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Lauren Maestas M.S 11/5/12 Lauren Maestas M.S. Candidate University of Tennessee Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Photo Credits: Robyn Nadolny, Chelsea Wright Wayne Hynes, Daniel Sonenshine, Holly Gaff Old Dominion University Dept. of Biology } Introduction and Justification } Objectives } Methods } Anticipated Results } Future Directions 1 11/5/12 Bridging Vector • Ticks carry and transmit a I. scapularis greater variety of pathogens to domestic animals than any Sylvaticother type cycle of biting arthropod • Ticks are a close second to mosquitos worldwide in human disease transmission I. affinis Photo Credit: Robyn Nadolny, Chelsea Wright Wayne Hynes, Daniel Sonenshine, Holly Gaff Old Dominion University Dept. of Biology Maria Duik-Wasser Ixodes affinis Ixodes scapularis •Both have a 1-2 year life cycle •Both feed on multiple wildlife hosts http://www.humanillnesses.com/Infectious-Diseases-He-My/Lyme-Disease.html 0% Bbsl 40% Bbsl Maggi 2009 Bbss? Photo Credit: Robyn Nadolny, Chelsea Wright Wayne Hynes, Daniel Sonenshine, Holly Gaff Old Dominion University Dept. of Biology A. Causey personal communication http://www.fishing-nc.com/nc-fishing-regulations.php 2 11/5/12 18 Species of Borrelia currently recognized in the Bbsl complex Rudenko et al. 2011 1. To test for North- South latitudinal trends in Ixodes spp. genotype, and Bbsl prevalence and strain type. 2. In South Carolina, to compare the prevalence of Bbsl and Ixodid tick species collected from wild mesomammals with those from a) vegetation, and b) domestic dogs (Sentinels). 3 11/5/12 Methods 1. Research Sites 4 11/5/12 •Morphological •16s Primers •Screening •Outer & •16s ID [Kierans and published for Bbsl Inner IGS Mitochondrial PCR ID Litwak 1989, by Norris PCR •23 S rRNA Primers DNA Field Cooley 1944] (1996) published •Haplotype •DNA •Sequenced by: variation by Extraction by: UTK Courtney : Genetics region [Norris (Qiagen) [Beati Molecular (2004) 1996] 2001] Biology •Sequencing Bbsl •Minimum of Resource Real-Time Facility 50 samples Ticks:Molecular Sample from from each •100 Tick & Bbsl: region (of both randomly Bbsl: Nested IGS spp)[Beebee selected 2008) samples to be molecularly identified www.invitrogen.com http://laikaspoetnik.wordpress.com/tag/add-new-tag/ jeanapettus.webs.com High Prevalence of Bbss N Cl B a b d s e s I.scapularis I. affinis S B C b l s a l d e Low prevalence Low to no of prevalence primarily of Bbsl primarily Bbsl • Test genetic differences in ticks and Borrelia between states using AMOVA (Norris et al. 1996) • Test for an association between Borrelia prevalence and latitude using Correlation Analysis • Test for differences in Ixodes species composition among states using Chi-Square Tests of Association 5 11/5/12 1. Investigation of genetic variation among Ixodes populations using Next- Generation molecular tools. 2. Genetic markers may be useful for tracking geographic shifts in Borrelia- infected tick populations. 3. Confirmation of Borrelia in domestic dogs? outreach to veterinary practices in the Southeast. References Aguirre, A.A.. 2009. Wild canids as sentinels of ecological health: a conservation medicine perspective. Parasites and vectors. 2: S7. Bacon, R. M., Kugler, K. J., AND Mead, P. S. 2008. Surveillance for Lyme disease United States, 1992–2006. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. 57: 1–9.Banerjee, S.N., M. Banerjee, J.A. Smith, and K, Fernando. 1994. Lyme disease in British Columbia an update. British Columbia Journal of Medicine 36: 540-541. Barbour, A.G., D. Fish. 1993. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science. 260: 1610-1616. Beati, L., and Kierans, J.E. 2001. Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters. Journal of Parasitology. 87: 32-48. Bloemer, S.R., and R.H. Zimmerman. 1988. Ixodid ticks on the coyote and gray fox at Land Between the Lakes, Kentucky-Tennessee, and implications for tick dispersal. Journal of Medical Entomology. 25: 5-8. Beebee and Rowe. 2008. An introduction to Molecular Ecology. Oxford University press. New York, USA. Brillhart, D.B., L.B. Fox, and S.J. Upton. 1994. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from small and medium-sized Kansas mammals. Journal of Medical Entomology. 3: 500-504. Brown, R.N., and R.S. Lane. 1992. Lyme disease in California: a novel enzootic transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi. Science. 256: 1439-1442. Bowman, A. S., AND P. Nuttall. 2008. Ticks: biology, disease, and control. Cambridge University Press. New York, USA. Clark, K.L.,J.H. Oliver, J.H. Grego, A.M. James, L.A. Durden, and C.W. Banks. 2001. Host associations of ticks parasitizing rodents at Borrelia burgdorferi enzootic sites in South Carolina. Journal of Parasitology. 87:1379-1386. Clark, K.L.,J.H. Oliver, A.M. James, L.A. Durden, and C.W. Banks. 2002. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection among rodents and host-seeking ticks in South Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology. 39: 198-206. Clifford, C.M., G. Anastos, and A. Elbl. 1961. The Larval Ixodid ticks of the Eastern United States (Acarina-Ixodidae). Miscelaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America. 2:213-237.Cooley, R. A., and G.M. Kohls. 1944. The genus Amblyomma (Ixodidae) in the United States. The American Society of Parasitologists. 30: 77-111. Cooley, R. A., AND G. M. Kohls. 1945. The genus Ixodes in North America. National Institute of Health Bulletin. 184: 1-246. Cooley, R.A., and G. M. Kohls. 1968. Ixodes pacificus Cooly and Kohls, 1943: its life history and occurrence. Parasitology. 1968. 58: 893-906. Courtney, J.W., L.M. Kostelnik, N.S. Zeidner, and R.S. Massung. 2004. Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Anaplasma phagocytophylum, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42: 3164-3168. Damrow, T, H. Freedman, R.S. Lane, and K.L. Preston. 1989. Is Ixodes (Ixodiopsis) angustus a vector of Lyme disease in Washington State? Western Journal of Medicine. 150: 580-582. De Meeus, T., L. Beati, C. Delaye, A. Aeschlimann, and F. Renaud. 2002. Sex-biased genetic structure in the vector of Lyme disease, Ixodes ricinus. Evolution International Journal of Organic Evolution. 56: 1802-1807. M, Duik-Waser, B. Brei, and D. Fish. 2006. Epidemic spread of Lyme Borreliosis, Northern United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12: 604-611. Harrison, B.A., K.L., CLARK, J.H., Oliver, J.M. Grego, A.M., James, L.A. Durden, and C.W. Banks. 2001. Host associations of ticks parasitizing rodents at Borrelia burgdorferi enzootic sites in South Carolina. Journal of Parasitology. 87:1379-1386. Harrison, B.A., W.H. Rayburn,M. Toliver, E.E. Powell, B.R. Engber, L.A. Durden, R.G. Robbins, B.F. Prendergast, and P.B. Whitt. 2010. Recent widespread Ixodes affinis (Acari: Ixodidae) distribution in North Carolina with implications for Lyme disease studies. Journal of Vector Ecology. 35:174-179. Durden, L.A.,R.G. Mclean, J.H., Oliver, S.R. Ubico, and A.M. James. 1997. Ticks, Lyme disease spirochetes, trypanosomes, and antibody to encephalitis virus in wild birds from coastal Georgia and South Carolina. Journal of Parasitology. 83: 1178-1182. Durden, L.A., J.E. Kierans. 1996. Nymphs of the Genus Ixodes (Acari:Ixodidae) of the United States: Taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical/veterinary importance. Monographs Thomas Say publications in Entemology, Maryland, USA. Farlow, J., D. Postic, K.L. Smith, Z, Jay, G, Baranton, and P. Keim. 2002. Strain typing of Borrelia burgdorferi, and Borrelia garinii by using multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40: 4612-4618. Felz, M.W., L.A. Durden, and J.H. Oliver. Ticks parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. Journal of Parasitology. 82: 505-508. Furman. D. P., AND E. C., Loomis, 1984. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodidae). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 25: 1-239. Gabriel, M.W. 2006. Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophylum and ticks in Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargentius) in Northern Humboldt County, California. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, USA. Girard, Y.A., N. Fedorova, and R.S. Lane. 2011. Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi and detection of B. bissettii-like DNA in serum of North-coastal California residents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49: 945-954. Guzman, C.N., R,G, Robbins, and T.M. Perez. 2007. The Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of Mexico: parasite-host and host-parasite checklists. Zootaxa. 1553: 47-58. Hamer, S.A., G.J. Hickling, J.L. Sidge, M.E. Rosen, E.D. Walker, and J.I. Tsao. 2011. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77: 1999-2007. Hamer, S.A., J.I. Tsao, E.D. Walker, L.S. Mansfield, E.S. Foster, G.J. Hickling. 2009. Use of tick surveys and serosurveys to evaluate pet dogs as a sentinel species for emerging Lyme disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 70:49-56. Hanincova, K, K, Kurtenbach, M, Duik-Waser, B. Brei, and D. Fish. 2006. Epidemic spread of Lyme Borreliosis, Northern United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12: 604-611. Harrison, B.A., K.L., CLARK, J.H., Oliver, J.M. Grego, A.M., James, L.A. Durden, and C.W. Banks. 2001. Host associations of ticks parasitizing rodents at Borrelia burgdorferi enzootic sites in South Carolina. Journal of Parasitology. 87:1379-1386. Harrison, B.A., W.H. Rayburn,M. Toliver, E.E. Powell, B.R. Engber, L.A. Durden, R.G. Robbins, B.F. Prendergast, and P.B. Whitt. 2010. Recent widespread Ixodes affinis (Acari: Ixodidae) distribution in North Carolina with implications for Lyme disease studies. Journal of Vector Ecology. 35:174-179. Hayes, E.B., and J. Piesman. 2003. How can we prevent Lyme disease? New England Journal of Medicine. 348: 2424-2430. Hillyer, E.G.. 2005. Trends in Canine Lyme disease on the Eastern shore of Virginia, 2000-2005.
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