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Invasion of the Deer Tick

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Invasion of the Deer Tick Invasion of the Deer Tick Holt Research Forest, Maine, USA Susan Elias1, Jack Witham2, Malcolm Hunter2, Charles Lubelczyk1, Elizabeth Henderson1, Margret Welch1, Eleanor Lacombe1, Peter Rand, MD1, and Robert Smith, MD1 1Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Vector-borne Disease Lab, Scarborough, Maine, USA 2University of Maine, Holt Research Forest, Arrowsic, Maine, USA Abstract: In Maine, deer ticks, aka Result 1: The mean burden of deer ticks Result 4: B. burgdoferi infection rate blacklegged ticks (Ixodes on all small mammals (mostly white- was greatest in deer tick larvae and scapularis), carry the agent of Lyme footed mice) has increased over time, nymphs feeding on mice. Note low disease as well as agents causing while that of I. angustus and dog ticks infection rates of I. angustus human Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, (Dermacentor variabilis) has decreased (comparable to 12% seen in a lab study1) Powassan encephalitis, and relapsing fever. Lyme disease in Burdens3of3deer3ticks3(Ixodes'scapularis)3on3tick<infested3small3 Borrelia(burgdorferi infection-rates-or-Deer-ticks mammals3has3increased3over3time,3 anD-I.(angustus(ticks-feeDing-on-small-mammals, Maine has followed the increase in Holt3Research3Forest,31989<20163(no3data3for31991,31999,32004). Holt-Research-Forest,-1989A2013.-First-postive-Deer-ticks- deer ticks. A unique long-term 5.0 detecteD-in-2005. 4.5 58% dataset of small mammal captures 4.0 n=40 on the Holt Forest suggests that 3.5 46% 44% 3.0 39% abundance of a lesser known tick, n=288 n=16 2.5 n=18 Ixodes angustus, has declined as 2.0 1.5 12% the deer tick has become more 1.0 n=12 n=17 0% abundant. This serves as a reminder 0.5 that the deer tick is an invasive 0.0 I.-scapularis I.-scapularis I.-scapularis I.-scapularis I.-angustus I.-angustus species. 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Larva Nymph Nymph Larva Nymph Nymph Ixodes'scapularis Ixodes'angustus WhiteA WhiteA ReD-squirrels Chipmunks WhiteA ReDAbackeD- Dermacentor'variabilis Linear''(Ixodes'scapularis) footeD-mice footeD-mice footeD-mice voles Result 2: Thus the proportion of deer Implications: ticks has increased. Mouse numbers have fluctuated but not increased on the Holt Forest2,3 so an The/proportion/of/deer/ticks/(Ixodes'scapularis)/on/tick=infested/ small/mammals/has/increased/over/time,/ increase in mice does not explain the Holt/Research/Forest,/1989=2016/(no/data/for/1991,/1999,/2004). increase in deer ticks. Deer ticks 100% 1st/deer tick outcompeted I. angustus for some other 90% on HRF/field/ 1st/HRF Lyme case 80% personnel reason. 70% 60% 50% Questions: 1st/deer tick 40% on red/squirrel 30% What competitive advantage does the 20% deer tick have over I. angustus? Earlier 10% feeding? Climate change? Deer 0% population increase? Why are deer ticks 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Ixodes'scapularis Ixodes'angustus Dermacentor'variabilis more suitable for Bb? Result 3: Borrelia burgdorferi first Next steps: appeared in deer ticks and some I. Calculate infestation rate by population Methods angustus in 2005. (minimum number alive) so can compare 1. Trapped 1st 2 weeks of August on with estimates from other studies. 24ha; 244 Sherman live traps baited Borrelia(burgdorferi infection3rate3in3white8footed3mice,3 with oats & peanut butter bait plus Holt3Research3Forest,31989820133(in3years3where3tested). cotton Corroborate with small mammal data 69% 68% 2. Ticks seen on animals removed, sent to from elsewhere, e.g., the island of Maine Medical Center Vinalhaven. 46% 3. Ticks identified to species and stage 43% (larva, nymph, adult) 38% Funding provided by: 33% 33% 4. Subset of ticks tested for Borrelia 31% Holt Woodland Research Foundation and Maine TREE Foundation burgdoferi, via DFA (direct fluorescent 18% antibody test) 1Peavey CA, RS Lane, T Damrow. Vector competence of Ixodes angustus (Acari: Ixodidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Exp Appl Acarol. 2000;24:77-84 5. Calculated burdens (ticks per animal) 2Elias, SP, JW Witham, and ML Hunter, Jr. 2004. Peromyscus leucopus abundance and acorn mast: 0% 0% 0% 0% population fluctuations over 20 years. J. Mammalogy 2004;85:743-747 of infested animals by year, mammal 3Wang G, JO Wolff, SH Vessey, NH Slade, JW Witham, JF Merritt, ML Hunter Jr, SP Elias. Comparative population dynamics of Peromyscus leucopus in North America: influences of climate, food, and density species, tick species; infection rates dependence. Population ecology 2009;51:133-142 1989 1990 1997 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013.
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