2. NOUNS The object personal pronouns are: Parts of speech "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," A noun is any word which names a "you," and "them." Traditional grammar classifies words person, place, thing, idea, animal, based on nine parts of speech: quality, or activity. The object case pronoun functions as a direct or indirect object, or as an Verb person ‐ Nicholas object of a preposition. Noun place ‐ countryside I gave her a test. Pronoun thing ‐ pen I sold it to them. Articles idea ‐ equality The book is beside him. Adjective animal ‐ kangaroo Possessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," Adverb quality ‐ weight "ours," and "theirs." Preposition activity ‐ supervision That tennis racquet is mine. Conjunction Proper nouns are the names of The pleasure was all hers. specific things, people, or places, Interjection such as Chicoutimi and Christine. A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun: Common nouns are general names "this" and "these" , "that" and such as woman, wall and lamp. They 1. VERBS "those". can be either concrete or abstract. A verb performs either of three An interrogative pronoun is used to Concrete nouns refer to things kinds of tasks: ask questions: "who," "whom," which you can sense such as "which," "what”. it expresses action; calculator and pantry. You can use a relative pronoun to it expresses a state of being; Abstract nouns refer to ideas or link one phrase or clause to another qualities such as freedom and truth. it expresses the relationship phrase or clause: "who," "whom," between two things. "that," and "which."

Transitive verbs take objects. They 3. PRONOUNS Indefinite pronouns have no specific tells us what the subject (agent) antecedents. does to something else (object). A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun or stands in for an Singular: another both everything He bought a shirt. (agent) (did unknown noun. The noun which the nothing any each something) (object‐ answers the pronoun replaces is called its neither one anybody question "what?") antecedent. either nobody none

She brushes her hair every hour. Mary wondered whether she should Plural: all few more go to the party. "Mary" is the much most several Marina will lose the race. antecedent of the pronoun "she". both some many

Intransitive verbs do not take an Nominative or subject case: ("I," Reflexive pronouns indicate that the object. They express actions that do "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," subject performs actions to or for not require the agent's doing "they.“) itself.: “myself”, “yourself”, something to something else. “himself”, “herself”, “itself”, She came to the house. “ourselves”, “yourselves”, Tom danced. “themselves” Who has seen the wind? They ran down the road. An intensive pronoun is a pronoun This is she. used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. 4. ARTICLES 7. PREPOSITIONS after even if that while although even though Definite article: “the”. A preposition links a noun or a though as if unless in order pronoun with some other word or Indefinite articles: “a” and “an”. expression in the sentence.

The cow jumped over the moon. 9. INTERJECTIONS

5. ADJECTIVES The preposition "over" links Interjections are particles used in its object, "the moon," to speech to indicate emotion or Possessive adjectives: The the verb "jump." provide transition: possessive adjectives my, your, his, her, its, our, and their modify nouns about below in over eh, okay, say, oh, no, ouch, yuck by showing possession or ownership. about inside past up across into since upon after It's great being a Tasmanian, eh? Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, near through with between these, those Yuck! That tastes disgusting. against by of throughout Eg. These apples are wonderful.

Interrogative Adjectives: The The children climbed the mountain interrogative adjectives what, without fear. Positive Comparative Superlative which, and whose modify nouns and The spider crawled slowly along the pronouns to indicate a question big bigger biggest railing. about them. lousy lousier lousiest pronoun: Which fell? quiet quieter quietest 8. CONJUNCTIONS adjective: Which trapeze artist fell? more quiet most quiet

Conjunctions join words, phrases or Adjectives

clauses. merciful more merciful most merciful 6. ADVERBS I ate the pizza and the pasta. astounding more astounding most astounding Adverbs modify, limit or qualify Coordinating conjunctions join other words. They can modify: sentence parts of equal grammatical badly worse worst verbs status. They are: loudly louder loudest adjectives and for or yet Adverbs gracefully more gracefully most gracefully but nor so 37 other adverbs Correlative conjunctions join words, whole sentences phrases, and clauses, as well as whole sentences. Many adverbs end in ‐ly. both ... and awkwardly happily sharply tightly cheerfully neither ... nor loudly swiftly viciously either ... or Some adverbs do not end in ‐ly. not only ... but also everywhere here never so Subordinating conjunctions connect fast much rather clauses of unequal status. A subordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate or dependent clause, which is unable to

stand alone as a complete sentence.