Nouns- People, Places, Things Or Ideas

Nouns- people, places, things or ideas

Collective Nouns Nouns are always either common (nonspecific) or proper Nouns that refer to (specific). Proper nouns are always capitalized. specific group of people Common Proper or things. shoes Nike’s Examples: restaurant McDonalds herd, flock, city, school, class, jury, team woman Mrs. Jones

General Plural Rules Nouns are either concrete (tangible) or abstract. any ending Example: concrete abstract except -s or lunches sheep love -ss, add -es foxes pencil happiness ending in -ch, buzzes -sh, -x, or -z, car anger add -es dishes Nouns can either represent individual, countable items or ending in -y, babies represent abstract concepts or a collection that does not have an individual state of being. change the y skies to i and add count noncount -es libraries child/children news hyphenated mothers- car/cars fun nouns, add -s in-law to the noun book/books mail

Possessive Noun Compound Nouns - nouns made up of two or more words. Rules When these two separate words are put together, they form a single noun with a new meaning. words that Paris’ Separate Words Hyphenated Words Combined Words end in -s or Jesus’ -z, the hard drive cure-all congresswoman apostrophe Charles’ chief justice cha-cha network can be used James’ alone soft drink mother-in-law classroom words with mom’s Dollar Store all other end- cat’s ings, use Check a dictionary for the spelling of compound nouns. apostrophe Mike’s then -s If a word is not listed, write it as two separate words.

Pronouns- take the place of a noun Personal pronouns are either singular or plural A noun that a pronoun Singular Plural replaces is called the I , me, my, mine We, us, our, ours antecedent. Pronouns must agree with their you, your, yours you, your, yours antecedents in number, he, him, his, they, them, their, theirs person, and gender. she, her, hers, it its

Other kinds of pronouns Personal pronouns can be subjects or objects. Relative who Subjects Objects used to ex- whom I/we me/us plain or de- whose you/you you/you scribes a noun in an which he,she,it/they him, her, it/them appositive that phrase Reflexive pronouns are used when the object of a verb in a Demonstrative this sentence is the same as its subject. The sentence would not have the same meaning without the reflexive pronoun. points out or that Intensive pronouns are used for emphasis, to intensify the demonstrates these a noun meaning of the sentence. The sentence would still have the antecedent those same meaning without the intensive pronoun. Interrogative who Singular Reflexive/Intensive Plural Reflexive/Intensive used to whom myself ourselves whose introduce a yourself yourselves question which himself, herself, itself themselves what

Possessive pronouns Indefinite Pronouns refer to people, places, or things, of- show ownership. ten without specifying which ones. For pronouns that Singular Plural could be both singular or plural, look at the antecedent. Then use a verb that matches the tense of the antecedent. mine ours Singular Plural Both another anybody anyone any- both few all any yours yours thing each either everybody many others more most everyone everything little several none some his, hers, its theirs much neither nobody no one nothing one other somebody something someone

Verbs - show action or state of being

Action verbs tell what Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. action someone or Intransitive verbs do not require any object to express something is performing. meaning. The action they express is complete by itself. Examples: see, plan, run, Examples: The sun shines. He slept. The dog barks. eat, shout, play Verbs must match the Transitive verbs cannot make sense unless they are subject. followed by a direct object. A direct object tells who or what received the action of the verb. Singular Plural Examples: I play. We play. Subject Verb Direct Object You play. You play. Molly bought a cookie. Michael saw a movie. He plays. They play. If a verb has a direct object, it can also have an indirect object. An indirect object tells to whom or for whom the Helping verbs are added action of the verb was done. to other helping and ac- Example: tion verbs to create Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object verb phrases (more than one verb in a row). Molly bought him a cookie. List of helping verbs: For whom did Molly buy it for? For him Forms of be: am, is, was, were, be, being, been Linking verbs connect a subject with a subject complement. Subject complements include predicate adjectives Forms of do: (describing words) or predicate nouns (identifying words). do, does, did Examples: Forms of have: He was nice. (He=subject, was= LK. verb, nice=predicate adj.) have, has, had She is a chef. (She=subject, is=LK verb, chef= predicate noun)

Others: Forms of be commonly used as linking verbs: will, would am, are, is, was, were, am being, are being, is being, was shall, should being, were being, can be, could be, may be, might be, can, could must be, shall be, should be, will be, would be, have been, may, might, must has been, had been, could have been, may have been, might have been, must have been, shall have been, Possible verb phrases: will have been, would have been can be seen will go Other words commonly used as linking verbs: appear, feel, look, seem, sound, taste, become, grow, must have told remain, smell stay, turn

Adjectives - describe a noun or pronoun

Questions adjectives Articles - a, an, the answer: Articles are the most commonly used adjectives. What kind? blue They answer the question which one? large Definite article (the) - refers to a specific person, Which one? that place, or thing. each Example: The teacher went down to the cafeteria. How two many? several Indefinite articles (a, an) - refer to any one of a How much? enough class of people, places or things. some Example: A backpack is on the floor.

Do I use a or an? Proper Adjectives - Use a before a word starting with a consonant sound. formed from a noun Examples: a desk, a pencil, a book, a person Noun Proper Use an before a word starting with a vowel sound. Adjective Examples: an owl, an apple, an eel, an igloo, an umbrella China Chinese The letter h may sound like a consonant or a vowel. Examples: consonant - a history, vowel - an hour America American Nouns and Pronouns used as an Adjective: Boston Bostonian Sometimes nouns and pronouns become an adjective when they meet the two criteria listed below. Proper adjectives are 1. They describe a noun or pronoun. always capitalized. 2. They answer a question and adjective answers.

Predicate Adjectives - Examples of a noun becoming an adjective: adjectives that describe The train car was painted purple. (What kind of car?) a subject and follow a The lawyer explained the state law. (What kind of law?) linking verb. Examples of a pronoun becoming an adjective: Examples: Each person went to the party. (How many people?) The teacher is nice. Some girls gathered in the gym. (How many girls?) He is terrific. It appears calm. Example of the same word being a noun and adjective: She seems shy. Clay is found in the Earth. (noun) The clay statues were found in China. (adjective) I felt dizzy.

Adverbs - modify a verb, adjective or adverb

Questions adverbs Adverbs - modify (describe) a verb, adjective or adverb. answer: When? today Examples of adverbs modifying a verb: He likes to run slowly. (Slowly tells how he runs) later She frequently cooks. (Frequently tells when she cooks) Where? indoors here Examples of adverbs modifying an adjective: He is so tall. (So tells to what extent he is tall) How? quietly It is very happy. (Very tells to what extent it is happy) happily Examples of adverbs modifying another adverb: To what almost extent? He moved very carefully through the forest. nearly (Very tells to what extent of carefulness he used) Extinct animals are hardly ever seen. Adverbs are words (Hardly tells to what extent the animals are ever seen) that indicate: 1. The frequency when Is it an Adjective or Adverb? something happens Both adjectives and adverbs are called modifiers because 2. The manner in which they modify or describe other words in a sentence. it happens Adjectives: Adverbs: 3. The place where it happens Modify nouns and pronouns Modify verbs, adjectives 4. The time when and other adverbs something happens Answer the questions: Answer the questions: 5. The level of intensity 1. What kind? 1. When? that something happens 2. Which one? 2. Where? 3. How many? 3. How? The -ly rule: 4. How much? 4. To what extent? Adverbs often end in -ly. Many adjectives can be Examples of how the same word can be an adjective or an changed into an adverb adverb depending on the use of the word in the sentence: by adding this ending. He is a fast driver. (What kind of driver?, Adjective) Adjective Adverb He drove fast. (How did he drive?, Adverb) quiet quietly She is much happier now. slow slowly (To what extent happier?, Adverb) sad sadly I ate too much food. (How much food?, Adjective)

Prepositions - show position or direction

Is it a preposition or Prepositions - show position or direction and introduce adverb? prepositional phrases. The preposition relates the noun or If it is a preposition, it pronoun following it to another word in the sentence. will be in a prepositional common prepositions - about, above, across, after, phrase and have an against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, object. beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, If it is an adverb, it will off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, since, modify a verb, adjective through, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, or another adverb and with, within, without answer the question of when, where, how, or to Examples: what extent. The cat got away from the dog. The bananas were among the other fruit in the basket. The mailbox was near the driveway.

Compound prepositions - are prepositions that consist of two or three words. compound prepositions according to, ahead of, apart from, aside from, as of, because of, by means of, in addition to, in back of, in front of, in place of, in spite of, instead of, in view of, next to, on account of, on top of, out of

Examples: He has math homework in addition to reading homework. She likes to sit ahead of her brother.

Prepositional phrases - a group of words starting with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun. Object of the preposition - the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition in the prepositional phrase Examples: A water stand is next to the bleachers. prep obj. of prep. She threw the paper into the trashcan. prep. obj. of prep

Conjunctions - connect words or phrases

Coordinating Coordinating conjunctions -connects words of the same Conjunction Commas part of speech such as two nouns or two verbs. They can Only use a comma be- also connect larger groups of words or entire sentences. fore the coordinating Coordinating Conjunctions conjunction if there is a complete sentence on for and nor but or yet so both sides of the con- Think of the mnemonic device FANBOYS. junction. If the conjunction joins single Examples: words, phrases or sub- Dan and John went to school today. ordinate clauses, do not She brought a sandwich but forgot a drink. use a comma. He will go to the football game or the party.

Interjections - words Correlative conjunctions -connects words of the same part set off by commas or of speech but are used in pairs. exclamation points that Correlative Conjunctions show strong emotions. Examples: both...and neither...nor whether...or Wow! I love this pizza. either...or not only...but also Ouch! That hurt. Examples: Well, let me think. You will need both markers and glue for the class. Come on! Let’s go! Pick either pizza or hamburgers for lunch. Oh no, we forgot it! Neither her sister nor her brother is nice. Hurry, we’re late! Subordinating conjunctions -connect two ideas by making one idea dependent on the other. Subordinating Conjunctions after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while Examples: When you get to school, you can sit in the gym. She did the dishes after he cooked. If the subordinating conjunction and dependent clause come at the beginning of the sentence, a comma must be used after to separate the dependent clause from the independent clause.