An analysis of certain Arachnids and Myriapods in the Department of Entomology, University of Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hayden, David Lowell, 1926- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 09:40:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553832 AN ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ARACHNIDS AND MYRIAPODS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA b y David L. Hayden A T h e s i s submitted to the faculty of the Department of Entomology In partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College, University of Arizona 1951 A p p ro v e d : Z f. /9JV r e c t o r o f ’Th e s i s b a t e 4 E<?7Q I / 9 S' l YX. Table of Contents Introduction The Phylum Arthropoda ' Classification of Arthropods in This Thesis Class Arachnida Order Acarina: Superfamily Ixodoldea Argasidae Ixodldae Economic Importance of Ticks in Arizona 30 Control of Ticks 36 Order Scorpionida 39 Scorpionidae Ho Vejovidae h i Chactidae # Buthldae 45’ Medical Importance of Scorpions U Control of Scorpions 46 Order Solpuglda 4? Eremobatidae 49 Importance of the Solpuglda 50 Order Pedipalpida 51 Thelyphonldae 52 Tarantulldae 52 Importance of the Pedipalpida ^31135 Order Che1onethida $4 Chernetldae 56 Methldae ' 56 ** Importance of the Chelonethlda 57 Class Hyriapoda 5^ Order Chllopoda 59 G-eophilidae 59 Scolopendrld&e 6® —Lithobiidae 60 Hehlcopldae 60 Himantarlldae 60 Scutigeridae 6l Importance of the Chllopoda 6l 02^.er Diplopoda 62 Ju lid ae 63 Slpho nophori dae 63 Importance of the Diplopoda 63 A Glossary of Terms Used in Keys and Descriptions 64 Introduction to Charts, Maps and Tables 67 Charts showing Arizona distribution of: Argasldae JO Ixodidae 79 Scorpion!da 91 Solpuglda 96 Pedlpalplda ; . 98 Chelonethlda 100 Ghilopoda 101 Dlplqpoda Maps showing Arizona distribution of: - ....................................... ... ^ „ 1 Argas EQm. _ 104 Argas Persians 104 Antrloola ooprophllus 104 Otoblns megnlnl 104 Ornlthodoros ooncanensla 10$ Orplthodoros dyerl 10$ Ornlthodoros stager! 10$ Ornlthodoros talaje 10$ Ornlthodoros turloata 1©6 Ornlthodoros yumatensls 106 Amblyomma maoulatum 106 Dsrmaeentor alblplctua 106 Dermacentor andersonl 107 Dermaoentor hunterl 107 Dermaeentor parumapertus 107 Haemaphysalls chordeIlls - 107 Haemaphysails leporls-palustrls 108 Ixodes sp, 108 Ixodes king! 108 Ixodes sculpt us ; . 108 Ixodes texanus : ; . v: 10$ Hhlplcephalus sanguineus 10$ Sentoroides gertschl 110 Centoroides sculpturalus 110 Buperstltlonla donensls 110 Hadrurus arlzonensls 110 Hadrurus hlrsutus 111 Vejovls flavus 111 Ve.1ovls splnlgerus 111 Vejovls vorhlesl 111 Dlplocentrus -whitel 112 Eremobates oallfornloa 113 Eremobates clnerea 113 Eremobates formloarla 113 Eremobat e s p a lllp e s 113 Mastlgoproctus glganteus ll4 Tarantula fuslmana ll4 Chernetldae 115 Menthldae 115 Geophllus sp. 116 Soolopendra heros 116 Soutlgera forceps ll6 Splrobolus sp. 117 Tables: Tick-borne Human Diseases In the United States 112 Tick-borne Animal Diseases in the United States 121 Summary Statement Acknowledgments Bibliography 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis Is based on the study of a series of speci­ mens of Arizona arthropods, not Including Insects, spiders, or mites, accumulated over a period of years and Included In the reference collection of the" Department of Entomology, University of Arizona. Among the groups Included In this study are ticks, scorpions, solpuglds, whip scorpions, pseudoscorpions, centipedes and millipede. Species known to occur In Arizona, but not presently represented In the Department collection, are also discussed, as are additional speoles likely to be found In the state but hot yet reported. As an aid to the future study of these groups of Arthropods In Arizona, a series of keys and descriptions have been assem bled. All available specimens were determined as accurately as possible by the writer and by specialists In some of the various groups Involved. Known Information concerning the species of actual or potential economic Importance Is Included, together with Indications of possible control measures 2 The Phylum Arthropod* The Arthropod* is the largest known phylum of animals in the world from the standpoint of numbers. Most arthropods may be briefly characterized as possessing Jointed appendages, a chitinous exoskeleton, a segmented body, respiration by g ills, tracheae or book lungs, an open blood system and a ventral nerve chain. The largest group of the Arthropod* comprises the Hexa- poda, or insects, numbering close to 1,000,000 named species. From the standpoint of sheer numbers and economic species they are the most important group of the phylum. Most families of this class are terrestrial; a few others are aquatic. Ariz­ ona insects are not further discussed in this thesis. The class Crustacea includes principally aquatic animals (with the exception of the sowbugs), numbering approximately 35,000 species. Although most are free-living forms, many are parasites of marine animals. The best known members of this class are the lobsters, crayfish, and barnacles. Ari­ zona crustaceans are not further discussed in this thesis. The class Arachnlda, which is given main consideration in this thesis, numbers about 4-5,000 named species. Some are well known but others are often overlooked or neglected. The most easily recognized members of this class are the spi­ ders, scorpions, harvestmen, and in some areas, the ticks and m ites. • 3 The Myriapods comprise a small class of 3,000 named species of terrestrial arthropods. The best known members of this class are the centipedes and millipedes. The following key w ill serve to identify the various classes of arthropods found in Arizona*: 1. Antennae biramous; breathing apparatus consisting o f g i l l s ................................................................... .CRUSTACEA Antennae single or none; breathing apparatus con­ sisting of tracheae, or book lungs in the adult sta g e ................ ................................................................................... 2 2. No antennae present.................. ..............................ARACHNIDA Antennae p resen t............................................................................. 3 3. Body divided into three regions in the adult stage: head, thorax and abdomen. Three pairs of legs ......... ..............................................................................................HEXAPODA Body divided into more than three regions in the adult stage. More than three pairs of legs ................ ............................................................................................MYRIAPODA * A glossary of the more important scientific terms used in thid and subsequent keys and descriptions w ill be found on page 64-. Classification of Orders of Arizona Arachnids and Myriapods Included in This Thesis The following ordinal classification, based on the more commonly accepted names used by various a u th o r itie s in recent textbooks and scientific papers, is used in this thesis: C lass: ARACHNIDA Order: ACARINA (Ticks and mites) Order: SCORPIONIDA ( Scorpions) ...........Order: SOLPUGIDA (Solp u glds) Order: PEDIPALPIDA (Whip scorpions) Order: CHELONETHIDA (Pseudoscorpions) C lass: MYRIAPODA Order: CHILOPODA (C entipedes) Order: DIPLOPODA (M illipedes) Pearse (194-0) l i s t s somewhat d iffe r e n t names fo r some of these groups. For convenience, the above, more conservative names have been used. 5 The Class Araohnida The arachnids are principally terrestrial arthropods characterized by the lack of antennae and the possession of four pairs of legs in the adult stage. Respiration is by means of tracheae, book lungs, or the surface of the body. The body i s divided in to two reg io n s, a cephalothorax and abdomen. The abdomen may be segmented or unsegmented. The metamorphosis is gradual, the young closely resembling the adults. Sexual dimorphism varies from distinct to slight. The mouthparts are adapted for crushing prey or for cutting into host tissue. They consist of a pair of palps, situated behind or on either side of the mouth, and a pair of chelicerae. In some groups a hypostome is present and is especially well developed in parasitic forms such as ticks. The chelicerae may vary greatly in their morphology from group to group. Key to Orders of Araohnida Found in Arizona 1 . Abdomen not segmented...................................................................... 2 Abdomen segm ented.................................. ................... .. 3 2. Base of the abdomen constricted. Joined by a narrow stalk to the cephalothorax.• ..ARANEIDA (True spiders) Base of the abdomen not constricted, wide, fused with the cephalothorax.......................ACARINA (Ticks and mites) 6 3* Abdomen without a tall-like projection ......... ........................4 Abdomen with a tail-1 Ike projection.......................................6 4. Palpi chelate, (bearing a chela or claw)........................... ........................... .CHgLONETHIDA (False or Pseudoscorpions) Palpi not chelate.. .PEDIPALPIDA. (Tarantullctoie) 5. Body hairless, entire body fused together............. ...............................................................