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Comments and Conclusions At least 283 species of Ixodidae have been recorded as parasites of humans, repre- senting 38.8% of all taxa in this family. A total of 69 species of Ixodes (Prostriata) have been recovered from people, while 214 species in all genera of the Metastriata have been found on humans, representing 27.3% and 45.0% of taxa in these groups, respectively. Numerically, the most important genera causing human parasitism are Ixodes (69 species), Amblyomma (63) and Haemaphysalis (60), but the genera with the greatest percentages of species attacking humans are Hyalomma (66.7%), Rhipicephalus (56.5%) and Dermacentor (55.0%) (Table 1). Table 2 lists all tick species that have been found on people, their distribution by zoogeographic region(s), and, for those species that occur in more than one region, Table 1 Numbers and percentages of ixodid species found feeding on humans, by genus. N° species feeding on humans Genus Total N° species (%) (% of each genus) Ixodes 253 (34.7) 69 (27.3) Haemaphysalis 166 (22.8) 60 (36.1) Amblyomma 138 (18.9) 63 (45.7) Rhipicephalus 85 (11.7) 48 (56.5) Dermacentor 40 (5.5) 22 (55.0) Hyalomma 27 (3.7) 18 (66.7) Bothriocroton 7 (1.0) 2 (28.6) Anomalohimalaya 3 (0.4) 0 (0.0) Margaropus 3 (0.4) 0 (0.0) Nosomma 2 (0.3) 1 (50.0) Rhipicentor 2 (0.3) 0 (0.0) Compluriscutula (fossil) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Cornupalpatum (fossil) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Cosmiomma 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Total 729 283 (38.8) © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 231 A. A. Guglielmone, R. G. Robbins, Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Humans, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95552-0 232 Comments and Conclusions Table 2 Species of Ixodidae found on humans, by zoogeographic region, frequency of parasitism, and tick stages involved. The most common region and most common tick stage(s) found on humans are underlined. M: males, F: females, N: nymphs, L: larvae, A: adults but sex unknown, I: immature stages without further definition, U: unknown. Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) Ixodes acuminatus Palearctic Sporadic M, F, N I. acutitarsus Oriental, Palearctic Frequent M, F, L I. angustus Nearctic, Palearctic Sporadic F, N I. apronophorus Palearctic Very rare A I. asanumai Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F I. australiensis Australasian Very rare M I. baergi Nearctic Very rare U I. banksi Nearctic Rare M I. boliviensis Neotropical Rare M, F I. brunneus Nearctic, Neotropical Very rare F I. canisuga Palearctic Very rare U I. cavipalpus Afrotropical Very rare M I. columnae Palearctic Very rare L I. confusus Australasian Very rare F I. cookei Nearctic, Neotropical Very frequent F, N, L I. cornuatus Australasian Sporadic U I. crenulatus Palearctic Very rare U I. cumulatimpunctatus Afrotropical Rare F I. dentatus Nearctic Sporadic N, L I. eichhorni Australasian, Oriental Very rare F I. fecialis Australasian Very rare U I. festai Palearctic Very rare A I. frontalis Palearctic Very rare F I. gibbosus Palearctic Sporadic F, N I. granulatus Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic Rare F I. hexagonus Palearctic Frequent M, F, N., L I. holocyclus Australasian Frequent M, F, N, L I. kashmiricus Oriental, Palearctic Rare F, N I. kazakstani Palearctic Very rare U I. kingi Nearctic Rare F, N I. kohlsi Australasian Very rare N I. laguri Palearctic Sporadic F, N, L I. marxi Nearctic Frequent F, N I. monospinosus Palearctic Sporadic M, F, N I. muniensis Afrotropical Very rare N I. muris Nearctic Frequent F, N, L I. myrmecobii Australasian Very rare F I. nipponensis Oriental, Palearctic Frequent F, N I. ovatus Oriental, Palearctic Frequent M, F, N, L (continued) Comments and Conclusions 233 Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) I. pacificus Nearctic Frequent M, F, N, L I. pararicinus Neotropical Very rare N I. pavlovskyi Palearctic Frequent F I. persulcatus Oriental, Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L I. petauristae Oriental Very rare N, L I. pilosus Afrotropical Sporadic F, N I. rageaui Afrotropical Very rare M I. rasus Afrotropical Very rare F I. redikorzevi Palearctic Sporadic F I. ricinus Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L I. rubicundus Afrotropical Very rare F I. rugosus Nearctic Very rare A I. scapularis Nearctic, Neotropical Very frequent M, F, N, L I. schillingsi Afrotropical Very rare F I. sculptus Nearctic Rare A, N I. sinensis Oriental Very rare U I. soricis Nearctic Very rare F I. spinicoxalis Oriental Very rare N I. spinipalpis Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic F, N I. tancitarius Nearctic Very rare F I. tanuki Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F I. tasmani Australasian Sporadic F, N I. texanus Nearctic Rare N, L I. trianguliceps Palearctic Very rare U I. turdus Palearctic Rare F I. uriae Circumpolar Frequent F, N I. vanidicus Afrotropical Very rare M, F I. ventalloi Palearctic Rare F I. vespertilionis Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic Very rare N I. woodi Nearctic Very rare N Amblyomma americanum Nearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L A. aureolatum Neotropical Sporadic M, F A. babirussae Australasian Sporadic M, F, L A. brasiliense Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. breviscutatum Australasian, Oriental Sporadic M, F A. cajennense Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. calcaratum Neotropical Very rare U A. coelebs Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. cohaerens Afrotropical Very rare U A. cordiferum Australasian, Oriental Very rare N A. dissimile Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic F, N A. dubitatum Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L (continued) 234 Comments and Conclusions Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) A. falsomarmoreum Afrotropical Very rare F A. fuscum Neotropical Very rare F A. gemma Afrotropical Very rare M A. geoemydae Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F, N A. hadanii Neotropical Sporadic F, N, L A. hebraeum Afrotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. incisum Neotropical Sporadic F, N A. inornatum Nearctic, Neotropical Rare M A. integrum Oriental Frequent F, N A. javanense Oriental Very rare U A. latepunctatum Neotropical Very rare M, F A. latum Afrotropical Very rare A A. lepidum Afrotropical, Palearctic Rare M, F A. limbatum Australasian Rare U A. loculosum Afrotropical, Australasian, Oriental* Sporadic M, F, N A. longirostre Neotropical Rare M, F, N A. maculatum Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. marmoreum Afrotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. mixtum Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. moreliae Australasian Very rare U A. naponense Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. neumanni Neotropical Very frequent M, F, N, L A. nuttalli Afrotropical Sporadic M, N, L A. oblongoguttatum Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N A. ovale Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F A. pacae Neotropical Very rare M A. parkeri Neotropical Very rare N A. parvum Neotropical Frequent M, F, N A. paulopunctatum Afrotropical Very rare M, N A. pecarium Neotropical Rare N A. personatum Afrotropical Very rare A A. postoculatum Australasian Very rare F A. pseudoconcolor Neotropical Very rare U A. pseudoparvum Neotropical Rare M, F A. romitii Neotropical Rare M, L A. rotundatum Nearctic, Neotropical, Pacific Island Very rare F A. sabanerae Neotropical Very rare A A. scalpturatum Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N A. sculptum Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L A. sparsum Afrotropical Very rare U A. tapirellum Neotropical Sporadic A, N A. tenellum Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L (continued) Comments and Conclusions 235 Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) A. testudinarium Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L A. tholloni Afrotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. tigrinum Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N A. tonelliae Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L A. triguttatum Australasian Frequent M, F, N, L A. triste Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F A. tuberculatum Nearctic Frequent L A. variegatum Afrotropical, Neotropical Frequent M, F, L A. varium Neotropical Very rare N Bothriocroton auruginans Australasian Very rare A B. hydrosauri Australasian Rare U Dermacentor albipictus Nearctic, Neotropical Frequent M, F, N, L D. andersoni Nearctic Very frequent M, F, N, L D. atrosignatus Australasian, Oriental Sporadic M, F D. auratus Oriental Frequent M, F, N, L D. bellulus Oriental, Palearctic Very rare M D. circumguttatus Afrotropical Rare M, F D. compactus Oriental Rare M, F D. hunteri Nearctic Sporadic M, F D. imitans Neotropical Very rare M, F D. latus Neotropical Very rare M, F D. marginatus Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N D. nitens Nearctic, Neotropical Sporadic M, F, N, L D. niveus Palearctic Sporadic M, F D. nuttalli Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N D. occidentalis Nearctic Frequent M, F, N, L D. parumapertus Nearctic Rare M, F, N D. raskemensis Oriental, Palearctic Rare M D. reticulatus Palearctic Frequent M, F, N D. rhinocerinus Afrotropical Very rare A D. silvarum Palearctic Very frequent M, F, N D. steini Australasian, Oriental Sporadic M, F D. variabilis Nearctic, Neotropical Very frequent M, F, N, L Haemaphysalis aculeata Oriental Rare M, F, N H. anomala Oriental Rare M, F H. aponommoides Oriental, Palearctic Sporadic M, F, N H. bancrofti Australasian, Oriental Sporadic F, N H. birmaniae Oriental Very rare N H. bispinosa Oriental Rare F, N H. campanulata Oriental, Palearctic Rare F H. caucasica Palearctic Very rare F H. celebensis Australasian Very rare F (continued) 236 Comments and Conclusions Table 2 (continued) Tick species Zoogeographic region (s) Frequency Tick stage(s) H. chordeilis Nearctic Rare M, F H. colasbelcouri Oriental Very rare M H. concinna Oriental, Palearctic Frequent M, F, N H. cornigera Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic Very rare F H. cuspidata Oriental Very rare U H. darjeeling Oriental Very rare M H.
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  • Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

    Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

    Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected.
  • Arthropod Parasites in Domestic Animals

    Arthropod Parasites in Domestic Animals

    ARTHROPOD PARASITES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS Abbreviations KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER CODE Metazoa Arthropoda Insecta Siphonaptera INS:Sip Mallophaga INS:Mal Anoplura INS:Ano Diptera INS:Dip Arachnida Ixodida ARA:Ixo Mesostigmata ARA:Mes Prostigmata ARA:Pro Astigmata ARA:Ast Crustacea Pentastomata CRU:Pen References Ashford, R.W. & Crewe, W. 2003. The parasites of Homo sapiens: an annotated checklist of the protozoa, helminths and arthropods for which we are home. Taylor & Francis. Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. & Wall, R.L. 2007. Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd edition, Blackwell Pub. HOST-PARASITE CHECKLIST Class: MAMMALIA [mammals] Subclass: EUTHERIA [placental mammals] Order: PRIMATES [prosimians and simians] Suborder: SIMIAE [monkeys, apes, man] Family: HOMINIDAE [man] Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [man] ARA:Ast Sarcoptes bovis, ectoparasite (‘milker’s itch’)(mange mite) ARA:Ast Sarcoptes equi, ectoparasite (‘cavalryman’s itch’)(mange mite) ARA:Ast Sarcoptes scabiei, skin (mange mite) ARA:Ixo Ixodes cornuatus, ectoparasite (scrub tick) ARA:Ixo Ixodes holocyclus, ectoparasite (scrub tick, paralysis tick) ARA:Ixo Ornithodoros gurneyi, ectoparasite (kangaroo tick) ARA:Pro Cheyletiella blakei, ectoparasite (mite) ARA:Pro Cheyletiella parasitivorax, ectoparasite (rabbit fur mite) ARA:Pro Demodex brevis, sebacceous glands (mange mite) ARA:Pro Demodex folliculorum, hair follicles (mange mite) ARA:Pro Trombicula sarcina, ectoparasite (black soil itch mite) INS:Ano Pediculus capitis, ectoparasite (head louse) INS:Ano Pediculus humanus, ectoparasite (body
  • Occurrence of Ticks on Mule Deer in Central Utah

    Occurrence of Ticks on Mule Deer in Central Utah

    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 37 Number 3 Article 7 9-30-1977 Occurrence of ticks on mule deer in central Utah Jordan C. Pederson Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Environmental Studies, Springville, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Pederson, Jordan C. (1977) "Occurrence of ticks on mule deer in central Utah," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 37 : No. 3 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol37/iss3/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. OCCURRENCE OF TICKS ON MULE DEER IN CENTRAL UTAH Jordan C. Pederson' Abstract.— Two species of ticks were collected from mule deer and identified as Dertnacentor alhipictus (Packard) and Ixodes sp. The rate of occurrence of these ticks was found to be 99.6 percent and 0.4 percent, re- spectively. The infestation rate increased from 18.2 percent in January, to 87.5 percent in February, to 100.0 per- cent in March. From January through March 1976, a ens (1967) found this parasite on mule deer mule deer {Odocoileus hemionus Rafi- in Daggett County, Utah, where the pro- nescjue) trapping operation was conducted portion of deer infested with this tick rose by Utah State University, the Cooperative from 37 percent in January to 92 percent in Wildhfe Research Unit, and the Utah State March of 1960.