An analysis of certain Arachnids and Myriapods in the Department of Entomology, University of Arizona

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Hayden, David Lowell, 1926-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553832 AN ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ARACHNIDS AND MYRIAPODS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

b y

David L. Hayden

A T h e s i s

submitted to the faculty of the

Department of Entomology

In partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In the Graduate College, University of Arizona

1951

A p p ro v e d : Z f. /9JV r e c t o r o f ’Th e s i s b a t e 4 E

Table of Contents

Introduction The Phylum Arthropoda ' Classification of Arthropods in This Thesis Class Arachnida Order Acarina: Superfamily Ixodoldea Argasidae Ixodldae Economic Importance of Ticks in Arizona 30 Control of Ticks 36 Order Scorpionida 39 Scorpionidae Ho Vejovidae h i Chactidae #

Buthldae 45’ Medical Importance of Scorpions U Control of Scorpions 46

Order Solpuglda 4? Eremobatidae 49 Importance of the Solpuglda 50

Order Pedipalpida 51 Thelyphonldae 52 Tarantulldae 52 Importance of the Pedipalpida

^31135 Order Che1onethida $4 Chernetldae 56 Methldae ' 56 ** Importance of the Chelonethlda 57 Class Hyriapoda 5^ Order Chllopoda 59 G-eophilidae 59 Scolopendrld&e 6® —Lithobiidae 60 Hehlcopldae 60 Himantarlldae 60 Scutigeridae 6l Importance of the Chllopoda 6l 02^.er Diplopoda 62 Ju lid ae 63 Slpho nophori dae 63 Importance of the Diplopoda 63 A Glossary of Terms Used in Keys and Descriptions 64 Introduction to Charts, Maps and Tables 67 Charts showing Arizona distribution of: Argasldae JO Ixodidae 79 Scorpion!da 91 Solpuglda 96 Pedlpalplda ; . 98 Chelonethlda 100 Ghilopoda 101 Dlplqpoda Maps showing Arizona distribution of: - ...... ^ „ 1 Argas EQm. _ 104 Argas Persians 104 Antrloola ooprophllus 104 Otoblns megnlnl 104 Ornlthodoros ooncanensla 10$ Orplthodoros dyerl 10$ Ornlthodoros stager! 10$ Ornlthodoros talaje 10$ Ornlthodoros turloata 1©6 Ornlthodoros yumatensls 106 Amblyomma maoulatum 106 Dsrmaeentor alblplctua 106 Dermacentor andersonl 107 Dermaoentor hunterl 107 Dermaeentor parumapertus 107 Haemaphysalls chordeIlls - 107 Haemaphysails leporls-palustrls 108 Ixodes sp, 108 Ixodes king! 108 Ixodes sculpt us ; . 108 Ixodes texanus : ; . v: 10$ Hhlplcephalus sanguineus 10$ Sentoroides gertschl 110 Centoroides sculpturalus 110 Buperstltlonla donensls 110 Hadrurus arlzonensls 110 Hadrurus hlrsutus 111 Vejovls flavus 111 Ve.1ovls splnlgerus 111 Vejovls vorhlesl 111 Dlplocentrus -whitel 112 Eremobates oallfornloa 113 Eremobates clnerea 113 Eremobates formloarla 113 Eremobat e s p a lllp e s 113 Mastlgoproctus glganteus ll4 Tarantula fuslmana ll4 Chernetldae 115 Menthldae 115 Geophllus sp. 116 Soolopendra heros 116 Soutlgera forceps ll6 Splrobolus sp. 117 Tables: Tick-borne Human Diseases In the United States 112 Tick-borne Animal Diseases in the United States 121 Summary Statement Acknowledgments Bibliography 1

INTRODUCTION

This thesis Is based on the study of a series of speci­ mens of Arizona arthropods, not Including Insects, spiders, or mites, accumulated over a period of years and Included In the reference collection of the" Department of Entomology, University of Arizona. Among the groups Included In this study are ticks, scorpions, solpuglds, whip scorpions, pseudoscorpions, centipedes and millipede. Species known to occur In Arizona, but not presently represented In the Department collection, are also discussed, as are additional speoles likely to be found In the state but hot yet reported. As an aid to the future study of these groups of Arthropods In Arizona, a series of keys and descriptions have been assem bled. All available specimens were determined as accurately as possible by the writer and by specialists In some of the various groups Involved. Known Information concerning the species of actual or potential economic Importance Is Included, together with Indications of possible control measures 2

The Phylum Arthropod*

The Arthropod* is the largest known phylum of animals in the world from the standpoint of numbers. Most arthropods may be briefly characterized as possessing Jointed appendages, a chitinous exoskeleton, a segmented body, respiration by g ills, tracheae or book lungs, an open blood system and a ventral nerve chain. The largest group of the Arthropod* comprises the Hexa- poda, or insects, numbering close to 1,000,000 named species. From the standpoint of sheer numbers and economic species they are the most important group of the phylum. Most families of this class are terrestrial; a few others are aquatic. Ariz­ ona insects are not further discussed in this thesis. The class Crustacea includes principally aquatic animals (with the exception of the sowbugs), numbering approximately 35,000 species. Although most are free-living forms, many are parasites of marine animals. The best known members of this class are the lobsters, crayfish, and barnacles. Ari­ zona crustaceans are not further discussed in this thesis. The class Arachnlda, which is given main consideration in this thesis, numbers about 4-5,000 named species. Some are well known but others are often overlooked or neglected. The most easily recognized members of this class are the spi­ ders, scorpions, harvestmen, and in some areas, the ticks and m ites. • 3

The Myriapods comprise a small class of 3,000 named species of terrestrial arthropods. The best known members of this class are the centipedes and millipedes. The following key w ill serve to identify the various classes of arthropods found in Arizona*:

1. Antennae biramous; breathing apparatus consisting o f g i l l s ...... CRUSTACEA Antennae single or none; breathing apparatus con­ sisting of tracheae, or book lungs in the adult sta g e ...... 2

2. No antennae present...... ARACHNIDA Antennae p resen t...... 3

3. Body divided into three regions in the adult stage: head, thorax and abdomen. Three pairs of legs ...... HEXAPODA Body divided into more than three regions in the adult stage. More than three pairs of legs ...... MYRIAPODA

* A glossary of the more important scientific terms used in thid and subsequent keys and descriptions w ill be found on page 64-. Classification of Orders of Arizona Arachnids and Myriapods Included in This Thesis

The following ordinal classification, based on the more commonly accepted names used by various a u th o r itie s in recent textbooks and scientific papers, is used in this thesis: C lass: ARACHNIDA Order: ACARINA (Ticks and mites) Order: SCORPIONIDA ( Scorpions) ...... Order: SOLPUGIDA (Solp u glds) Order: PEDIPALPIDA (Whip scorpions) Order: CHELONETHIDA (Pseudoscorpions) C lass: MYRIAPODA Order: CHILOPODA (C entipedes) Order: DIPLOPODA (M illipedes)

Pearse (194-0) l i s t s somewhat d iffe r e n t names fo r some of these groups. For convenience, the above, more conservative names have been used. 5

The Class Araohnida

The arachnids are principally terrestrial arthropods characterized by the lack of antennae and the possession of four pairs of legs in the adult stage. Respiration is by means of tracheae, book lungs, or the surface of the body. The body i s divided in to two reg io n s, a cephalothorax and abdomen. The abdomen may be segmented or unsegmented. The metamorphosis is gradual, the young closely resembling the adults. Sexual dimorphism varies from distinct to slight. The mouthparts are adapted for crushing prey or for cutting into host tissue. They consist of a pair of palps, situated behind or on either side of the mouth, and a pair of chelicerae. In some groups a hypostome is present and is especially well developed in parasitic forms such as ticks. The chelicerae may vary greatly in their morphology from group to group.

Key to Orders of Araohnida Found in Arizona

1 . Abdomen not segmented...... 2 Abdomen segm ented...... 3

2. Base of the abdomen constricted. Joined by a narrow stalk to the cephalothorax.• ..ARANEIDA (True spiders) Base of the abdomen not constricted, wide, fused with the cephalothorax...... ACARINA (Ticks and mites) 6

3* Abdomen without a tall-like projection ...... 4 Abdomen with a tail-1 Ike projection...... 6

4. Palpi chelate, (bearing a chela or claw)...... CHgLONETHIDA (False or Pseudoscorpions) Palpi not chelate...... PEDIPALPIDA. (Tarantullctoie)

5. Body hairless, entire body fused together...... PHALANGIDA (Harvestmen) Body hairy, appearing two-segmented...... SOLPUGIDA (Sun spiders or Solpuglds)

6. Tail long, many segmented, not armed with a stin g...... PEDIPALPIDA (Thelyphonidae) T all sh o rt, few segments, armed w ith a sting...... SCORPIONIDA ( Scorpions)

The spiders, harvestmen and mites w ill not be treated further in this paper. The following discussion of the Arachnida is arranged according to the relative economic importance of the orders rather than in systematic sequence. • 7

Claes: Arachnlda . ' : : ^ . . ... Order: Aoarlna - Superfamily: Ixodoidea (The ticks)

The following references were particularly"useful dur­ ing the study of the ticks of Arizona, For gendfAl informa­ tion concerning classification of ticks, Matheson (195°)» and Herms (1950) are excellent sources. Chandler (19^9) g iv e s a thorough synopsis of the more Important parasitic ticks. Nuttal et. al. (1908, 1911, 1915» 1926) are sources for many descriptions and also survey the literature up to the years of publication stated. Banks (1908) gives a synopsis of ticks known in the United states up to that time, Including some original descriptions. Blshopp and Trembley (19^5) give information on the distribution of ticks in the United States, but in some places in their paper they employ outdated scien­ tific names and p refer to " sp lit* some specie's th a t appear to be in synonymy in view o f other lite r a tu r e co n su lted . Chand­ ler, Matheson and Herms discuss the importance and control of ticks and their disease relationships to man and animals. In this discussion, the classification follows that used by Cooley and Kohls in their series of monographs on the ticks of the United States. -- The superfamily Ixodoidea is divided into two families, the Argasldae, or soft ticks, and the Ixodldae, or hard t l c k s - , g

The Argasidae are recognized by the absence of a scutum (nonscutate), and. their slight sexual dimorphism, ventral capltulum , unarmed coxae, and absent or rudimentary p u l v i l l i . The Ixodidae are recognised by the presence of a scutum in both sexes (scutate). In the females the scutum is small in relation to the size of their abdomen. In the males the scutum covers practically the entire dorsal area of the abdomen. The capltulum is anterior, the coxae are usually armed, and pulvilli are always present.

Fam ily: ARGASIDAE

Cooley and Kohls (1944b) divide the family Argasidae into four genera: Areas. Antrlcola. Ornlthodoros and Otoblus. all of which occur in Arizona. All genera except Antrlcola contain species of economic importance to man and animals. Eighteen species, according to Cooley and Kohls, are known to occur wlthlh the boundaries of the United States. Of this number, nine are recorded from Arizona. An additional species has a doubtful Arizona record and four other western species may later be found to occur in-Arizona.

Genus: Argas

Argas s£. Chart I Map 1 A number of specimens collected on birds by Dr. A. R. Phillips are in the University of Arizona collection. The 9

data In Chart I indicate their wide distribution in the state. Due to the great difficulty of determining with certainty the identification characteristics which may: separate immature Argasldae to species, and the lack of adult specimens in association with the ticks taken in these particular collections, no positive indication can be given as to the exact species. Dr. G. M. Kohls (in lit t .) con­ siders that they may possibly be Argas brevlpes Banks, which were described from Tucson in 1908. He suggests that a thor­ ough examination of nest materials of pigeons may help to determine the identity of the specimens. He also states that these specimens include some of the largest Argas larvae he has ever seen.

Argas persic us (Oken) (Fowl tick or "blue bug") Chart I Map 2 This tick is most commonly found on domestic fowl, but may a lso occur on r e la te d b ir d s, in clu d in g a number o f w ild species found in Arizona. It is widely distributed in the state, as Chart I indicates, and can probably be found in most chicken houses where strict control measures are not carried out. It is often a serious pest of poultry, and occasionally attacks man when other suitable hosts cannot be found. Indications are that it may be a vector of fowl paralysis in Texas. There is one record of the transmission of anthrax to man by the bite of this species, (Steinhaus, ' 1946). Genus: Antricola

Antricola eoprophllua (Melntoeh) . . Chart I . Map 3 This species has been recorded from Arizona in associa­ tion with bats, although Cooley and Kohls (1944b) state that they have never seen this species actually feeding on bats. All stages may be found in abundance in bat guano. The Univ­ ersity of Arizona collection contains several type specimens taken from bat guano. This-is the only member of this genus found in the United States.

Genus: Ornlthodoros

Ornlthodoros concanensls Cooley and Kohls Chart I ■ ■ " ■ " • ■ . Map 5 This species is recorded in Arizona from bat retreats. It may be confused with gu tala.le. but it is smaller than talaje, the posterior margin of the body is more rounded, and the hood is shorter. ;

Ornlthodoros dyerl Cooley and Kohls ChartI ,' • - ...... - ■ ; • . ■ ■ ■ • Map 6 This species is another known in Arizona from bat retreats. It may be readily distinguished from other species of Ornlthodoros that occur on bats by the parallel marginal ridges and elongated body. 11

Omithodoroa stagerl Cooley and Kohls Chart I " “ . ■ «ap 7 _ This species has been taken in Arizona from bats and bat retreats. It may be separated from other species of Omithodoros quite easily, as the body is nearly oval in shape, whereas other species have the sides of the body nearly paral­ le l. It has been known to attack man readily when he enters bat retreats.

Omithodoros talaje (Guerin-Meneville) Chart I ... " Map 6 This species has been reported from a number of places in southern Arizona. According to Kohls and Cooley this tick may be limited in its host relationship in Arizona, its principal hosts being kangaroo rats (Dlpodomys sp.). However, it has also been recorded near the dens of wood rats ( Neotoma sp.), and a single collection has been made from a ground squirrel (Cltellus sp. ). The specimens in the Depart­ ment collection are from a house in Colombia, South America. It Is a known vector of relapsing fever (Borrellla recurren­ tly var. venezuelensls) in the Central and South American countries, and may be implicated in the transmission of re­ lapsing fever in the United States, Including Arizona. It may also inflict a painful bite on man.

Omithodoros turlcata (Duges) Chart I : ' • .' • ■ ■ '■ • ' ; ' : Map 9 There are three records of the occurrence of this tick 12 in Arizona; It' prbtmbly oeetirs en wild rodents, such as ground squirrels. The hosts indicated in the Arizona records are not the common briesv-upon' which the tick is found* It is possible that this tick may be the vector of relapsing fever in the northern part of Arizona, but until a study of the vectors and reservoir hosts of this disease is made, this can only remain an assumption. This species also is known to carry the tularemia bacillus (Pasturella tularensls).

Ornlthodoros yumatensls Cooley and Kohls Chart I Map 10 This species Is common on bats and In bat retreats in southern Arizona. It may be separated from other species of Ornlthodoros occurring in association with bats by its unusu­ a lly long legs, which are approximately three-fourths the length of the body. Other ticks of this genus rarely have legs longer than one-half the length of the body. i Genus: Otoblus

Otoblus megnlnl (Duges) (Spinose ear tick Chart I or ear tick) Map 4 This tick is usually found quite commonly in the ears of domestic animals, particularly cattle. Chart I indicates its wide distribution throughout the state. It can probably be found in the ears of some cattle in almost any herd that is examined. It is:parasitic in its nymphal stage, the only stage in which it is usually found. Unless the infestation 13

1 b particularly heavy on an animal, serious loss of blood does not usually result. However, the lesions left by the tick may predispose conditions quite favorable for attacks of myiasis-producing files. These flies have caused ser­ ious trouble in herds at some times. This tick may also at­ tack man, although such cases are not common.

The following species of argasld ticks are not presently recorded from Arizona although they occur in nearby areas and/or thrive in environments similar to those found in the state. Further collections may well establish their presence In Arizona.

Argas reflexus (Fabrlolus) Argas brevlpes Banks This may prove to be the "Argas sp." collected from a number of species of birds as previously discussed. Ornlthodoros oooleyi MeIvor Ornlthodoros eremlcus Cooley and Kohls Ornlthodoros hermsl Wheeler, Herms and Meyer This species may possibly be respon­ sible for the transmission of relapsing fever In northern Arizona. Ornlthodoros kelleyl Cooley and Kohls

The following key, modified after Cooley and Kohls (1944-b), w ill serve to Identify the argasld ticks known to occur or 14 likely to be founa In Arizona. 1. With a dorsal shield; oapltulum anterior; sexual dimorphism marked...... IXODIDAE Lacking a dorsal shield; oapltulum ventral; sexual dimorphism s li g h t ...... ARGASIDAE 2

2. A definite sutural line separating dorsal and ventral su rfa ces...... ARGA8 3 No definite sutural line between dorsal and ventral su r fa c e s ...... ,4

3. Flattened margins with quadrangular plates; apically notched hypostome; postpalpal hairs present...... A. Persians Flattened margins striate; postpalpal hairs absent; hypostome rounded apically ...... A. r e fle x u s

4. Nymphs with Integument beset with spines; well devel­ oped hypostome; adults with granular integument; hypostome vestigial. (Nymphs are the only form found commonly in the ears o f dom estic a n im a ls)...... OTOBIUS 5 Adults and nymphs with integument essentially alike, tuberoulated or mammlllated but without spines; hypo­ stome of variable form in nymphs or adults but never v e s t i g i a l ...... 8

5 . A dults...... 6 Nymphs...... 7

6. Pits on dorsum separated by distance of diameter or l e s s ...... 0. lagophilus P it s on dorsum separated by d istan ce o f more than one d ia m eter...... 0 . megnlnl 1 5

7. Integument with heavy spines anteriorly and lighter spines posteriorly; spiracles conical; denticles 4/4- on hypostome...... 0> megnlnl Spines on Integument all of one size; spiracles con­ vex; denticles 3/3 on hypostome...... 0. lagophllus

8. Hypostome scoop-llke, broad at base. (In association w ith b ats)...... Antrlcola coprophllus Hypostome o f varying form but never sc o o p -llk e . (Associated with various animal classes, Including b a ts ...... •...... ORNITHODOROS 9

9. Cheeks present; four dorsal humps on legs absent...... 10 Cheeks absent; dorsal humps on legs present or absent.15

10. Known only from animals or animal retreats other than bats; legs with surface mlcromamillated...... 0 . ta la je Known only from bats or bat retreats ...... 11

11. Body unusually long in proportion to the width and with two parallel ridges following the periphery...... 0 . dyerl Body not unusually long:; no parallel ridges on the p erip h ery...... 12

12. Legs notably long, at least three-fourths the length of the body...... 0 . yumatensis Legs not notably long, usually not more than one-half the length of the body...... 13

13. Body oval, wider behind than In front...... 0 . stager! Body with sides approximately parallel...... l4- 16

14-, Larger apeoiea with body proportionately wider, (7x4 mm.); hypostome with sides subparallel...... 0. k e lle y i Smaller species with body proportionately narrower ( 5.5 x 3.0 mm.); hypostome wide beyond middle...... 0. concanensls

15* Dorso-ventral grooves absent; capitalurn distant from the a n te rio r m argin...... 0. cob leyi Doreo-ventral grooves present; capitulum sub-apical 16

16. Dorsal humps on t a r s i I absent...... 0. h em al . Dorsal humps on t a r s i I p resen t...... 17

17. Dorsal humps present on tarsus IV...... 0. eremicus Dorsal humps absent on tarsus IV...... 18

18. Mammillae large, not crowded, and few in number...... 0. tu r ica ta Mammillae small and many, somewhat crowded...... 0 . parkerl

Family: IXODIDAE

The great majority of the ticks in the world are con­ tained in the family Ixodldae. Mathe son (1950) lists the principal genera as: Amblyomma. DermacentorHaemaphysalla. Ixodes, Rhlploephalus. Aponomma. Boophllus. Hyalomma. Oto- centbr and Rhlplcentor. ' The first five genera are known to be present in Arizona, the species being principally in the genera Dermacentor and Ixodes. Two species of HaemaphyBalls have been recorded, and one each of Amblyomma and Rhlpl- 17 ogphalus. It Is possible that Boophilus annulatus and Oto- centor nltehs could be introduced from Mexico on cattle or wild animals.

Genus: Amblyomma

Amblyomma maculatum Koch Chart II Map 11 . A single female specimen from Cochise.was found crawl­ ing on a man, but the animal host i s unknown. According to Cooley and Kohls (1944a) this record is outside the normal limits of distribution of the species. The larvae and nymphs usually attack birds, but may also be found on a number of sm all mammals. The a d u lts attack a number o f larger animals, domestic and wild.

Genus: Dermaoentor

Dermacentor alblplotus (Packard) (Moose or Chart II .elk tick) Map 12 This sp ecies i s widespread in Arizona, and i s commonly found on a number of wild and domestic animals. The princi­ pal hosts in Arizona seem to be deer and cattle. It has been experimentally shown to transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Dermacentroxenus rlokettsi), but due to its limited host relationship and the fact that it rarely attacks man it is, a t the most, of little Importance in the malntainence of the disease in nature or in the transmission of the disease to man. I t 1 b also known to harbor the tularemia bacillus. If It Is present In large numbers on horses out on the range and the Infestation Is overlooked In the long winter coats, this tick may seriously, weaken or perhaps .even k ill the animale. In wild animals, where gross Infestations may occur, and especially in the winter months when food 1s scarce, animals such as deer have been known to be killed. This species has also been called D. nlgrollneatus Blshopp and Trembley, 19^5) * but Cooley (195^) prefers to call nlgrollneatus a southern states strain of alblplctua. Cooley has examined the evidence of distribution, hosts, biology, and the descriptions of a number of authors and has a lso examined a great number o f specimens him self.H e can find no criteria strong enough to provide differentiation of the two forms.

Dermaoentor andersonl Stiles (Rocky Mountain spot- Chart II . ted fever or wood Map 13 tic k ) The specimens in the Department collection came from Montana, but Cooley (193&) states that this species occurs in northern Arizona. No specific collection data are avail-; able for Arizona records. There are, however, a wide number of hosts such as mice, rats, ground squirrels and rabbits which commonly occur over the sta te arid could undoubtedly support populations of this tick. It is implicated in the transmission of a number of 19 diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, Colorado tick fever (virus), American "Q" fever (Rickettsia burnetl). Equine encephalomyelitis (virus), lymphocytic choriomenin­ gitis (virus) and is suspected of carrying relapsing fever spirochetes. Salmonella enterltldls and the etiological agent of anaplasmosis of cattle (Anaplasma marginals) have been recovered from this species also. It can experimentally trans­ mit the etiological agent of endemic typhus (Rickettsia typhl). It is also know to be the chief causitlve agent of tick p a r a ly s is .

Dermacentor hunterl Blshopp Chart II Map 14 This species is recorded from Rooky Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis gaillaird i) from the Plomosa mountains in Yuma county. Its distribution probably extends wherever Rooky Mountain sheep occur in the southwestern states. There is a single record of this tick occurring on man in Arizona, but this is undoubtedly of incidental occurrence. It is not known to be a parasite of domestic sheep.

Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann (Rabbit tick) : Chart II Map 15 This species is especially abundant in Arizona on various sp ec ies of ra b b its and a number of other h o sts , including ground squirrels, rats and cattle. Cooley (1936) states that the only known hosts of the immature stages are rabbits, but the records of the Department collection 20 indicate that nymphs have been collected from the kangaroo rat ( Dlpodomys sp.) and ground squirrels (Cltellus sp. ). It may possibly be a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever among its reservoir hosts in nature, and 6ay play a part in the transmission of tularemia, although only within its normal host range and not to man. Bishopp and Trembley (1945) regard D. parumapertus marglnatus as distinct from D. par- umapertus. Cooley (193&) believes that marglnatus is not even a persistent race, and states it shows no biological differences that can be detected or any significant constant ornamentation patterns that w ill serve to list marglnatus as a variety of parumapertus.

Genus: Haemaphysails

Haemaphysails ohordellls (Packard) Chart II . - •- ■ , , 16 There is a single record of the occurrence of this . species in Arizona and after a careful examination of the literature. It appears that this is the. only known record of this tick in the state. Cooley (1946). makes no mention of Its occurrence In the state, although he made the identifica­ tion. There are probably a number of hosts that could sip- p ort t h is tick, but further studies need to be made to give concrete evidence. Cooley (1946) indicates reports of a fatal case of tick paralysis in a child of about ten years due to a single Haemaphysails olnnabarina (now H. ohordellls) 21

attached to Its head. Cooley also Indicates that this tick may he a transmitter of tularemia In ground-frequenting birds. If this Is true, this species may be of possible significance in the transmission of tularemia to man from contact with game birds. This species has also been reported as killing turkeys In various places In the United States. (Blshopp and Trembley, 19^5)

Haemaphysails leporls-palustrls (Packard) Chart II Map I? This sp ecies commonly occurs on ra b b its (v a rio u s sp ecies and subspecies of Lepus and Sylvllagua), although there are no published records of the adults occurring on rabbits In Arizona. As the most common host Is rabbits, It can be assumed that this species does spend Its adult stage on them. A new record from Arizona according to Cooley (19^6) lists this species as occurring on Gambel1s quail. The Arizona records Indicate the large numbers of larvae that attack birds, so It Is possible that some birds may be killed by such heavy Infestations. It rarely attacks man, but since It Is a vector of spotted fever and tularemia among the host animals, It Is probably of some Importance In the malntalnence of these dis­ eases In nature.

Genus: Ixodes

Ixodes s£. Chart II Map 18 A single larva collected from an Indigo bunting Is In

4 22 the Department collection. No indication of the specie's was given by Dr. Kohls when he made the identification of this specimen.; As none of the records of Ixodes in Arizona indi­ cate that the larvae of this genus are parasites of birds, it is possible that this unidentified species is a new species never recorded from Arizona.

Ixodes angustus Neumann Chart II Cooley and Kohls (19^5) list a single record of this species, taken at "Hlghrolls," Arizona. The exact location of this place is not known. This species is of no known econ­ omic or medical significance, although Bishopp and Tremblay (19^5) indicate that it should be regarded with some suspicion since it occurs in areas where spotted fever is prevalent and is a general feeder which occasionally attacks man.

Ixodes king! Bishopp Chart II Map 19 A single specimen, taken from a prairie dog in Yavapai county, is the only known record of this tick occurring in Arizona. It is of no known economic significance. v:'

Ixodes sculpt us Neumann Chart II ■- : . '..tv '. v. Map, 20 This species is reported from northern Arizona pccur- ring on rodents. It may play some part in the maintalnence of spotted fever and tularemia in nature, as it is common on a . number of mammals in other areas where both diseases have been 23 reported.as endemic.

Ixodes texanus Banks Chart II Map 21 There is a single record of this species occurring on a spotted skunk from the final mountains, and is the first re­ cord of the occurrence of this tick in Arizona. It appears to be of no economic significance, as it occurs in small num­ bers only on wild animals.

Genus: Rhlplcephalus

Rhiploepha lu s sanguineus L a tr e ille (Brown dog tick) Chart I I . Map 22 This tick is probably the most notorious and widespread of all the ticks of Arizona. The most common host is the dog, although this tick is often found crawling about in houses, on furniture, beds, etc., wherever dogs are present. There is a single Arizona record of a nymph found attached to the scalp of a man, and in this instance the owners of the house had two dogs, both of which had infestations of this tick at the time. This species should be considered as one of the more important potential disease transmitters among the ticks of Arizona because of its common association with man. It is experimentally capable of transmitting Rooky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and is believed to be involved in the trans­ mission of American "Q* fever. Fortunately it does not usu­ ally attack man. It is a vector of malignant Jaundice 24

(Babesia canls) in dogs, cases of which have been reported only from Florida in this country. It has also been impli­ cated in the transmission of Anaplasmosis of cattle.

The following species of ixodid ticks are not presently recorded from Arizona although they occur in nearby areas and/or thrive in environments similar to those found in the state. Further collections may well establish their pres­ ence in Arizona.

Amblyomma amerloanum Linnaeus (Lone star tick) This species is a common parasite of man in Texas, and is implicated in the transmission of Rooky Mountain spotted fever, Bullls fever, tularemia and "%* fever.

Boophllus annulatus (Say) (Cattle tick) This species is common in some parts of Mexico (Cooley and Kohls, 1946) and could conceivably be introduced from Mexico either on wild or domestic animals.

Dermacentor hall! McIntosh This tick is common on the peccary (Pecari angulatus angulatus) in Texas. It may occur on the peccary In Arizona.

Ixodes oonepatl Cooley and Kohls This species is found in animal caves In Texas. 25

Ixodes h e a r le l Greg eon ; This species is reported from a number of western states on ground squirrels. , .

Ixodes paolflcus Cooley and Kohls : Reported from numerous places along the west coast, Including the desert areas of Southern California, it has a number of animal hosts including dogs, cats, lizards and c a t t le .

O tocentor n lten e (Neumann) Tide species was reported from Port Bowie in southern Arizona by Banks (19OS). However, Cooley (1938) reports that the specimens taken probably came.from horses and pack animals from Mexico and states that probably it does not occur in Arizona. It is conceivable that it could be introduced from Mexico on wild or domestic animals.

The following Ixodidae are in the University of Arizona collection but are not known to occur within the state.

Amblyomma cajennse (Fabrlclus) Southern Texas

Dermacentor variabills (Say) Minnesota

The following key, modified after various authors, w ill aid in the,identification of Ixodidae present or likely to be found in Arizona. • 26

1. Lacking a scutum or dorsal shield; sexual dimorphism slight...... ARGASIDAE With a scutum or dorsal shield; capitalum anterior; sexual dlmorphlsm marked...... IXDDIDAE 2

2. Anal groove surrounding anus anteriorly; no eyes present; Inornate...... IXODES 3 Anal groove smTroundlng anus posteriorly, or absent; ornate or Inornate; eyes present or absent...... 15

3. Females...... 4- M ales...... 10

4-. Files 1, 2, and 3 extending the full length of the hyp os tome...... 5 Files 1 and 2 extending the full length of the hypostome, file 3 never extending more than.approx­ imately one-half the total length ...... 6

5. Mypostome rounded apically, denticles 4-/4- distally; scutum subcircular...... I, paclflous Hypostome pointed apically, denticles 3/3 distally; scutum subquadrate...... I. angustus

6 . Cornua absent or in d is t in c t ...... 7 Cornua present and d i s t i n c t ...... &

7. Sides of hypostome slightly curved in p ro file...... 1. texanus Sides of hypostome straight in profile.. ..I. hearlel g. Basis capituli with posterior margin undulate...... • ...... I. sculpt us Basis capituli with posterior margin evenly curved or straight...... 9 27

9* Splracular plates with goblets large and relatively few in number; hypostome w ith d e n tic le s 2 /2 over I t s f u l l le n g t h ,...... I. king! Splracular plates with goblets large and relatively numerous; hypostome with denticles 3/3 for approx­ imately one-third its length...... 1. oonepatl

10. Lateral denticles of hypostome large and conspic­ uous, well differentiated from median denticles...... I. paclflcus Lateral denticles of hypostome small, not well differentiated from median denticles ...... 11

11. Median denticles In definite lineal files..1. klngl Median denticles in diagonal, transverse, indefin­ i t e or fa in t f i l e s ...... 12

12. Anal plat e shorter than median plate ...... 13 Anal and median plate approximately the same length 14-

13. Punctations of scutum numerous and l a r g e ; hypostome with Granulations occupying most o f its length...... I. sculpt us Punctations of scutum moderate In number and fine; hypostome with crenulations occupying about half its length...... I. angustus

14-. Splracular p la te w ith g o b lets la rg e and many...... I . texanus Splracular plate with goblets small and few...... • ...... 1. hear lei

15. Eyes absent...... HAEMAPHYSALIS 16 Eyes present...... *...... 17 28

16. Denticles on hypoetome 3/3J cornua present on ventral side...... H. leporis-paluetrl# Denticles on hypoetome 5/5> cornua absent on ventral side...... H. chordeilis

1 7 . Anal groove indistinct or absent; inornate...... ' ...... BOOPHILPB (B. annulatus) (No records of occurrence in Arizona. “Introduo- „tion from Mexico on wild deer or sheep or ac- cidentaly on domestic animals is possible.) Anal groove distinct and present; ornate or in o r n a te ...... 18

18. O rnate...... 19 In orn ate...... 27

19. Hypoetome w ith d e n tic le s occupying h a lf i t s len g th at the apical end; second segment of palpus twice as long as wide...... AMBLYOMMA 20 Hypostome w ith d e n tic le s occupying most o f i t s length; second segment of palpus less than twice as long as w ide...... DERMACENTOR 23

20. F em ales...... 21 Males.....; ...... 22

21. Ornamentation of scutum consisting of isolated white spots; punotatlons of scutum shallow .*...... A. amerioanum Ornamentation of scutum consisting of numerous connected white lines; punotatlons of scutum deep. • ...... A. maculatum 29 22. Internal spur on Coxa I insignificant or short...... A. amerlcanum In tern al spur on Coxa I f a ir ly lo n g , never In­ significant in size or length ...... A. maoulatum

23. Splracular plate with little or no dorsal p ro lo n g a tio n ...... D. a lh ip lo tu s Splracular plate with a dorsal prolongation ...... 24-

24-. Coxa I with spurs widely divergent. (at an angle of approximately thirty degrees)...... 25 Coxa I with spurs at the most only slightly div­ ergent . (angle less than thirty degrees, near­ ly p a r a lle l) ...... 26

25. Goblets of splracular plate numerous and small (over 100); scuta with shallow punctations...... D. h a lll Goblets moderate in both size and number (less than 100 in number); scutum with deep puncta­ t io n s ...... D. parumapertus

26. External spurs on Coxae I I , I I I , and IV a l i t t l e longer than the width at the base; goblets of splracular plate moderately large, moderate (about 100) in number...... D. andersonl External spurs on Coxae I I , I I I . and IV as long as the width at the base; goblets of splracular plate large and relatively few (about 5°) in number...... D. hunter! 30

27* Basis capital! hexagonal In dorsal view; spira- oular plate comma shaped; males with adanal shields...... RHIFICEPHALBS (RV sanguineus) Basis oapltuli rectangular in dorsal view; spira- otfLar plate oval shaped; males lacking adanal s h ie ld s ...... OTOCENTQR (&V nltens) r- (Reported by Banks from Arizona but of doubtful occurrence. . Possibility of Introduction from Mexico on the horse and related animals.)

Economic Importance of Ticks in Arizona

The Ixodoidea, as a group,are among the most Important of the Arthropods In the number of.diseases which they may transm it to man and anim als. They depend upon blood and lymph as their only source of food In all stages of devel­ opment , and as a r e su lt are Id ea lly su ited for d isease transmission. They may affect man and animals by their bites, by causing tick paralysis, and by serving as hosts and vectors of a number of rickettsial, bacterial and virus pathogens.

Ticks as Vectors and Hosts of Pathogens

Although there are few reported cases of tick-borne diseases in Arizona, known and potential vectors are present that conceivably could cause problems in the future. Rocky mountain spotted fever is known to occur occasionally in northern Arizona, but at the present time it cannot be considered a serious public health problem. The disease has 31 a number of known and possible tick vectors. (Table I) This disease could conceivably become a problem of some Importance In Arizona. Relapsing fever has been reported from "the mountains of Arizona" (Chandler, 19^9). The possible,vectors may be either Ornlthodoros parkerl or Ornlthodoros turlcata. both of which are known vectors of the disease. The latter species occurs in Arizona, and the former species occurs In neighboring states where the disease Is known to be endemic. Tularemia is common among rabbits, and although the disease In man is most commonly traced to contact with rab­ b its, It should be remembered that Penaacentor andersonl and Haemaphysalls leporls-palustrls, especially the latter, are Important In Arizona for the malntalnence and trans­ mission of this disease In nature. HaemaphysallB chordellls may also be Implicated in the transmission of tularemia to birds in the state. The disease was recovered from sage hens in Montana which were infested with this tick. Ornl- thodoros turlcata and 0. parkerl are also known to transmit the disease. Colorado tick fever and American "Q," fever are not known to be present (at least there have been no cases diagnosed as such) in the state. r' Red water fever, or Texas cattle fever, of cattle (Babesia blgemlna) Is almost eradicated in the United States, 32 but at. one time was well distributed throughout many cattle growing-areas in the country. Boophilus annulatus. the vector of this disease has never been reported from Arizona. The disease still occurs in Mexico, so constant surveillance must be employed to prevent reintroduotion of the tick and the disease into the United States, especially along the Mexican border...... Anaplasmosia of cattle (Anaplasma marginals) probably occurs in this state, but due to the difficulty in diagnosis of this disease it may be that eubollnlcal cases have been overlooked. Cases of infested cattle in transit through Arizona have been treated by local veterinarians. It is possible that Infected tick vectors have remained behind in the state. Chandler (19^9) states that seventeen species of ticks have been incriminated in the transmission of this disease, but he does not list them. The most Important vec­ tors of this disease are listed in Table II. Infectious jaundice of dogs (Babesia oanls). transmit­ ted by Rhiploephalus sanguineus, has been reported from Florida, but the disease is not known to occur in Arizona. Only isolated oases have been reported of most of these tick-borne diseases in Arizona. This would indicate that it is difficult for any one of these diseases to become established with any great frequency in Arizona. .The dis­ eases, in man are restricted.by the sparse populations in 33

areas where they are known to occur. There is always the possibility that hunters attracted to the state by the number and variety of game animals could contract certain diseases such as tularemia and spotted fever. Other possibilities for the spread of tick-borne dis­ eases also exist in Arizona. It has been demonstrated that Trypanosoma c r u z i. the e t io lo g ic a l agent of Chagas* d isea se w ill survive and can be experimentally transmitted by Ornlthodorbs parkerl, a tick which is suspected to occur in Arizona. It may be possible that: other ticks may carry this organism as well. The interrelationship of the ticks and species of Reduvlldae (Trlatoma sp.) feeding on a com­ mon host may facilitate the spread of T. cruzi in nature. There have been no diagnosed cases of this disease in the United States, but the organism has been recovered from the previously mentioned species In Arizona and neighboring s ta te s . Rhlplcephalus sanguineus, principally a parasite of dogs, and an occasional parasite of man Is known to carry certalh diseases. The constant association may well lead to a greater dependence of this parasite on man as a host, and may at some future time become a well-established '

parasite. : ; l .: - : ' Parasitologists, doctors and public health officers must be always aware of these potential threats and take

/ 34 proper steps to prevent such ticks from becoming more than occasional nuisances.

Tick Paralysis

No oases of tick paralysis known to the writer have been reported-in Arizona, although unreported cases may have been treated in the state. The tick responsible for producing this paralysis (Dermacentor andersonl) is largely limited in its distribution to the northern part of Arizona in areas of sparse population. Tick paralysis cannot, therefor#, be con­ sidered to be an Immediate threat to the more populous areas of this state. For some unknown reason, the majority of cases of tick paralysis have been reported from the north­ western states and British Columbia, within a small area comprising but a portion of the territory where this tick is known to be present. Paralysis may also occur in sheep, cattle and dogs.

Tick B ite s

The principal public health and veterinary problems. caused by ticks In Arizona are concerned with the bites on man and animals. According to Nuttall and Warburton (1908), the bites of Ornlthodoros tala.le and 0. turlcata have a severe effect on man. Both are recorded from Arizona. A single case of Bhlpleephalu# sanguineus biting a man is recorded from Arizona. This person stated in a personal 35

Interview that the effeet was not severe and that the bite was accompanied by an itching seneation and by a slight loss of blood. Other unreported eases of tick bite have undoubt­ edly occurred in Arizona. The splhose ear tick, Otoblus megnlnl, a species which i s p a r a s itic in i t s nyraphal stage o n ly , p resen ts one o f the most common tick problems of Arizona. It is most often re­ ported from cattle, but horses also seem to be susceptible to infestations. Not only are these ticks irritating to the animal, but they also may pave the way for Infestations of myiasis-prddtteing flie s, principally screwworms of the family Galliphorldae • There have been no record's of this tick attaching to man but it is logical to assume that ranch hands sleeping on the open range could be attacked by these p e s ts . ' ; . ■’ : •• - - - - - There have been reports of other ticks, such as Derma- centor alblplctus and D. parumapertus infesting cattle. They often occur in la rg e numbers on th e ir w ild h o sts. There have been reports from other states of these ticks causing considerable loss of blood, greatly weakening the host and in some cases producing secondary anemia and death. These ticks could conceivably become an important problem in any one year if early infestations were not checked. This would be especially true of D. alblplctus. a one-host tick which spends about 60$ of its life taking blood from its host. 36;

:Deer and rabbits have been known to be killed by the tremendous number o f tic k s c lin g in g to them which eve#- tually reduced the blood simply to the point where the animal could no longer combat secondary infection or the secondary anemia produced by this exeanguinatlon.

Control of Ticks

Rhiploephalua sanguineus and Otoblus megnlnl are the two species of ticks most commonly requiring control treat­ ments in;Arizona. Other tick species are not usually pres­ ent in sufficient numbers to cause great harm either to man, livestock or domestic animals, although serious local outbreaks may conceivably occur. To control ticks on cattle, rotenone-sulfur dips are most commonly used. This dip has a great advantage in being non-toxic to the animals, and will usually give reasonably satisfactory control. It will also be effective against grubs and lice that attack cattle. The formula most gen­ erally used is as follows: Rot enone (5#) 10 pounds - - Wettable sulfur (325 mesh or more) 10 pounds Wetting agent ( Triton .36-100 e t c . ) 1 p in t Water 100 gallons 37

Henna (1950) claims that a 0.5$ suspension of benzene hexachlorlde (containing 10$ - 15$ gamma isomer) is effective on cattle, but cannot be used on lactating dairy animals due to the objectionable taste of the milk. It is probable that lindane, the pure gamma isomer (99$) of benzene hexa­ chlorlde w ill be recommended in the near future when suitable tests are made as to formulation and rate of application. A 5$ or 10$ benzene hexachlorlde dust is effective in controlling Hhiplcephalus sanguineus in small areas such as lawns. The most effective way to control ticks on dogs is to carefully examine the dog once a day for ticks and remove them with tweezers or by putting a drop of gasoline or kero­ sene on the ticks' posterior so they will loosen their hold and can be removed. A 3$ rotenone-10$ DDT dust in an inert carrier has also been observed by the writer to be fairly effective in controlling the ticks on the dogs where the Infestation tends to be heavy. This mixture is also effec­ tive in the control of other parasites on dogs such as fleas and l i c e . Heras (1950) recommends that henhouse roosts be painted thoroughly with kerosene to combat the fowl tick (Argus perslcus). He also states that fumigation with sulfur is effective if the henhouse is tight. For large scale control of ticks, DDT, DDT plus dieldrin, and toxaphene have all shown promising results. For further 32

Information on this phase, of tick .control, see Smith and Gouck (1 9 4 5 ), McDuffie, Eddy and Clark (1 9 5 0 ), and Gouck and Fluno (1950). Field tests on clothing have shown some success, but no actual recommendations have been made. (Grannett and French, 1950) Personal care is the most effective means of avoiding ticks and tick-borne diseases when traveling through or working in tick-infested areas. A tick parasite, Ixodlphagus caucurtel du Buysson, of the hymenopterous family Encyrtidae is known to occur in Arizona. At the present time it appears that it is of no importance in reducing populations in nature, but it is hoped that con d ition s may become more favorable fo r i t s multiplication and aid in reducing tick populations. 39

Glass: Arachnlda Order: Scorpionida (The Scorpions)

Very little literature has been published concerning scorpions in the United States. Comstock (19*WS) revised by Gertsch gives some Information on the habits of scorpions and the characters used In the taxonomy of this group, but the keys and descriptions of the species are generally inadequate. Ewing (1928) gives useful descriptions and also some indication of the distribution of scorpions known at that time, but the keys are inadequate to cope with the present knowledge of scorpions. Stahnke has described a number of new species from Arizona, and has given indica­ tions of their poisonous effects, habits, and medical impor­ tance (loc. c lt.). The first reliable and practical key for the identification of the species of Hadrurus has been written by Stahnke (194-5). A book on the identification, distribution, treatment of scorpion stings and control of scorpions w ill shortly be published by Dr. Stahnke. Scorpions may be readily recognized by their crab-like appearance, long fleshy ta il (postabdomen) terminated by a prominent sting, and greatly enlarged pedipalps. They have four pairs of legs, all of which possess terminal claws. The chellceras or true Jaws are concealed by the front edge of the carapace or dorsal covering of the thorax. A pair 40 of peetlnee, comb-like structures, are situated on the post­ erior section of the cephalothorauc below the genital orifice. They are believed to be sensory in nature. The order Scorpionida is divided into four fam ilies, all of which occur in Arizona. These are: Seorplonidae, Ch&ctldae, Buthidae and Vejovidae. The following key, adapted from Ewing (1928) w ill a id in the separation o f th e fa m ilie s of Scorpionida: 1. Sternum triangular, the sides strongly convergent a n te r io r ly ...... BUTHIDAE Sternum subpentagonal, the sides almost parallel...... 2

2. Membrane at base of last tarsal segment of most of the legs with a single spur;, postabdomen often reduced...... SCORPIONIDAE Membrane at base of last tarsal segment of most of the legs with two spurs; postabdomen not usually reduced.. 3

3* Three to five ocelli on each lateral margin of the carap ace;...... VEJOVIDAE Two ocelli only on each lateral margin of the carapace...... CHACTIDAE Keys to the genera and species will not be included in this paper, as there are none available that are adequate to cover the species now recorded from Arizona.

Family: Seorplonidae

This family is poorly represented in Arizona, there being only a single species, Diplocentrue white! (Gervais), recorded from the state. It can be easily separated from the other families In having a single spur at the base of the last tarsal segment.

Genus: Dlplocentrue

Dlplocentrus whit el (G-ervals) Chart III Hap 3 1 - Thle species Is a small darkly colored reddlsh-brown scorpion that occurs principally In southern Arizona. The Department collection contains two specimens collected In Patagonia.

Family: VeJovldae

This family Is the best represented of all the families In Arizona, there being sixteen species found In the state. The family can be distinguished from other families of the Scorpionlda by the characteristic of two tarsal spurs on each of the last tarsal segments and by the possession of three to five ocelli on the lateral margin of either side of the anterior region of the carapace.

Genus: Hadrurus

The characteristic that will readily separate this genus from Vejovla Is that the movable finger of the chelicera has a splne-llke tooth, and Vejovla has none. The members of this genus when fully grown are usually larger and more hairy than Vejovls. 4-2

Ha drums hlrsutus (Wood) (Slant hairy scorpion) Chart III . \ . Map 27 This species is probably the largest of all scorpions ; ; . that occur in the United States. It is often found burrow­ ing in the sand, under boards or rocks, or other places where the earth is relatively moist. For a summary of its characteristics, see Stahnke (194-5)•

Ha drums arlzonensls (Ewing) Chart III Map 26 This species Is closely related to H. hlrsutus and can be distinguished from it by the characteristics cited in Stahnke (194-5). It has similar habits to H. hlrsutus.

Two other species of Ha drurns occur in Arizona. They are H. spadix Stahnke and H. aztecus Pocock. These two species are not thus far represented In the University of Arizona collection.

Genus: Vejovls

This genus can be separated from Ha drums as indica­ ted above. There are twelve species of this genus well distributed throughout the state. For the descriptions of the species see Ewing (192S) and Stahnke (1940).

Vejovls flavus Marx Chart III Map 2S This species is fairly rare in Arizona and could conceivably be mistaken for Centuroldes sculpturatus. It may be dietIn- 43 gulshed from soulpturatue by it a smaller size and propor­ tionately wider body and the lack of a subaoulear tooth.

I t 1 b the only species In Arizona known at this time to produce an allergic reaction (Stahnke, 195°)•

V ejbvls Bpinlgerue (Wood) :• .. . . Chart I I I Map 29 This sp ec ies i s one of the most commonly encountered of all the scorpions in Arizona, and is usually found in sandy moist areas. It is exceeded in size only by certain species of Hadrurus. A number of collections of this species are recorded from southern Arizona.

Vejovis vorhlesi Stahnke Chart III r - - ...... JO

A single collection of this species is recorded in the Department collection. These specimens have only been ten­ tatively identified by Dr. Stahnke as there is still some doubt as to the exact taxonomic position of this species at the present time. . .

•

Other species of this genus reported from Arizona (Stahnke, 19^0), but which are not in the Department collec­ tion are: V. aqullonalls Stahnke, V. wupatklensls Stahnke, V. confusus Stahnke, V. jonesi Stahnke, V. lapldicola Stahnke, and V. crassimanus Pocock. Mi-

Family: Chactidae

This family is represented by two species in the United States, one of which occurs in Arizona. The family can be readily distinguished from other families by the character­ istic of having only two ocelli on the lateral margins of the carapace.

Genus: Superstionia

Superstitionia donensia Stahnke Chart III Map 25 . This genus and species, created by Dr., Stahnke in 1940 also required the creation of the new subfamily Supersti- tlonlnae. It seems to be a fairly common species in the mountainous areas of Arizona.

Family: Buthidae

The family Buthidae contains the so-called deadly scor­ pions of Arizona. It is easily distinguished from other fa m ilie s by the tria n g u la r shape o f the sternum. The members of this family usually have a subaculear tooth which is easily seen in most specimens. Two species are recorded from Arizona, both in the genus Centuroldes. Genus: Centuroides

Centuroldes scu lp tu ratu s Ewing . Chart I I I Map 24 This scorpion Is probably the most well known of all Arizona species because of the poisonous effect of its sting on man. It is commonly, known as a "deadly" scorpion. This species is small and slender, rarely over two and one-half inches In length when full grown, and is brownlsh-yellow In color. Its principal distribution, as far as is known at the present time, is limited to the southern half of Arizona. However, a few specimens have been-collected as far north as the Grand Canyon.

Centuroldes gertschl Stahnke Chart III Map 23 This species is closely related to G. sculpturatus but can be easily differentiated from sculpturatus in that ■ ^.' .■ ~ “ v .*. it has two irregular black stripes down its dorsum. Its principal distribution is limited to southeastern Arizona. It is also known as a "deadly" scorpion.

The following species are in the Department collection but are not known to occur in Arizona:

Centuroldes vlttatus (Say) A male and a female specimen were collected at Camp Bullis, Texas. 46

Medical Importance of Scorpions

Only two scorpions, Centuroldes sculpturatas and C. gertschl. found in Arizona are known to possess a poisonous venom that w ill produce a systemic reaction. Other scor­ pion stings w ill generally not produce a systemic reaction of any consequence; however, it must be remembered that this may vary greatly with the individual. For a complete discussion of this subject see Stahnke (1939, 1949, and 1950).

Gontrol of Scorpions r

The measures for eradication of scorpions are three­ fo ld : 1. Clean up the premises so that scorpions may not have a place to hide. 2. Trap scorpions if the Infestation is heavy. 3. Use insecticides if the situation warrants their use. Indications are at the present time that a 5^ or "10% DDT spray in an ©41 base, or a 2% or 3% ohlordane (or lindane) spray are the most effective, used either alone or in combination. For a recent treatment of this subject, see Roney (1950). 47

Class: Araohnlda Order: Solpuglda (The Solpuglds)

Very little literature Is available on this small group of arachnids. One of the references believed to be useful, but which was unavailable to the writer Is Roewer (1934). Comstock (1948) discusses the group In regard to their tax­ onomic characters and their biology, but does not Include keys to the species found In the United States. Banks (1900) has given a brief synopsis of the group and Includes a key that Is most unsatisfactory as It gives only the character­ istics suitable for the identification of males. Flchter (1940,194-1) presents a comprehensive description and discus­ sion of the species, Eremobates palllpes (Say), and ale© describes another species occurring in the Nebraska fauna, but does not discuss the fauna of the United States as a whole. Solpuglds have been known by a number o f names In region s where they have been found: Child-0f-the-earth, sun spider, and sometimes falsely as vinegarones. They are medium to large sized arachnids, often quite hairy, and with a segmented thorax. The pedipalps are leg­ like in form, bear no claws and are believed to be sensory; The first pair of legs have lost their locomotor function and resemble the pedlpalpe. The three remaining pairs of legs are employed in locomotion. One of the most unusual features of the solpugids are the racquet-organs which are borne on the fourth pair of legs, and are f-shaped in structure. They are believed to be sensory in nature. The reproductive opening is on the first segment of the abdomen, and is cov­ ered by a pair of operoula. The solpugids are principally nocturnal arachnids. Their main food consists of Insects and it is also suggested that they may feed on small lizards. According to Comstock (1948), there are two families of Solpuglda in the United States. Both families are known in Arizona. The Eremobatldae are characterized by having the anter­ ior margin of the cephalothorax subtruncate and the second and third tarsi with a small dorsal terminal spine in front of the claws. There are a number of species of Eremobates reported from Arizona. The Ammotreohidae are characterized by having the an­ terior margin of the cephalothorax subconical and lacking terminal spines on the tarsi. A single species of Ammo- treoha is known to occur in Arizona. The total number of species occuring in the state is not known; doubtless there are new ones still to be described, as these arachnids are not often encountered. The identifications to species in this study are based on the key of Banks (1900) and the brief descriptions in 49 Pratt (1935). They have been made on a tentative basis only, and quite likely w ill be subject to change when a key adequate for their identification is formulated, and the group is revised. A great deal of study is needed to put the species found in the United States in an orderly taxonomic condition.

Family: Eremobatldae Subfamily: Eremobatlnae Genus: Eremobates

Eremobates c a lifo r n lc a Simon Chart IV — • , Map 32

This Is a medium sized species with the mandibles constricted from below near the apical third.

Eremobates cinerea Putnam ' Chart IV _ Map 33 This species is probably the largest known from Arizona (40 mm. or more), with the movable finger of the chelloera near the apical fourth suddenly narrowed from above.

Eremobates fonaicaria Koch - Chart IV

The mandibles have two subequal teeth and no spines are found under the tibia of the palpus.

Eremobates palllpes (Say) Chart IV Map 35 The movable segment of the chelloera in both sexes has 50

a large and a small tooth. The Inner side of the pedlpalp of the male is hairy and without bristles. They are a small species (l4-30 ram.), and are probably the most widely distributed of all the solpuglds in the United States.

Esslg (1926) lists the following species occurring in Arizona in addition to those listed above:

Eremobates formldabllls (Simon) Eremobates magna Hancock Ammotrecha penlnsulana Banks

. Importance of the Solpuglda

The solpuglds are often greatly feared and have been erroneously regarded to be as poisonous as the scorpions. However, they have been known to in flict a painful bite with their large ehellcerae. As far as is known, they do not possess poison glands. The effect of their bites is only local in nature, but care must be taken to prevent secondary infection by proper disinfection of the wound. They are considered to be beneficial due to their predatory habits. No control measures are considered necessary. 51

Ola s b : Arachnids ■ ■ ;. ’ - ' - Order: Pe dipalp Ida * '' - . (The Whip Scorpions)

Literature concerning this small and. economically unim­ portant group is relatively scant. Brief discussions of taxonomy and habits may be found In Comstock (19%-S) ahd Pratt (1935) • A complete review of i;he group is given by Werner (1935), but this reference was not available ot the writer. : ' - - ... ' c-.-

The Pedipalplda are commonly known as w hip-scorpions or vingaroons. Two families are known to occur in Arizona, each having a sin g le genus and a sin g le s p e c ie s . They may (Thelyphonldae) or may not (Tarantulidae) have a long seg­ mented ta il. The abdomen is separated from the cephalo- thorax by a constriction in the Tarantulidae and is broadly joined to the cephalothorax in the Thelyphonldae. The first pair of legs is greatly elongated and forms a long flagellum which is believed to be tactile in nature. The ehbllcerae are chelate in all families. The genital pore is located on the first abdominal segment. Individuals differ in size varying from two Inches in length,.as in the Tarantulidae, to four or five inches ,in length, as in the Thelyphonidae. Their diet . seems to consist mainly of insects. They are nocturnal in their habits. A third family, Sehizomidae, not recorded from Arizona 52 may be briefly characterized by having a short tall or caudal appendage which is at the most three-Jointed.

Family: Thelyphonlda® Genus: Mastlgoprootua

Mastlgoproctus glganteus (Lucas) (Giant whip- Chart 7 .scorpion) Map 36 _ This i s a la rg e dark brown s p e c ie s , commonly known as the vinegaroon because of its strong vinegar-like odor. It is often found burrowing in the sand under rocks or other objects.

Family: Tarantulldae Genus: Tarantula

Tarantula fusimana (Koch) Chart V ‘ Map 37

This species, not to be confused with the tarantula spider (Order: Areneida, Superfamily: Avicularloldea, Genus: Eurypelma) is known as one of the tailless whip-scorpions. It is reddish-brown in color and usually reaches a length of about an inch and a h a lf, ra rely more. The abdomen i s Join­ ed to the thorax by a slender pedicel. The first pair of legs are slender, almost hair-likej long and many segmented, distinguishing this species from Mastigoproctue in which the legs are stouter and consist of but few segments 53

Importance of the Pedlpalpida

The members of this order, although greatly feared., are quite harmless. There is no evidence to show that they possess poison glands, and the long tail of the giant whip- scorpion does not possess a sting. They induce a small swell­ ing by their bite, but this is minor in.nature. Bites should be disinfected to prevent secondary Infection. . The Pedlpalpida are desert dwellers and rarely are found around human habitation, therefore, no control measures are needed, r: ■ : 5%

- Classi Ataelmlda Order: Chelonethlda (The Pseudoscorpions)

The Chelonethlda Is a fairly large order which is not well known because of the small size of the individuals and their difficult systematica. Chamberlin (1931) has written an extensive paper on the morphology and systematica of the group and has a lso p ublished a number o f papers on the var­ ious families, species and genera. Hoff (194-9) has also prepared a well written bulletin on the biology, habitats, and distribution of the group, although the paper deals principally with those species found in Illinois. The pseudosoorplons resemble the scorpions superficially in having similar pedlpalps and general body plan, but the body is not narrowed posteriorly as are the scorpions. Cham­ berlin (1931) believes they are closely related to spiders. They are very small to minute animals, rarely more than a few millimeters in length and usually have a flattened body. The eyes, when present, are either single or paired and are situated on the lateral margins of the carapace. The cheli- oerae are often quite complex in their development, serving as sensory, grasping, cleansing or spinning organs. They are two-jointed and chelate. The greatly developed pedlpalps are chelate terminally and have a rather remarkable resemblance to those of the scorpions. All four pairs of legs are adapted 55 for walking. There are two lateral claws terminally, below which there I s a membranous empodlum. The g e n ita l opening Is on the middle line between the second and third abdominal stern a. These arachnids are found In damp soil under old logs or leaves and occasionally In houses. Their chief food seems to be small Insects and mites. They are not known to be parasitic on animals although they w ill be found feeding on the small arthropods found In bird or small mammal nests. The order Chelonethlda Is divided Into three suborders: Heterosphyronlda, Dlplosphyronlda and Monosphyronida, each containing a number of superfamllles and fam ilies, all of which are probably found In Arizona. Since few species are recorded from this state, It Is hoped that a thorough survey of the fauna can be made to Increase our knowledge of this group. : . , .. ■

The taxonomy of the group Is quite difficult; adequate preparation with the proper equipment Is necessary to prepare specimens fo r I d e n tific a tio n under a compound m icroscope. In this study. Identifications were made to family. 56

Suborder: Monosphyronida Superfsally: Sheliferoldea

Members of this suborder can be recognized by having only a single tarsal segment on each leg. Members of this superfamily are identified by having the femora of the first and fourth legs dissimilar in struc­ tu re.

Family: Chernetidae Chart VI Map 38

Three collections of the family Chernetldae are recorded in the Department collection. Members of this family are distinguished from other families of the Cheliferoldea in having accessory teeth present on the chelal fingers.

Suborder: Diplo ephyronlda Superfamily: Garypoidea

This suborder can be recognized by the divided tarsus of each of the legs. The superfamily can be recognized by the movable finger of the chelicera with a group of teeth or a single tooth at the apex of the inner margin.

Family: Menthidae Chart VI Map 39

A single collection of the family Menthidae is recorded 5T

In the Department eolleotion. This family can be distin­ guished from other families of the Garypoidea in having the venom apparatus developed only in the fixed finger of the c h ello er a .

Importance of the Chelonethl&a

The pseudoscorpions are so small and innocuous that they cannot be considered of any importance to man medically. Occasionally they enter houses, but never in large numbers. Bites from the members of this group assume less importance than a pin prick. They may aid slightly la reducing the population of insects. No control measures are considered n ecessary. : . , • Class::Myrlapoda - ...... prder: CMlppoda ; £ ^ Order:. Diplopoda . , : r ..

The literature donoerinlng' these groups at the pr%6en1f time is unorganized, scattered and fragmentary. Many species have been described In both orders, but usually they have not been accompanied by satisfactory keys'or proper indications of their taxonomic position. The most satisfactory references for the identification of specimens to genus are Driver (195°) and Pratt (1935). Bollman (18>93) gives keyS Mhich w ill aid in the identifica­ tion of bothe chllopods and diplopods but is useful only for species known up to the time of publication. Chamberlin and Cook and Loomis have given descriptions of a number of chllopods and diplopods found in Arizona.

Order: Chilopoda (The Centipedes)

The centipedes are flattened, elongate arthropods having a single pair of legs per segment, Scutlgera being the only known exception. The number of segments bearing legs varies greatly from fifteen in the Llthobiidae to 173 In the Geo- philidae. There are two pairs of maxillae present, the 59 first pair not united and the second being palp-llke In nature and noticeable. The antennae are at least twelve jointed and prominent. The legs are long and widely separated; the first pair modified Into hook-llke jaws called the maxllllpeds, prehensile In nature, and provided with a poison gland for each. The development is by gradual metamorphosis, the young resembling the adults. They are . principally nocturnal in their habits. Their chief food is small Insects which they k ill with the poison of the max- ill ip eds. There are a number of families of this class, but only those with species recorded from Arizona are listed In this thesis. Undoubtedly, there are many more species to be recorded from this state. It Is hoped that a complete survey of both the chilopods and dlplopods can be made in Arizona. An adequate key to the families was not available to the writer.

Family: Ueophllldae

Geophllus sp. Chart VII Map 40 A single specimen of this genus is present In the Department collection. No adequate keys were available to the species of this genus.

Geophllus rubens Say is reported from the Santa Catalina mountains by Chamberlin (1925). There are no specimens in the Department collection. For a discussion of the descrip- So tion of this species, see Bollman (1&93).

Family: Scolopendridae

Scolopendra heroa Girard (Giant desert centipede) Chart VII Map 4-1 This species is probably the largest centipede found in the United States when fully grown. One found in a house in Tucson attained a length of eight inches, including the antennae and caudal legs. It is quite common throughout Arizona, and is often greatly but unnecessarily feared.

Other Reported Species Probably Occurring in Arizona

Scolopendra morsltans Linnaeus Pratt (1935) S. mohavea Chamberlin (1912) S. polymorpha Wood Pratt (1935)

Family: Lithobiidae

Oablus ore1mle Chamberlin (1925) Nothemblus nampus Chamberlin (1925)

Family: Henicopldae

Buethoblus arlzonlcus Chamberlin (1925)

Family: Himantarlidae

Gosphllus minor arlzonlcus Chamberlin (1925) 6l

Family: Scutigerldae

Scutlgera foroeps (Raflnesque) (House centipede) Chart VII

This species Is probably very eosmon throughout Arizona. It may easily be recognized by Its long antennae and legs, the last pair of which are longer than the body. It may pro­ duce a sizeable swelling by its bite.

Scutlgera homa Chamberlin This species was first described from Arizona In 1942 by Chamberlin and may easily be differentiated from S. forceps in that It has no longitudinal stripes and has a pale venter with a greenish tinge. Specimens have been col­ lected from Ajo (Pima County), according to Chamberlin (194-2). There are no specimens in the Department collection.

Importance of the Chilopoda

Most species of Chilopoda are small, inoffensive, and will not be able to pierce the skin with their poison claws. Two species which occur in Arizona, Scolopendra heros, and Scutlgera foroeps. have been known to bite and produce a swell ing of some consequence, but without systemic reaction. The pain, depending upon the individual, may last for several hours, and when the swelling subsides the area may be sore for several days thereafter. Bathing the wound with a dilute solution of ammonia may redoes the immediate effects of the bite. The only possibility of any danger is secondary infec­ tion, so that steps should be taken to carefully disinfect the wound. Centipedes are usually not numerous enough in homes to warrant any con trol m easures. Soutlgera forcep s is regarded as a useful chilopod, as it may destroy any household pests such as cockroaches. There are cases on record of chilopods occurring in man as accidental parasites. See Riley and Johannsen (1938) for a complete discussion.

Order: Dlplopoda (The Millipedes)

The Dlplopoda, or millipedes are characterized by having two pairs of legs per apparent segment, are elongate and cylindrical in form. A single pair of maxillae are present which are united to form a gnathoohilarium, or underlip. The antennae are short, usually not consisting of more than seven segments. There are stink glands present in some species, usually in a row along the sides of the body. The legs, are short, and often those of the seventh segment in the male are modified for a odpulatory function. The young do not resemble the.adults; the larvae have few segments and only three pairs of legs. They frequent moist and dark places, feeding princi­ pally on decaying animal and vegetable material, although they may occasionally attack living roots and present a 63 problem In gardens. Few species have been reported from

Arizona, as little attention has been seriously given to the collection of this group.

. Family: Julidae

Splrobolus so. Chart Till ------. Map 4-3 This species, resembling the description of S. unolgerus Wood in Pratt (1935) was taken from so il at Tucson. No species determination was made, as an adequate key to the members of this genus was not available.

Family: Slphonophoridae

Slphonaome lyttonl Cook and Loomis (1928)

Importance of the Diplopoda

The millipedes are to be regarded as harmless. However, they may secrete poisonous substances irritating to the skin. There are species that have been known to squirt these fluids for distances up to one yard. The role of species of Fontar- rla and Julus acting as intermediate hosts for the tapeworm, Hymenolepls dlmlnuta, has been indicated by Riley and Johannaen (1938). Riley and Johannsen (193&) have cited instances where dlplopods have occasionally occurred as facultative parasites o f man. 64

A Glossary of Terms Used la the Keys and DeeorlptloB (After Various Authors)

ANAL GROOVE: A semicircular groove posterior to the anus present In some genera of ticks. ANAL PLATE: In the males of Ixodes the me dim , ventral plate posterior to the median plate and surrounding the anus. ADANAL SHIELDS: Paired ventral shields hear the anus in males of Boophilus and Rhlpioephalus. BASIS CAPITULI: The basal portion of the capitulum in ticks to which the mouth parts, are attached. It is movably attached to the anterior part of the scutum and in many species lies in part in the Interval between the scapua. Often abbreviated to “basis". BOOK LUNGS: The respiratory pouches of the Arachnids, so-called because their walls are produced into parallel lamellate folds. va CAMEROSTGME: The depression or cavity in which the capitulum lies, and usually less definite in much engorged speci­ mens. / ; . , ' / . ■■■ , - - : CAPITULUM: The movable anterior portion of the body includirg the mouth parts. : CARAPACE: The dorsal covering of the oephalothorax. CHELATE: Bearing a chela or claw; applied when claws are capable o f being drawn down or back upon the la s t tarsal Joint. CHELICEBAE: (Singular, chelloera), the pinching pincer-like first pair of appendages of the adult Chelleerata, equivalent to the second antennae of the Crustacea. CORNUA: The apical portion of the hypostome which is dif­ ferentiated from the remainder by having very small den­ ticles which may be numerous or few in number. CRENULATIONS: A term applied to the transverse or diagonal rows of mild denticles found on so lie-male hypostomes. Some variation occurs in the sizes of the Individual ... denticles and in whether the denticles in the crenula- tlons are in a continuous row or separated. They are best seen under the microscope, mounted in balsam or • other medium,. DORSAL HUMPS: Humps or elevations on the dorsal walls of the articles of the legs and not Including the subaplcal dorsal protuberance, which when drawn out produces the ’ bifurcate termination of the tarsus. DORSAL SHIELD: Synonym for scutum, q. v. DORSO*-VENTRAL GROOVES: Lineal depressions"or furrows, run­ ning from the dorsum to the venter. Their depths and widths are much influenced by the degree of engorgment. DORSUM: The whole upper surface of the body. FILES: In the hypostome, the longitudinal rows of denticles in females, nymphs, and larvae, and sometimes In males. FLAGELLUM: Whip or whip-like process on the first pair of legs in the Pedipalpida. GNATHOCEELARIUM: A plate formed by the labial structures. GOBLETS: Internal structures about the same in number as the small pores seen on the surface. The spiraoular plate, when mounted In balsam and examined under a com­ pound microscope, is too thick to be seen in one focal plane, and the goblets are the largest rings that can be brought into focus. HOOD: The anterior projection of the integument forming . in part the walls of the camerostome, if present. HOST: The individual infested by or upon which a parasite . grows. HYPOSTOME: The median ventral mouth.part which is immovably attached to the basis capituli and usually bearing "teeth” or denticles. The dentition is indicated by numerals either side of a lin e . Thus 3 /3 means that there are three longitudinal files on each half of the hypostome. Measurements are made from the poethyposto­ mal hairs to the anterior extremity. MAMMILLAE: Elevations of various forms found on the integu­ ment in Ornlthpdoros in contra-distinction to the granu­ lations in btobluB. tubercles in Antrlcola. and "eleva­ tions" or wrinkles in Areas. MAXILLIPEDS: In the Chilopoda, the first pair of legs modified to form a pair of hook-like Jaws. MEDIAN PLATE: In male Ixodea the median ventral plate situated Just posterior to the genital aperature. ORNAMENTATION: The Ixodidae are either ornate or inornate. Inornate ticks have only the color of the chitln. This is the base color of ornate ticks. Ornate ticks, in­ cluding dermaoenters, have patterns of color superim­ posed over the base color. Pattern color refers only to the color of the pattern. Color pattern refers only t to the pattern. The base color varies with the age of living specimens, and changes in 7°$ alcohol. Funda­ mental color pattern is the same within a single species, but details differ and.within any species there is variation. j PECTINE8: Two movable comb-like processes below the poster­ ior legs, fixed to the metasternum. PEDIPALPS: (Plural, pedlpalpi), in Chellcerata, one of the second pair of appendages in the eephalothorax, used in crushing prey, corresponding to the mandibles in Mandi- b u la ta . POSTHXPOSTOMAL HAIRS: A p a ir o f h a irs on the v en tra l surface at the base of the hypostome. POSTPALPAL HAIRS: A pair of hairs placed posterior to the palpi, more or less in line with the posthypostomal h a ir s. SCAPULA: (Plural, scapulae), the anterior angles of the scutum in both sexes on either side of the emarglnatlon. SCUTUM: The Hdorsal shield* of some authors. In males it Includes the entire dorsal surface of the body, exclusive of the appendages. In the females the scutum is the "shield* situated posterior to the capitalum. SPIRACULAR PLATES: Paired respiratory organs situated eaudo- laterally, posterior to coxae IV. The "perltreme* <* "stigma" of various authors. 8UBACULEAR TOOTH: Ventral spine or tubercule near the base of the sting, in certain Scorpionlda. 67

Introduction to Charts, Maps and Tables |v; The following charts list the Arizona arachnids and myriapods found in the collection of the Department of Entomology, University of Arizona. The records of the ticks have been supplemented by in­ formation compiled from published records of workers at the Microbiological Institute, United States Public Health Ser­ vice, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. The scientific name of the host, when indicated, has not been altered from the original collection data. Ho attempt has been made by the writer to add scien tific names of hosts when only the common name of the host was indicated. The following abbreviations are used in thses distri­ bution charts: M Male F Female A Adult (s) L Larva or larvae N Nymph( s) The letter-and-number reference designations accompany­ ing the distribution records and maps are provided to aid in locating descriptions of species and are prepared according to the following system: the letter or letters indicate the author and the next two numbers indicate the year of publica­ tion. The digit or digits following the dash indicate the p&g# number of the reference. For example, GK 44-19 refers to a species discussed on page 19 of Cooley and Kohls1 Mono­ graph of the Argasldae, published in 1944. The following references are abbreviated In this manner: B 0 0 : Banks (1900) C Cooley (1938) C 46: Cooley (1946) GK 44: Cooley and Kohls (1944b) GK 44a : Cooley and Kohls (1944a) GK 45: Cooley and Kohls (1945) E 2 9 : Ewing (1929) H 49: Hoff U 949) P 35: Pratt (1935) S 4 o : Stahnke (1940) s 4 5 : Stahnke (1945) (See bibliography for complete citations) The maps indicate the distribution of each species according to records accompanying specimens now found In the collection of the University of Arizona. Except for the ticks, no additional records from literature or other sources are shown on these maps. The maps showing tick distribution have been supplemented with Information from Rocky Mountain Laboratory records and records of Blshopp and Trembley (1945). The Rocky Mountain Laboratory record of Argas perslcus and the map records of Blshopp and Trembley do not have accom­ panying data concerning the city or area of collection, collector, hosts or date of collection. The maps and. records contained In these two references have been com­ piled by reliable workers and are Included to give a more complete picture of species distribution in Arizona. ' ' ■ .. 1 r , • W University of Arizona collection records are Indicated by solid black dots, Rocky Mtiuttt&ln Labors!dry records by a circle and Blshopp and Trembley records by a circle with a dot in the center. Table I indicates human diseases in the United States which are known to be transmitted by ticks in nature or under experimental conditions. Table II summarizes similar information concerning tick-borne diseases affecting animals in the United States. In each table the species of tick vectors known to occur in Arizona are indicated by asterisks Chart I Distribution of Argasldae in Arizona Location. County Date C o llecto r Determined Host Number o f . bz Specimens ORDER: ACARINA SUPERFAMILY: IXODOIDEA FAMILY: ARGASIDAE GENUS: Argas Latreille

Areas bp. CK 4 4 -1 3 R l l l i t o Pima 3/11/39 A. R. P h illip s Kohls Sage thrasher 7 L S tation (Oreoseoptes montan us) Holbrook Navajo 11A5A7 A.R.Phillips Kohls Mountain ohlekadee 1 L (^aris gambell) Tuoson Pima 7A5/39 A.R.Phillips Kohls Meartts woodpecker 1 L (Balanosphyra - fornldVora) Tuoson Pima 6/7/38 A.R.Phillips Kohls Meayme g ild ed 2 L flicker (Coloptes chrysoides incarnsl) Big Sandy Mohave 10/5/49 A.R. Phillips Kohls C rlssa l thrasher 1 L V a lley ... ^ (foMStoma crlssale) :

Aquarius Mohave 10/ 9A 9 A.R. Phillips Kohls Crlssal thrasher 3 l Mountains (Toxostoma crlssale) Chart I L ocation County Pate Solleetpr Determined Host Humber of *" ifoeelmens Argas sp. CK 44-13 (continued.)

A jo Pima 10/25/4-7 A.R.Phillips Kohls Spurred towhee 44 L Mountains (Plpllo maculatus) Santa Ana Sonora 4/22/44 A.R.Phillips Kohls Bendire thrasher 5 L Mexico (Toxostoma bendlrel) Mohave Mohave 10/27/44 A.R.Phillips Kohls Spotted towhee 4 L Mountains (Plpllo maculatus)

Big Sandy Mohave 10/3/49 A.R.Phillips Kohls Screech owl 3 L V alley (Otus asio)

V alen tine Mohave 11/21/47 A.R.Phillips Kohls Canyon towhee 33 L (Plpllo fusous meseleusus) Big Sandy Mohave 10/3/49 A.R.Phillips Kohls Screech owl 1 L V a lley (Otus asio) Tucson Pima 1/6/43 A.R.Phillips Kohls Ferruginous pigmy 2 L Awl (ELaucldlum brae- lllamm rldgwayi) Big Sandy Mohave 10/3/49 A.R.Phillips Kohls Screech owl 11 L V a lley (Otus asio) Chart $ Location County Bate C ollector Determined Host Humber of by Specimens

4 z e m m* CK 44-13 (continued) Aquarius Mohave 10/10/49 A.R,Phillips Kohls Spurred towhee 1 L Mountains (Pipilo maculatus) F t. Lowell Pima 1/ 10/50 A.R.Phillips Kohls Fox sparrow 6 L (Passerella lliaca iliaca)

A ltar Sonora 10/26/48 A.R.Phillips Kohls Palmer thrasher 9 L Mexico (Toxostoma curvir- bstra)

Big Sandy Mohave 10/2 /4 9 A.R.Phillips Kohls Gambel1s quail 4 L V alley (Lophortyx gambeli)

Argas oerslouB (Oken) CK 44-19 Phoenix Maricopa 1 2 /6 /3 9 R .Flock Wehrle Unknown 1 A Oatman Mohave 5 /8 /3 9 S.L.Barrltt Wehrle Chicken 2 A Tucson Pima 3 /1 1/36 S.Golub Wehrle Chicken 1 L Tucson Pima, , 6 A /3 9 L.P.W ehrle Wehrle Chickens 56 A Santa R ita Pima 2/ 26/32 L .P .le h r le Cooley Unknown 1 L Mountains -- Tucson Pima 1 0 /2 /3 3 L.P.W ehrle Wehrle Chickens 3 A C hart-1 Location County Date Collector Determined Host Number of - & Specimens Argas perelcue (Oken) CK 44-19 (continued) Tucson Pima 3/16/48 G. Acosta Wehrle Chickens 8 A 2 N Tucson Pima 9 /3 /3 7 L.P.Wehrle Wehrle Chickens 2 A 1 N Cochise Cochise 3/ 22/59 E.Anderson Wehrle Chickens 11 L Tucson Pima 3/ - A 1 R.H.Crandall Hayden Unknown 3 > Cortaro Pima 3/ 11/ 3? A.F.Hemenway Wehrle Unknown 47 A 12 N 1 L Willoox Cochise 3 /-/? 8 A.E.Anderson Hayden Unknown 1 A Vicksburg Yuma 5/ 21A 5 I.Jordan Wehrle Turkey 30 L ' Douglas Cochise 5/ 18/30 L.P.Wehrle Wehrle House 9 A

SINUS: Antrlcola Cooley and Kohls Antrloola coprophllua (McIntosh) OK 44-118 ' \ fuoaon Pima. ' 5/29/31 C.B.Brown Ewing: Bat guano 13 A 17 N Charfcl

Location County Date _ Collector Determined Host 'Number o f - S z GENUS: Otoblus Banks . OtoMus aegnlni (Dugee) GK 44-21 Curcurpl Mexico 1/31/36 R.Block Cooley Unknown IN Mountains Sonoita Santa Cruz 6/26/36 E.B.Stanley Cooley C attle 4 N Williams Coconino 9/16/32 E.B.Stanley Cooley C attle 10 N Sonoita Santa Cruz 6/25/34 E.B.Stanley Wehrle Cattle 401 N 23 L

Phoenix Maricopa 6/28/39 D.E.Creighton Hayden Unknown 35 N 1 L Oracle Pinal 12/21/31 N.Piator Hayden C attle 7 » Vicksburg Yuma 5/21/45 N.PIstor : Hayden Unknown IN

Skull Valley Yavapl 9/17/39 N.Pistor Hayden Unknown % N W illiam s* Coconino 10/16/32 A.A.Nichols R.M.L. Mule deer 23 N Phoenix* Maricopa 5/20/33 J.C.McGrath R.M.L. Dog 2 N Unknown* Santa Cruz 5/7/33 R.M.L. R.M.L. C alf 48 N P ortal* Cochise 5/13/33 R.M.L. R.M.L. C alf 7 N

P ortal* Cochise 5 /1 5 /3 3 R.m.l . R.M.L. Cow 6 N ...... —.....— ' -

Chart I

Location County Date C o llecto r Determined Host - - Number o f Specimens Otoblue megnlnl (Duges) CK 44-21 (continued)

Dos Cabezos*Cochise 5 A V3 3 R.M.L. R.M.L. Cow 5 N Douglas* Cochise 1 2 /-/3 9 T.K.Ryan R.M.L. C attle 80 N Douglas* Cochise 2/l6/4o T.K.Ryan R.M.L. C attle 15 N Kaibab Coconino S /-/2 9 Bureau o f R.M.L. Deer Unknown Nat*1. Animal Forest* industry

Amado* Santa Cruz 5/ 29/40 R.M.L* R.M.L. Dog 1 N

GENUS: O m ithodoros Koch Ornithodoros conoanensis Cooley and Kohls CK 44-86

Conoan Texas 9 /1 6 /4 0 R. M «L • R.M.L. Bat cave 2 A Las Guijas* Pina 5 /2 5/40 R.MJL. R.M.L. Bat inhab. mine 2 A tunnel 1 N

Ornithodoros dyeri Cooley and Kohls CK 44-95

Picacho* P in al H /3 /3 9 R.MJi. R.M.L. Bat guano 28 N 1

L ocation County Date Collector Determined Baal Number o f - k : Specimens Ornithodoros dyeri Cooley and Kohls ; CK W—95 (continued) Pioacho* P in al 5/23/40 R.M.L. R.M.L. Bat guano Nymphs numerous

Las Guijas* Pima 5/25/40 R.M.L. R.M.L. ; Mine tunnel 1 N Tucson Mountains* Pima 9/16/40 R.Flock R.M.L. Unknown 3 A

• ■ . - - Ornithodoros sta g er ! Cooley and Kohls CK 44-91 Pieach© P in a l ... 5/23/40 R.M.L. Kohls Mine tunnel 2 A Picacho* P in al 5/24/40 R.M.L. R.M.L. Mine tunnel A dults & nymphs . numerous Picaoho* P inal 6/23/40 R.Flock R.M .L • Mine tunnel 3 A Picacho* Pinal 6/-/40 J.C.Bequaert R.M.L. Mine tunnel 1 A

Ornithodoros tala.le (Guerin-Meneville) CK 44-52

Colombia South 1/1/42 R.M.L. Kohls House 4 A America* E a g le ta il Yuma 10/2/35 R.M.L. R.M.L. Dipodomys so. 55 L Mountains* - /

Chart I L ocation County Date . C o llecto r Determined Host Number o f . hz Specimens Ornithodoros talaje (Griierln-Meneville) CK 44-82 (continued) -

A gulla* Maricopa 1 0 /5 /3 5 R.M.L. ' R.M.L. Dipodomys sp. 3 L A gulla* Maricopa 1 0 /9 /3 5 R.M.L. R.M «L. Burrows o f 6l N Dipodomys sp. & A A gulla* Maricopa 10/ 10/35 R.M.L* R.M ,L • Burrows o f 18 N Dipodomys sp. & A A gulla* Maricopa 9/20/38 R.M.L. R.M «L. Burrows of 63 N Dipodomys sp. & A

A gulla* Maricopa 9/25/39 R.M.L. R.M.L. Burrows o f 6 A Dipodomys sp. 2 N

Florence P in a l 9 /20/39 R.M.L. R.M.L. Cltellus sp. 4 A Junction* S e lls * Pima Unknown C.T.Vorhies R.M.L. Near den of 1 A Neotoma sp. Plcacho* P in al 5 /2 5/40 R.M.L. R.M.L. Den of 2 A Neotoma sp. 5 H

Ornithodoros turicata (Dufies) CK 44-56

Texas Unknown 3 /1 9 /3 5 R.M.L • Kohls Reared specimens 2 A Chart I L ocation County Date Collector Determined Host Number o f & Specimens

Ornithodoros turlcata (Duses) iCK 44-56 • (continued) -

San Miguel* Pima ' 3/ 15/37 R .Flock Cooley Unknown 1 N Phoenix* : Maricopa —/*-/•* Baziks R.M.L. C attle Unknown Phoenix* Maricopa 4/ 30/33 R.M.L. R.M.L. Rattlesnake 2 A

Ornithodoros yumatensls Cooley and Kohls CK 44-74

Yuma* Yuma 5/ 20/40 R.M.L. R.M .L» Bats 1 A 2 N Wlnkleman* , P inal 6 /2 0/40 R.M.L. R.M.L. Bats Numerous

- - a d u lts & nymphs Pleaeho* Pinal 7/ 23/40 R .Flock R.M.L. B at' 1 L Crystal Cave*Pinal 6 /2 0 /4 0 R.M.L. Kohls Rock crevices 2 A 2 N

oa ♦Rooky Mountain Laboratory Record Chart I I Distribution of Ixodldae in Arizona Location County Date Collector Determined Host Number of kz Specimens

ORDER: ACARINA SUPERFAMILY: IXODOIDEA FAMILY: IXODIDAE GENUS: Amblyomma Koch Amblyomma maculaturn Koch CK 44A-9^ W illoox Cochise 9/22/42 A.M.Bliss Cooley Man 1 p

GENUS: Dermacentor Koch Dermacentor alblpictus (Packard) G 38-59 Tucson Pima "1/28/35 A .A .N ichol Hayden White tailed deer 1 M 7 F Tombstone Cochise 2/ 23/36 J.Sala Cooley Cattle 2 F W illiam s Coconino 1-30/40 N.Plstor Cooley C a ttle I p Dos Cabezos Cochise 2/ 11/35 R.A.Cooley Cooley C a ttle 4 M 17 F S t. Johns Apache 1/27/36 D .Rogers Cooley Horse Chart II

Location County Date C ollector Determined Host Number o f. V 7 k l ' $>eeimena Dermacentor alblpictus (Packard) c 33-59 (continued) J e llls o n Montana *4/22/31 R.M.L. Cooley Deer 1 M 7 F

Patagonia Santa Cruz 1 /2 3 /4 0 R .flo ck Hayden Deer 7 M 20 F _ -«■ C urourpl. Mexico 1 /3 /3 6 L.P.W ehrle Cooley Deer 53 M 139 F 23 N Mexico Unknown 1 /1 0 /3 5 L.P.W ehrle Kohls Deer ' 1 ? White River Navajo 2 /6 /4 1 L. Holloway Wehrle Horse 20 F (abundant) Mexico Sonora 2 /5 /4 2 L.P.W ehrle Hayden Cow 2 M 3 F Sprlnger- Apache 11/ 16/ - Unknown Hayden Mule deer v l l l e

8$nta R ita Pima 1 /2 3 /3 5 A .A .N iche! Wehrle Sonora white 9 M Exp. Range tailed deer (Odocolleus coves!)

Curourpl Mexico 1 /4 /3 6 L.P.W ehrle Cooley Sonora white 6 M Mountains R .A .Flock tailed deer 13 F Chart II

Location County Date Collector Determined Host Number o f Specimens

Dermacentor andersonl Stiles C 38-31

Montana Unknown —/r /3 3 R*M#L. Cooley Unknown 13 M 16 F

Dermacentor hunter! Biehopp C 38-^5 -

Plomosa Yuma 4-/21/37 R.Flock Flock Rocky Mt. Sheep 1 F Mountains (Ovis canadensis g a llla r d l) Santa Maria Sonora 3/14-/4-6 P .W ells R.M.L. Rocky Mt. Sheep Mountains Mexico ' li Tucson Pima 4 /2 1 /4 4 p.W ells Cooley Man 1 M

• :■ - Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann C 38-4-9

Idaho Unknown -A /33 R.m.l . Cooley Lepus sp. 12 M Santa R ita Pima 5/27/27 C.T.Vorhles Cooley Lepus alien! Mountains !i Santa R ita Pima 2 /1 2 /3 0 L.P.W ehrle Cooley Lepus califor- 13 F Mountains n lcu s 'h ■ . . . i Santa R ita Pima 2/ 12/30 L.P.W ehrle Cooley I 1 M Mountains 9 F Chart I I

L o ca tio n County Date C o llecto r Determined Host Number o f .fez Specimens Dermaoentor parumapertua Neumann C 38-4-9 (continued) * Santa R ita Pima 6/ 30/30 L.P.Wehrle Cooley Leons a lie n ! Mountains ? i M, Grandview Idaho 7/6/22 R.M.L. Cooley Lepus sp. n Cortaro Pima 8/ 8/32 Unknown Cooley Lepue sp . n Tucson Pima 3/16/32 Unknown Kohls Kangaroo rat 42 N Eureka Graham 8 /2 9 /3 8 N .P isto r Cooley Cow 1 M 1 r Arizona Unknown 4 /2 1 /3 1 R.Block H ock Lepus allenl 4 M 4 F

Duncan Greenlee 7 A 5 /3 9 H.Casper Cooley Cow 1 M 1 F Tuo son Pima 7 /2 1/42 E.Brown Wchrle Lepus sp* 3 M C ochise Cochise 4/23/38 C.Anderson Hayden Lepus sp. 5 M 3 P Tucson Pima 3 /2 8 /2 9 C.T.Vorhies Hayden O ite llu s IN teretlcaudus . Chart II

L ocation County Date C ollector Determined Host Number o f — 5 “ Specimens Dermaoentor parumapertus Neumann C 36-49 (continued) . Santa R ita Pima 3 /7 /3 0 L.P.Wehrle Hayden C it e ll us 1 N Mountains teretieaudus

Santa R ita ^Ima 2/29/32 C.T.Vorhles Hayden G ite ll us 3 N Mountains teretieaudus Santa R ita Pima 12/ 30/27 C.T.Yorhies Hayden Lepus alien! 21 N Mountains 5 & Santa R ita Pima 3/19/32 C.T.Vorhles Hayden C ite llu s 1 N Mountains teretieaudus S ie r r ita Pima 3 /6 /3 8 R.A.Flock 1 - Flock Sylvatlcus audo- 8 N Mountains Son! arlzonae 10 L

GENUS: Haemaphysails Koch Haemapfaysails ohordellls (Packard) C 46-37

Tucson Pima 4 /1 6 /3 4 A .R .P h illip s Cooley Lincoln Sparrow 1 F

Haemaphysalls 1eporis-palustr1s (Packard) G 46-31

Yuma Yuma 2/18/40 'A.R.Phillips Kohls Shufeldt Junco 1 N (Junco oreganus on shufeldtM \ ’ VI

\ Chart II Location County Date Collector Determined Host Number of ky Specimens Haemaphysalls leporls-palustrls (Packard) C 46-31 (continued)

Parker Yuma 1 2 /10/46' A .R .P h illip s Kohls Crlssal thrasher 5 L (Toxostoma cris- . sale cbibrade'nse) Big Sandy Mohave 10/1 /4 9 A.R.Phillips Kohls Crlssal thrasher 44 L V alley (Toxostoma crissale) Hualpai Mohave 1 0 /3 /4 8 A.R.Phillips Kohls Passerella iliaca ?L

Mountains . . . 1 N Hualpai Mohave 10/3/48 A.R.Phillips Kohls Spotted towliee 504L Mountains (P ip ilo raacu- • 1 N la tu s ) Caborca Sonora H/3/% 8 A.R.Phillips Kohls Palmer thrasher 1 N Mexico (Toxostoma cur- H rosToeT “ GENUS: Ixodes L atrellle Ixodes sp. CK 45-10

Tucson Pima 5/ 30/39 A.R.Phillips Kohls Indigo Bunting 1 L (Passerine cyanea) Ixodes angustus Neumann CK 45-69 H lghrolls* Unknown Unknown R.M.L. R.M.L. Peromyscus true! 1 F Chart II L ocation County pate C ollecto r Determined Host Number of - SZ Specimens

Ixodes king! Blshopp CK 4-5-131 Unknown* Yavapai 4-/21/37 Dr. Haas R.M.L. Prairie Dog 1 F

Ixodes sculpt us Neumann CK 4-5-105 Unknown* Coconino 4 /2 8/39 L.B.Bylngton R.M.L Gallospermophl- 1 P jus lateral Is'

Unknown* Coconino 7 / l A l C.C. Sperry R.M.L. Tbomomys sp. 2 P Unknown* Yavapai 4-/12/37 Dr.Haas R.M.L. Cynomys gunnl- 1 M son! zuniens'ls

Unknown* Yavapai 4-/20/37 Dr. Haas R.M.L # Cynomys gunnl- 1 M son! zunlensls Unknown* Yavapai 4 /2 3/38 L.B.Byington R.M.L Cynomys gunnl- 1 F sonT zunlensls

Ixodes texanus Banks CK 4-5-77

P in a l P in al 1 /1 5 /3 5 A.R.Phillips Kohls Spotted skunk 2 F Mountains Chart I I Location County Date Collector Determined Host Number o f Specimens GENUS: Rhlplcephalus Koch Rhlplcephalus sanguineus (Latreille) C 46-24-

Greer Apache 5/26 /4 5 E.A lgert Hayden Bed o f human 2 F Tucson Pima 9/16 /4 5 R.Fenerioh Hayden Dog 6 H \ 5 „F 1 L Honolulu Hawaii - / - / 2 6 Unknown Hayden Dog 9 M 15 F Tucson Pima 6 /9 /4 5 H.Smith Hayden Dog 1 p Tucson Pima 2 /7 /4 0 Unknown Hayden Dog 1 M Tucson Pima 1 /2 6 /4 0 Unknown Hayden Dog 1 M 1 F Tucson Pima 5 / l 4 / 4 i L.P.W ehrle Wehrle . Dog 1 F Nymphs abundant Tucson Pima 12/19/44 L.P.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 1 M Tucson Pima 2/21/4-1 L.P.W ehrle Wehrle Dog 1 M Tucson Pima 9/14/J6 L.P.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 6 M 9 F Chart Location County Date Collector Determined Host Number o f 5Z feeclm ens

Rhlplcephalue sanguineus (Latreille) C U6-2H- (continued)

Tucson Pima S /3 /3 8 Unknown Wehrle D0g 3 M - 3 F Tucson Pima 8 /1 0 /4 8 L.P.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 1 M 3 F

Tucson Pima 2 /3 /4 0 8 .L.Green Wehrle Dog 1 M Tucson Pima 1 0 /5 /4 4 R .8 . Hawkins Wehrle Dog 7 F Eggs abundant Moreno! Greenlee 10/ 15A 3 R.V.Justie 1 R.MX. Dog 6 P Tucson Pima 3/8/50 J.A.Booth Wehrle Dog 2 M Douglas Cochise 8 /4 /4 0 W.W.Jones Wehrle Dog 1 M 5 F

Tucson Pima 9/18/40 E.H.Holvey Wehrle Dog 6 n Tucson Pima 1 0 /4 /3 9 A.Rosenberg Wehrle Dog 7 F IN Tucson Pima 7 /2 7 /3 9 A.M allery Wehrle Dog 3 M Tucson Pima 5/20/39 E.Bryson Wehrle House 2 M 6 N Chart I I Location County Date Collector Determined Host. Number o f fez Specimens

Rhiplcephalus sanguineus (Latrellle) C 46-2% (continued) Tucson Pima 5 /2 3/39 E.Bryson Wehrle House 3 P Tucson Pima 7/22/39 A.M allery Cooley House 1 M Tucson Pima 5 /1 9/39 E.Bryson Cooley House 2 M 1 N 1 L Tucson Pima 9 /1 9 /4 0 E.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 1 M Tucson Pima 4 /1 /4 0 E .F e lix Wehrle Dog 1 F Tucson Pima 8 /5 /4 0 G.Thompson Wehrle Dog & House 1 M 4 N Tucson Pima 9 /2 0 /4 0 Unknown Wehrle House 5 M Tucson Pima 1 2 /1 /4 0 Unknown Wehrle House 3 M Tucson P.lma 4 /1 2 /4 0 N .P isto r Wehrle Dog 2 M

- 2 F

Tucson Pima 9 / i 4 /4 i J.Parks Wehrle Dog 4 t 1 N 5 L Tucson Pima 1 0 /2 /4 1 G. Thompson Wehrle Dog 1 F Chart I I L ocation County Date Collector Determined Host Number o f g — Specimens

Rhlpicephalus sanguineus (Latrellle) C 46-24 (continued) Tucson Pima 9 /1 6 /4 2 H.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 1 F F la g sta ff Coconino 1/8/42 H.Colton Cooley Dog 1 M IF Tucson Pima 9 /1 7/42 H.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 1 M Tucson Pima 5 /8 /4 3 H.Wehrle Wehrle Dog 1 M 1 F Tucson Pima 10/31/43 G.Nelson Wehrle House 4 N Tucson Pima 2/12/43 E.Wehrle Wehrle Dog

Tucson Pima 1 1 /2 /4 4 T.Smith Wehrle House (bed) 5 N Tucson Pima 3/24/46 M.Haley Wehrle Dog 1 M 2 F

Tucson Pima 4 /2 /4 6 M .B in tliff Wehrle House 5 M Tucson Pima 9 /-/4 8 E.Meehan Wehrle Dog 10 F 9 ■ Tucson Pima 1 1 /-/4 7 C.Flanagan Wehrle House 17 M a Chart I I Location County Date Collector Determined Host Humber o f EjF Specimens

Rhlplcephalus sanguineus (Latreille) C 46-24 (continued) Tucson Pima 10/-/46 W.Plants Vehrle Unknown 1 F Tucson Pima 1 /-/4 S W.Morgan Wehrle ' House 11 M Tucson Pima 6 /-/5 0 D.Murphy Kohls Man (scalp) 1 N Tucson Pima IO/-/50 D.Hayden Hayden Dog 1 F Egg® abundant

------vo o * * Rocky Mountain Laboratory Record Chart I I I Distribution of Scorpion!da in Arizona Location County Date Collector Determined Number of by Specimens

ORDER: SCORPIORIDA FAMILY: BUTHIDAE GENUS: Centuroldes Marx ------. 1 - Centuroldes gertschl Stahnke S %-O-lOlA

Santa R ita Pima 6/18/36 R .A .Flock Hayden 1 F Mountains 18 Immature Centuroldes sculpturatus Ewlnpc E 29-20B

Tucson Pima 10/27/38 Mrs.E.Wood Hayden 1 F Tucson Pima 6 /-A 2 H.J.Wehrle Hayden 1 F

Superior P in al 9/25/31 Unknown Hayden 1 M Tucson Pima 6 /2 A ? S.Brewer Stahnke 1 F

FAMILY: CHACTIDAE GENUS: SuperstitIonia Stahnke H Superstltlonla donensls Stahnke S 40-102D Chart I I I L ocation County Date C o llecto r Determined Number of Specimens

• Superstitionia donensls Stahnke S 40-102D Tucson Pima 3/12/50 D.R.Murphy Stahnke 2 F Tuoson Pima 3/ 17/51 D.L.Hayden Stahnke • 1 M Tucson Pima 4 /2 1 /4 0 L.A.Wehrle Stahnke 1 M

FAMILY: VEJOVIBAE GINCS: Hadrurus Thorell Hadrurus arlzonensis (Ewing) S 45-6 Tucson Pima - A / 5 0 D.R.Murphy Stahnke 1 F Tucson Pima - A /5 0 D.R.Murphy Stahnke IF Tucson Pima 3/ 6/50 D.R.Murphy Stahnke 1 M Tucson Pima 5 A 5 /3 9 L.P.Wehrle Stahnke 1 F

Hadrurus hireutus (Wood) E 29-6 , -- Tucson Pima 5/ 13/34 E.C.Mpnro Stahnke IF Tucson Pima 5/ 20/51 S.E.McGregor Hayden 1 F

' . . - ’ • • * r* , Chart I I I L ocation County Date C o llecto r Determined Number o f . fez Specimens

Ha drums hlrsutus (Wood) E 29-8 (continued) - Yuma Yuma 8/ 1/50 R.Simpson Hayden 1 M IF

Yuma Yuma 7/ 10/50 R. Simpson Hayden 1 F

GIHUS: V ejovia Koch Vejovls flavue Marx E 29-•i j b Tucson Pima V - A 7 Unknown Ifeyden 1 F Tucson Pima . 3 A V 3 3 . . C.T.Vorhies Hayden 1 F W.P.Taylor VJ.von Hagen Tucson Pima 7A /5 0 D.R.Murphy Stahnke IF

Vejbvis solnigeinis (Wood) E 29-13A Tucson Pima 10/ 27/38 - Mrs. K.Knox Hayden ' , 1 M Santa R ita Mts. Pima 6 /2 7/36 R.Flock Hayden 1 A Cave Greek...... Cochise W 3 3 L.P.Wehrle Hayden Immature Chart I I I Location County Date Collector Determined Humber of Specimens Vejovls splnlgerus (Wood) E 29-13A (continued) Tucson Pima 5/22/33' L.P.W ehrle Hayden 1 M Tucson Pima 6/20/34- L.P.W ehrle Wehrle 1 F 30 . Immature

Glendale Maricopa 10/10/37 L.P.W ehrle Stahnke 3 A Alamo V alley Maricopa 3/19/33 W.von Hagen Stahnke 1 M , Santa R ita , Pima 3A3/33 W.von Hagen Hayden 1 F Mountains Tucson Pima 3/18/50 . L.Coover Hayden 1 F Tucson Pima 3A7/51 C.Henry Stahnke 1 M 1 F

Vejovls vorhlesl Stahnke-/ 40-1028 Tucson Pima 5/28/51 L.Coover Stahnke 1 M 4 F

- / Tentative Identification by Dr, H. L. Stahnke Chart I I I L ocation County Date C o llecto r Determined Number o f Specimens

FAMILY: SCORPIONIDAE GENUS: DlplooentruB Peters Plploeentrus whitel (Gervals) E 29-5^ Patagonia Santa Cruz 3/12/33 V.von Hagen Stahnke 2 A

Species in the C o llectio n Not Known to Occur in Arizona Centoroides vlttatus (Say) E 29-19

Camp B u llls Texas 5/ 9/51 R.W.Simpson Stahnke 1 M 1 F Chart If Distribution of Solpugida in Arizona Location County Date Collector Determined Number of by Specimens

ORDERS -SOLPUGIDA FAMILY: EREMOBATIDAE SUBFAMILY: EREMOBATINAE GENUS: Eremobates Banks Eremobates californlca Simon-/ B 00-423®

Tucson Pima 5/ 3/51 D.L. Hayden Hayden 1 A

Eremobates clnerea PutnamS/ B 00-4250

Tucson l Pima 5/ 23/51 R.M.Allen Hayden 1 A Tucson Pima - / - / 4 l L.P.V ehrle Hayden 2 A Tucson Pima 5/ 23/51 K. Dunlap Hayden 1 A

Eremobates formicaria Koch^/ B 00-42JA Tucson Pima ' 5 /9 /5 0 D.R. Murphy Hayden 1 A Wupatkl Coconino 6/21/49 R.G.EtHer Hayden 1 A Chart IT

L ocation County Date C ollector Determined Number o f SZ ‘ Specimens

Eremobates p a ll Ip e s Say$/ B 00-424-A

PlomoBa Mts. Ytuna I I / 3/ 3B A.E.Phillips Hayden 1 A Santa Rita Pima ’ 5/22/33 L.P.Wehrle Hayden 1 A Mountains

------«£/ Tentative identification by D. L. Hayden Chart V

■ i Distribution of Pedipalplda in Arizona Location County Date Collector Determined Number o f Specimens

ORDER: PEDIPALPIDA FAMILY: THELYPHONIDAE GENUS: MastIgoproct us Pooock Mastigoproctus glganteus (Lucas) C-G 19

G rea terv llle Pima Unknown Unknown Wehrle 1 A Santa R ita Pima S /1V 32 L.Albrecht Hayden 1 A Mountains

Canille Mts. Mohave 9 /-/3 1 Unknown Hayden 1 A

FAMILY: TARANTULIDAE GENUS: Tarantula Fabric!us Tarantula fusimana (Koch) C-G 20

Wlckenburg Maricop 9/1 2 /3 1 . M.G.Hutchinson Wehrle 1 A AJo Pima 5/-/21 P.R.Yewell Wehrle 1 A Hayden P in al 5/2/41 Unknown Hayden 2 A \D

1 1 A 1 1 A 1 1 A 1 A Specimens Number Number o f Determined Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden C ollector J.K aiser J.L eas D.L‘Hayden R.M.Carpenter Chart V 9 AV36 9/28/34- B /-/38 Date 9/14/50 County Cochise Pima P in al Mohave Tarantula fusimana (Koch) C-G 20 (continued) Sabino Canyon L ocation F lorence F t. Bowie Wikieup 221135 Chart VI Distribution of Chelonethida in Arizona L ocation County Date C ollector Determined Number o f Specimens

ORDER: CHELONETHIDA SUBORDER: DIPL08PH2R0NIDA SUPERFAMILY: GARYPOIDEA FAMILY: MENTHIDAE H.4-9-447 Balt R iver Maricopa 1/22/46 J .H a ll Hayden 2 A Canyon

FAMILY: CHERNETIDAE H 49-449

Tucson Pima 5/29/31 C.B.Brown Hayden 1 A Tucson Pima 9/24/44 G.Wright Hayden 15 A Tucson Pima 10/ 10/51 Unknown Hayden 2 A Chart VII Distribution of Chllopoda in Arizona Location '' County Date Collector Determined Number o f *! S Specimens

CLASS: MYRIAPODA ORDER: CHILIPODA ‘ . FAMILY: GEOPHILIDAE GB3US: Geophilus Leach Geophllus sp. p 35-550

Santa Rita Pima V22/35 A.A.Nichol Hayden 1 A Mountains

FAMILY: SCOLOPENDRIDAE GENUS: Scolopendra Linnaeus Scolopendra heros Gifard P 35-551

Tucson Pima 10/12/4-5 L.W.Nelson Hayden 1 A Tucson Pima 2/ 23/51 Unknown Hayden 1 A

FAMILY: SCUTIGERIDAE GENUS: Scu tlgera Lamarck Chart 71I Location County Date Collector Determined Number of ~ BjjjF Specimens

Scutlgera forceps (Raflnesque) P 35-553 Tucson Pima 5/1/3^ H.C.Chambers Hayden 1 A Tucson Pima k-/6/k-l S.L* Green Hayden 1 A 102 ChartiVIII Distribution of jDiplopo&a in Arizona Location County Date C ollector Determined Number o f . hz Specimens

CLASS: MYRIAPODA s / ' ORDER: DIPLOPODA FAMILY: JULIDAE / / GENUS: Splrobolus Brandt. / ‘" • Spirobolus sp. P 35-5^6 Tucson Pima 6 /2 4 /4 0 L.P.W ehrle Hayden 25 A ioK

Distribution of Arizona Ixodoidea I

OK 4 ^ 1 3

Argas Argas perslcus

OK 44-118

Antrlcola coprophllus Otobius laegnlnl 105

Distribution of Arizona Ixo&oi&ea II

CK #4-32

Ornlthodoros concanensls Ornithodoros dyerl io6

Distribution of Arizona Ixodoidea III

Ornithodoros turicata Ornithodoros yumatensls

Amblyomma maculatum Dermacentor albipictus 107

Distribution of Arizona Ixodoidea IV

Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor hunterl

Dermacentor parumapertus Haemaphysalis chordeills 108

Distribution of Arizona Ixo&ol&ea V

Haemaphysalls leporls-palustrls

Ixodes sculptus 109

Distribution of Arizona Ixodoidea VI

Ixodes texanus. Bhlplcephalus sanguineus no

Distribution of Arizona Soorpionida I

S Ij-O-IOIA E 29-20B Centuroides gertschi Centuroides sculpturatus

S 4-0-102D Hadrurus arizonensis Distribution of Arizona Scorpion!da II

Ha&rurus h lr sutus

S 40-1023 Vejovls splnlserus Vejovis vorhlesl 1

112

Distribution of Arizona Scorpionida III

Diplooentrus whitel 113

Distribution of Arizona Solpugida I

B 00-4230 Eremobates callfornlca

Eremobates formlcarla Eremobates palllpes 114

Distribution of Arizona Pedipalplda I

C-G 19 C-G 20 Mastlgoproctus Rlganteus Tarantula fuslmana Distribution of Arizona Chelonethida I

Chernetidae Menthldae Distribution of Arizona Chilopo&a I

p 35-553 Scutlgera forceps 117

Distribution of Arizona Diplopo&a I Table I Tick-borne Human Diseases in the United States (After Matheson) D isease ...... Tick vectors R eservoirs Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dermacentor andersonl* Ticks D. parumapertus* Rodents D. vari&bilis RhtoieephaluB sanguineus* Efeiemaphysalis 1 epori s-pal ustrls* D. alblplctus*

"Q" or nine-mile fever Dermacentor andersonl* Dnknoim I^uLploepImlus sanguineus*

Colorado tick fever Dermacentor andersonl* Unknown

Bullls fever Amblyomma americanum : Unknown

St . Lo^Le encephalitis Dermacentor variabilis P oultry D, v a r ia b ilis Table I (continued) D isease Tick vectors R eservoirs Tularemia Dermacentor andersonl* C otton tail ra b b its D. parumapertus* Dermacentor P* variabllie ®2E- B. oecidentalls Haemaphysalls spp. Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris* H. ohordeilis* Ixodes paciflcus

Relapsing fevers Ornithodoros hermsl Ticks 0 , Darker! Rodents 0 . ta la je # 0. turicata* Dermacentor andersonl (?)*

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Permanentor andersonl* lodents Ticks Table I (continued) D isease Tick vectors R eservoirs P a r a ly sis Dermacentor andersoni* Unknown D. variabilis Haemaphysalis chordeilis* Ixodes ricinus

;

: ' •Indicates tick vector present in Arlaoim H Table I I Tick-borne Animal Diseases In the United States (After Matheeon) Disease . Tick vectors Reservoirs Texas fever of cattle Boophllus annulatus Ticks - . . ' Recovered animals

Anaplasmosls of cattle Boophllus annulatus B. annulatus

: ' . - - „ Dermaoentor andersonl* D. andersonl * D. v a r la b llls D. peeld#.ntalls.

• , • ------D. occidental!s Recovered animals' - ' ' ^ ' - .. w ' . ' ... Iiodee rlclnus ‘ '• ’ / " ’ : ■ Rhlpleephalus sanguineus* _ , % : '■

■ "■ : ' ■ . •: ■:/ " Mallngnant jaundice of dogs Rhlploephalus sanguineus* Ticks

. ' ' \ Equine encephalomyelitis. Dermaoentor andersonl* Birds (?) . ■ • . :I 'v - : Eorsea ; /( - - - " n r: ! ' D. andersonl ' ...... * ...... # *Indioate8 tick veotor preaeat la Arizona = : . - ' ' SUMMARY STATEMENT

- % ." '' - :- -'.i: ../r " - . . -, i " v 1/' This thesis attempts to list and to indicate the eoon- omic importance of the members of certain orders of Arachnids and Myriapods known or likely to occur In Arizona. It is based on an examination of specimens presently in the refer- ence collection of the Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, and an analysis of the available literature. Keys have been in cluded. Twenty-two species of ticks (Acarina), 17 species of scorpions (Scorpionida), 7 species of solpuglds (Solpoglda), 2 species of whip scorpions (Pedlpalplda), 2 families of pseudoscorpions (Chelonethida), 12 species of centipedes (Chilopoda), and 2 species of millipedes (Dlplopoda) are reported from Arizona. Arizona ticks are discussed in relation to their demon­ strated or potential importance, particularly as transmitters : ' ' .. ' ... * . :: TV- .. ■' r . ■ ; - :.,4 . . '■ '• of human and animal diseases. The medical importance of scorpions, and of other Arizona arthropods within the scope of this thesis, is also indicated. The distribution of the various species in Arizona is • : ' . . ■ . .; . ■ . ; ' ' ' . ' ' • . * v v- r indicated in appropriate charts and maps. 123

Acknowledgments It le difficult for the author to express adequately his appreciation to Dr. LaureBee A. Geumithi of the Department of Entomology§ University of Arizona, for his' criticisms and suggestions, and for his generous contri­ bution of time arid guidance in the preparation of this t h e s is . Much of the material used as a basis for this thesis is due to the diligent collection by the late Dr. Lawrence P. Wehrle, Department of Entomology, University of A rizona. ■■ ■ • , , ' ' ” : The writer is indebted to Dr. Albert R. Mead, Depart­ ment of Zoology, University of Arizona, for his criticisms, recommendations, and suggestions.

Dr. Glen M. Kohls, Microbiological Institute, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, aided in the identi­ fication of ticks. Dr. Herbert L. Stahnke, Arizona State College, Temps, Arizona, aided in the Identification of scorp ions. The author is also indebted to his wife, Dorothy, who typed this paper, and served as an inspiration many times all throughout its preparation.

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