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Comments and Conclusions Comments and Conclusions At least 283 species of Ixodidae have been recorded as parasites of humans, repre- senting 38.8% of all taxa in this family. A total of 69 species of Ixodes (Prostriata) have been recovered from people, while 214 species in all genera of the Metastriata have been found on humans, representing 27.3% and 45.0% of taxa in these groups, respectively. Numerically, the most important genera causing human parasitism are Ixodes (69 species), Amblyomma (63) and Haemaphysalis (60), but the genera with the greatest percentages of species attacking humans are Hyalomma (66.7%), Rhipicephalus (56.5%) and Dermacentor (55.0%) (Table 1). Table 2 lists all tick species that have been found on people, their distribution by zoogeographic region(s), and, for those species that occur in more than one region, Table 1 Numbers and percentages of ixodid species found feeding on humans, by genus. N° species feeding on humans Genus Total N° species (%) (% of each genus) Ixodes 253 (34.7) 69 (27.3) Haemaphysalis 166 (22.8) 60 (36.1) Amblyomma 138 (18.9) 63 (45.7) Rhipicephalus 85 (11.7) 48 (56.5) Dermacentor 40 (5.5) 22 (55.0) Hyalomma 27 (3.7) 18 (66.7) Bothriocroton 7 (1.0) 2 (28.6) Anomalohimalaya 3 (0.4) 0 (0.0) Margaropus 3 (0.4) 0 (0.0) Nosomma 2 (0.3) 1 (50.0) Rhipicentor 2 (0.3) 0 (0.0) Compluriscutula (fossil) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Cornupalpatum (fossil) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Cosmiomma 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Total 729 283 (38.8) © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 231 A. A. Guglielmone, R. G. Robbins, Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Humans, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95552-0 232 Comments and Conclusions Table 2 Species of Ixodidae found on humans, by zoogeographic region, frequency of parasitism, and tick stages involved. The most common region and most common tick stage(s) found on humans are underlined. M: males, F: females, N: nymphs, L: larvae, A: adults but sex unknown, I: immature stages without further definition, U: unknown. Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) Ixodes acuminatus Palearctic Sporadic M, F, N I. acutitarsus Oriental, Palearctic Frequent M, F, L I. angustus Nearctic, Palearctic Sporadic F, N I. apronophorus Palearctic Very rare A I. asanumai Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F I. australiensis Australasian Very rare M I. baergi Nearctic Very rare U I. banksi Nearctic Rare M I. boliviensis Neotropical Rare M, F I. brunneus Nearctic, Neotropical Very rare F I. canisuga Palearctic Very rare U I. cavipalpus Afrotropical Very rare M I. columnae Palearctic Very rare L I. confusus Australasian Very rare F I. cookei Nearctic, Neotropical Very frequent F, N, L I. cornuatus Australasian Sporadic U I. crenulatus Palearctic Very rare U I. cumulatimpunctatus Afrotropical Rare F I. dentatus Nearctic Sporadic N, L I. eichhorni Australasian, Oriental Very rare F I. fecialis Australasian Very rare U I. festai Palearctic Very rare A I. frontalis Palearctic Very rare F I. gibbosus Palearctic Sporadic F, N I. granulatus Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic Rare F I. hexagonus Palearctic Frequent M, F, N., L I. holocyclus Australasian Frequent M, F, N, L I. kashmiricus Oriental, Palearctic Rare F, N I. kazakstani Palearctic Very rare U I. kingi Nearctic Rare F, N I. kohlsi Australasian Very rare N I. laguri Palearctic Sporadic F, N, L I. marxi Nearctic Frequent F, N I. monospinosus Palearctic Sporadic M, F, N I. muniensis Afrotropical Very rare N I. muris Nearctic Frequent F, N, L I. myrmecobii Australasian Very rare F I. nipponensis Oriental, Palearctic Frequent F, N I. ovatus Oriental, Palearctic Frequent M, F, N, L (continued) Comments and Conclusions 233 Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) I. pacificus Nearctic Frequent M, F, N, L I. pararicinus Neotropical Very rare N I. pavlovskyi Palearctic Frequent F I. persulcatus Oriental, Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L I. petauristae Oriental Very rare N, L I. pilosus Afrotropical Sporadic F, N I. rageaui Afrotropical Very rare M I. rasus Afrotropical Very rare F I. redikorzevi Palearctic Sporadic F I. ricinus Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L I. rubicundus Afrotropical Very rare F I. rugosus Nearctic Very rare A I. scapularis Nearctic, Neotropical Very frequent M, F, N, L I. schillingsi Afrotropical Very rare F I. sculptus Nearctic Rare A, N I. sinensis Oriental Very rare U I. soricis Nearctic Very rare F I. spinicoxalis Oriental Very rare N I. spinipalpis Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic F, N I. tancitarius Nearctic Very rare F I. tanuki Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F I. tasmani Australasian Sporadic F, N I. texanus Nearctic Rare N, L I. trianguliceps Palearctic Very rare U I. turdus Palearctic Rare F I. uriae Circumpolar Frequent F, N I. vanidicus Afrotropical Very rare M, F I. ventalloi Palearctic Rare F I. vespertilionis Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic Very rare N I. woodi Nearctic Very rare N Amblyomma americanum Nearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L A. aureolatum Neotropical Sporadic M, F A. babirussae Australasian Sporadic M, F, L A. brasiliense Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. breviscutatum Australasian, Oriental Sporadic M, F A. cajennense Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. calcaratum Neotropical Very rare U A. coelebs Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. cohaerens Afrotropical Very rare U A. cordiferum Australasian, Oriental Very rare N A. dissimile Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic F, N A. dubitatum Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L (continued) 234 Comments and Conclusions Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) A. falsomarmoreum Afrotropical Very rare F A. fuscum Neotropical Very rare F A. gemma Afrotropical Very rare M A. geoemydae Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F, N A. hadanii Neotropical Sporadic F, N, L A. hebraeum Afrotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. incisum Neotropical Sporadic F, N A. inornatum Nearctic, Neotropical Rare M A. integrum Oriental Frequent F, N A. javanense Oriental Very rare U A. latepunctatum Neotropical Very rare M, F A. latum Afrotropical Very rare A A. lepidum Afrotropical, Palearctic Rare M, F A. limbatum Australasian Rare U A. loculosum Afrotropical, Australasian, Oriental* Sporadic M, F, N A. longirostre Neotropical Rare M, F, N A. maculatum Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. marmoreum Afrotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. mixtum Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. moreliae Australasian Very rare U A. naponense Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. neumanni Neotropical Very frequent M, F, N, L A. nuttalli Afrotropical Sporadic M, N, L A. oblongoguttatum Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N A. ovale Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F A. pacae Neotropical Very rare M A. parkeri Neotropical Very rare N A. parvum Neotropical Frequent M, F, N A. paulopunctatum Afrotropical Very rare M, N A. pecarium Neotropical Rare N A. personatum Afrotropical Very rare A A. postoculatum Australasian Very rare F A. pseudoconcolor Neotropical Very rare U A. pseudoparvum Neotropical Rare M, F A. romitii Neotropical Rare M, L A. rotundatum Nearctic, Neotropical, Pacific Island Very rare F A. sabanerae Neotropical Very rare A A. scalpturatum Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N A. sculptum Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. sparsum Afrotropical Very rare U A. tapirellum Neotropical Sporadic A, N A. tenellum Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L (continued) Comments and Conclusions 235 Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) A. testudinarium Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L A. tholloni Afrotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. tigrinum Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N A. tonelliae Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. triguttatum Australasian Frequent M, F, N, L A. triste Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F A. tuberculatum Nearctic Frequent L A. variegatum Afrotropical, Neotropical Frequent M, F, L A. varium Neotropical Very rare N Bothriocroton auruginans Australasian Very rare A B. hydrosauri Australasian Rare U Dermacentor albipictus Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L D. andersoni Nearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L D. atrosignatus Australasian, Oriental Sporadic M, F D. auratus Oriental Frequent M, F, N, L D. bellulus Oriental, Palearctic Very rare M D. circumguttatus Afrotropical Rare M, F D. compactus Oriental Rare M, F D. hunteri Nearctic Sporadic M, F D. imitans Neotropical Very rare M, F D. latus Neotropical Very rare M, F D. marginatus Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N D. nitens Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L D. niveus Palearctic Sporadic M, F D. nuttalli Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N D. occidentalis Nearctic Frequent M, F, N, L D. parumapertus Nearctic Rare M, F, N D. raskemensis Oriental, Palearctic Rare M D. reticulatus Palearctic Frequent M, F, N D. rhinocerinus Afrotropical Very rare A D. silvarum Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N D. steini Australasian, Oriental Sporadic M, F D. variabilis Nearctic, Neotropical Very frequent M, F, N, L Haemaphysalis aculeata Oriental Rare M, F, N H. anomala Oriental Rare M, F H. aponommoides Oriental, Palearctic Sporadic M, F, N H. bancrofti Australasian, Oriental Sporadic F, N H. birmaniae Oriental Very rare N H. bispinosa Oriental Rare F, N H. campanulata Oriental, Palearctic Rare F H. caucasica Palearctic Very rare F H. celebensis Australasian Very rare F (continued) 236 Comments and Conclusions Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) H. chordeilis Nearctic Rare M, F H. colasbelcouri Oriental Very rare M H. concinna Oriental, Palearctic Frequent M, F, N H. cornigera Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F H. cuspidata Oriental Very rare U H. darjeeling Oriental Very rare M H.
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