivated toimplement not over censorship media. is new the therefore, and attempts, mobilization successful of precedent no been has there that argue i an consider to government the ruling the for against incentive an create to opinion mobilization such of public evidence find to of have may one mobilization government, the avoid to is media new Russian of chances the increases evidence a government's the on issue the Empiricallegitimizing cases. most in required is reasonability Precedence of public of mobilization opinion. cases empirical in media new the of role the and attempts action collective of discussion the present I will followingsection, Inthe evidence.empiricalhas Russia in collectiveaction that on However, media. new the over control up on tighten to influence intent government positive any producing not hence, Russia, in potential negatively mobilization capital affects social low of evidence Therefore, dependen capital. social naturally and are action policies) collective its (or regime the against protests as occurrences such and publicopinion of Mobilization 2000). Marsh Uslaner1995, 1993, (Putnam potential Implications to compared level low very Western European states. the at still but positive, informal was for score the except which capital for social networks, of dimensions all for scores factor negative showed with along group of results the countries to According Bulgaria. and Ukraine, Belarus, European Eastern the of part a was Russia research, this In norms. and trust, institutional and general networks, informal and formal variables: following In order for the government to take a public policy action, the evidence of of evidence the action, policy public a take to government the for order In Socia sinit are ht oil aia i srnl cnetd o olcie action collective to connected strongly is capital social that agree scientists l

of MobilizationMedia ofNew Attempts the Role and

ncrease in regulation over this type of media. In this section, I section, this In media. of type this over regulation in ncrease

genda. If the purpose of political censorship over over censorship political of purpose the If genda. 40

this study, this group of countries countries of group this study, this

e may still argue still may e

t on on t CEU eTD Collection effects. significant produce not did but movement, the for notoriety acquired results s million, 140 over of population with Russia, like country a For 147,519. was combined) (e signatures of number total the 2013, June Bybeginning. fail organizers 1,500 2010, October in attendants 1,000 about Moscow: in protesters some gather to managed movement collected. activists that signatures of number the on reports and protests upcoming the of announcements electronic the gave which resign"), to "Putin as (translated Putinavotstavku.org website, the launched signature collecting at aimed This campaign resign. to time, that at Minister Prime the Putin, demanded orientations ideological so mobilizatio opposition of series a with associated account media, the apart from useof being post for new documented Russia the of victims the with solidarity of act an as conducted was that Demonstration Square Red The sources. available the of any in mentioned not is them forging in media new of role the demonstrations, of success relative o reforms corruption, general of end had elections, fair protesters demands: democratic the cities, Russian largest the of some in place took that one first 2006 (December Diss the included ones noticeable most The internet. the of expansion the since were massive consider demonstrationsprotests factfew very theand elections, to that one has First theUses New of - called "Putin Must Go" movement led by the activists and politicians of various various of politicians and activists the by led movement Go" Must "Putin called Probably the first major case of new media playing a role in organizing protests is protests organizing in role a playing media new of case major first the Probably parliamentary 2011 the since dynamic more much became situation the Though - 2,500 in December 2010, and 400 and 2010, December in 2,500 ed to collect the millions of signatures they predicted they would in the the in would they predicted they signatures of millions the collect to ed -

May 2007) and the Red Square Demonstration (August 2008). During the During 2008). (August Demonstration Square Red the and 2007) May

Media One may not claim that the campaign completely failed, because the because failed, completely campaign the that claim not may One

fr h ptto. n ac 21, h movement the 2010, March In petition. the for s n - 41 erin ofit lo os o poie any provide not does also conflict Georgian -

600 people in February 2011. However, the the However, 2011. February in people 600 n attempts that started in October 2010. The 2010. October in started that attempts n - signatures and physical signatures signatures physical and signatures f judiciary, etc. Despite the the Despite etc. judiciary, f - factum. factum.

enters' March March enters' uch CEU eTD Collection the formatio of the results in the but against elections, opinion public mobilizing in not was protests those in media new of role the that claims She attendants. actual andaudience media new ageof betweenthe su who ones the not were up showed that ofthe most people argues Kichanova themviatraditional media. protests that foundoutabout the attended who people most that indicated protest the after and during, before, surveys backgroun the of because only role a played networks social all, of First case. this in media new to attributed were that roles the disregarding for reasons several give Kichanova and Levada However, protest. scale large f a conducting assistance to networks of case notable most the probably is This Facebook." of because out "walked people the that opinion popular the address Kichanova Vera and Center Levada website. Gazprom even and Snob.ru, like magazines internet Twitter, WordPress, Facebook, LiveJournal, as platforms popular such on appear issues political the most figure a is Navalny, Alexey leaders, opposition's the of One 2012). Kichanova 2012, 2011, AsiaReport (Razumovskaya mobilization internet of product a as to referred often was square the in role infrastru and organization important an played media new and networks social the because discussion, Recent MediaNew Protests and attemp their in public opinion.mobilize assistance certain provide may and has opposition media the new for that implications showed campaign this that fact the deny cannot one Nevertheless, n hi dsuso aot h poet n oony Sur i Dcme 21, both 2011, December in Square Bolotnaya on protest the about discussion their In detailed more a deserves 2013 and 2011 December between protests of sequence The

noticeable for his active use of new media. His writings and critiques addressing addressing critiques and writings His media. new of use active his for noticeable

cture of the protests. In the written press, the protest on Bolotnaya on protest the press, written the In protests. the of cture o itrrttos f h eetos otoe I i worth is It outcome. elections' the of interpretations of n

42 pported it online judging by the discrepancy discrepancy the by judging online it pported

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ts are too recent and thus cannot be fully and completely analyzed nor any final final any nor analyzed completely and fully be cannot thus and recent too are ts to "trash the streets, [and] organize a revolution" (Razumovskaya 2011). The The 2011). (Razumovskaya revolution" a organize [and] streets, the "trash to

ry 2012 are imprisoned, but hardly any action was taken to prevent the the prevent to taken was action any hardly but imprisoned, are 2012 ry

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CEU eTD Collection affectcensorship theover level new of media. inversely may popularity government of level the paribus, Ceteris criticism. of level certain a presi the Russia in that assume may one Therefore, country. the of welfare the increasing over power their of strengthening the prioritize should government ruling the that think percent) 60 (about in goes controversy This 2010). (Fedorov content vulgar and disinformation, violence, of excess the to due increase, should media the over control government the that believe respondents the of percent 58 suggestthat i As censorship. of level the decrease to necessity the about than speech of freedom of lack the about less complain surveys of respondents that is statisticians Russian by discussed facts controversial and interesting most the of One Implications maintainsa levelstill ofsupport higher than inmanywestern (Treisman democracies President Russian the decline, this Despite hit. crisis economic the when 2008, in place took positiv fact in are circumstances economic the claims Adomanis why is This rates. unemployment in decrease a

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CEU eTD Collection there over becensorship should more the that believe still they broadcast, news the of objectivity the affects negatively government the that suspicion people's despite that is findings surprising the of One sources. digital the re lesslikelyand controlledgovernment, to the media by the that is state to predisposition Historical radio. or TV the of audience potential the than lower twice also is internet the of reach The supervision. strong such require not does media new the press, printed and radio, television, the trust people and level, high a at is media traditional the over control the While media. increased noticeably 2009. since role, that plays media new the which in occasions, of rate the Moreover, infrastructure. and organization for tools effective more with activists the providing communication, the eases an Iran, Egypt, of cases in played it one the to similar is role This opinion. public of mobilization in role a plays media new the which in occasions are there that out turns It attempts. mobilization of precedence the is variable outstanding only The med new the over control the tighten to makers policy the requiring not are together create they that circumstances the that out found I variables, independent those analyzing After govern the why of understanding better provide to order in factors those measure to designed was research This popularity. government and attempts, mobilization of precedence capital, social media, t the over censorship dynamics, regime the including them, of many discussed I research, this In media. new the to down ProspectedThe Effectiv Conclusions The rest of th of rest The narrowed is it when even censorship, of level the affect that factors many are There ment censorship over the new media in Russia is set at the specific level. level. specific the at set is Russia in media new the over censorship ment

e factors showed that the government does not need to censor the new new the censor to need not does government the that showed factors e eness of New Mediaand New eness Government Censorship of Intent

- owned media suggests that people are more likely to trust to likely more are people that suggests media owned aiinl ei, itrcl rdsoiin t controlled to predispositions historical media, raditional

media in general.media in 48

ly on the information from information from onthe ly d Tunis: the new media new the Tunis: d

ia. ia. CEU eTD Collection it. over contro complete or promotion, speech of freedom of systems either match not does media new the over censorship of level the Russia, In countries. authoritarian and democratic both separate a require examination. claims such However, spreading. from posts those prevent to actions anti of sources the down track and supervise to ability censorship of level the influence to factors other for possibility a is there that admitting, worth also is It run. long the in same the stay will situation the that argue not may one Hence, decreases. popularity government form a in action takes and protest the of cause the backs freedom web. onthe ofspeech t intent government's the that conclude also may one factors, two those of discussion the From 2011. until low was media new the via attempts mobilization of precedence the that out find to Put of support in meetings counter certain on count may government the not, do who those of number the exceeds approve who appro in declines recent the despite even Russia, in high comparatively is popularity government the Moreover, media. new the censor to need the increase not does factor this that conclude I low, out turned literature existing capit social the Since mobilization. the successful affect may of that chances factor a as capital social the discussed I research, this In low. rather o censor the new media was not high enough to implement stricter policies over the over policies stricter implement to enough high not was media new the censor o - As it As public the which (in incidents of rate the above, mentioned was it as Nevertheless, out turned opinion public the of mobilization in media new the of role potential The esrs ht rpnns f h rln pry a tk, s t apnd uig the during happened it as take, may party ruling the of proponents that measures Finally, this paper concludes that concludes paper this Finally,

was mentioned before, the dynamics of the Russian regime are different from from different are regime Russian the of dynamics the before, mentioned was

in and the United Russia in 2012. Therefore, it was not surprising not was it Therefore, 2012. in Russia United the and in

vrtenw ei.Te a nld h government's the include may They media. new the over val rates of Putin's work. Since the number of those of number the Since work. Putin's of rates val

the 49

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- governmental posts, and take effective take and posts, governmental of protest) increases, while the the while increases, protest) of al in Russia according to the the to according Russia in al l CEU eTD Collection censorshipmedia new overinRussia. the le the affect do mobilization of attempts of precedence low and capital, state to predispositions historical media,

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vel of government's government's of vel CEU eTD Collection eta Itliec Aec. Cb, Te od Factboo Word The "Cuba," Agency. Intelligence Central " Anita. Breuer, Po in Communication "Political Katrin. Voltmer, and Kees, Brants, K and G., Jay Blumler, Internet Political of Representativeness the "Analyzing S. BrianKrueger, and J. Samuel Best, Anti 'Over Fired Managers Media "Russia Europe. News BBC Cha Internet How on Blogger Activist Leading "Russia: Gregory. Asmolov, " AsiaReport. Partners and Amsterdam Deficit?" Capital Social a Facing "Russia Robert. Amsterdam, uiin eouin" emn eeomn Isiue (2012) Institute revolution," Palgrave Limited, Publishers Macmillan Macmillan Politics," of Primacy the Challenging Behavior Political Participation," (2007) Bibliography - knopka evdv a Akd Wee h Dsie utn s" saeot Official AsiaReport Is," Button Dislike the Where Asked, was Medvedev - activist The role of social media in mobilizing pol mobilizing in media social of role The - qmne

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