Study on the Gender Dimension of Trafficking in Human Beings Final Report

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Study on the Gender Dimension of Trafficking in Human Beings Final Report Study on the gender dimension of trafficking in human beings Final report MigrationDirectorate-General and for Development and CooperationHome Affairs – EuropeAid Study on gender dimension of trafficking in human beings Final report 2 STUDY ON THE GENDER DIMENSION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS Authors Authorship: Sylvia Walby, Birgit Apitzsch, Jo Armstrong, Susie Balderston, Karolina Follis, Brian Francis, Liz Kelly, Corinne May-Chahal, Awais Rashid, Karen Shire, Jude Towers, Markus Tunte. This report has been prepared under Contract No: HOME/2013/ISEC/PR/041-A2 between Lancaster University and the European Commission. Disclaimer ‘The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein’. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone contractors do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). For more information on the EU anti-trafficking policy visit: (http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 Language version: EN Cover © iStockPhoto/AndreyKrav PDF ISBN 978-92-79-54062-2 doi:10.2837/698222 DR-04-15-944-EN-N Print ISBN 978-92-79-54063-9 doi:10.2837/462884 DR-04-15-944-EN-C © European Union, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Luxembourg STUDY ON THE GENDER DIMENSION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 3 CONTENTS Executive summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 1� Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 2. Methodology � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 3� Review of key issues in the literature � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21 4� Victim assistance: United Kingdom example � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 33 5. Measuring trafficking EU-28 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 57 6� Demand reduction: Germany and the Netherlands � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 93 7� Demand reduction: Sweden � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 123 8� Law enforcement: justice and home affairs EU agencies � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 141 9� Emerging cyber technology � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 163 10� Conclusions from gender analysis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 181 11� Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 195 12� Annex: Relevant law and policy instruments � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 201 13� References � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 205 4 STUDY ON THE GENDER DIMENSION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Gender of victims of trafficking in EU-28, 2012 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Table 4.1 Boolean search strings and references �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 Table 5.1 Gendered nature of registered victims of trafficking across the EU-28: 2010-2012 . 61 Table 5.2 Forms of exploitation in trafficking in human beings across the EU-28: 2012 registered victims . 61 Table 5.3 Gender and age dimensions of trafficking in human beings across the EU-28: 2012 registered victims . 61 Table 5.4 Traffickers of human beings by form of trafficking and gender: EU-28 2012 ���������������������������������������������� 68 Table 5.5 Recorded victims and suspects of trafficking in Germany 1994-2013 ���������������������������������������������������������� 70 Table 5.6 Identified and presumed victims of trafficking in the Netherlands ������������������������������������������������������������������ 71 Table 5.7 Police reported crimes in Sweden ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 72 Table 5.8 Identified and presumed victims of trafficking in the United Kingdom 2009-2013 . 73 Table 5.9 Number of on-street prostitutes in Sweden 1995-2014 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 79 Table 5.10 Studies on cyber-enabled prostitution in Sweden 2000-2014 . 80 Table 5.11 Estimated number of prostitutes in the Netherlands ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 81 Table 5.12 Rates of prostitution in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. �������������������������������������������������������������������� 82 Table 5.13 Systematic review search terms �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89 Table 5.14 Scholarly and grey literature repository databases and organisational websites for the systematic reviews �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89 Table 5.15 Number of documents retained from each repository database and organisational website ���������������� 90 Table 5.16 Exclusion and selection criteria ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90 Table 5.17 Scale of trafficking in human beings, by source ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91 Table 6.1 Criminal codes relevant to eradicating trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation: Germany and the Netherlands (as of August 2015) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97 Table 6.2 Administrative provisions and procedures relevant to eradicating trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation: Germany and the Netherlands (as of July 2015) ��������������������������������������������������������� 100 Table 6.3 Interviews for case studies of the city of Amsterdam and the city of Dortmund . 105 Table 7.1 Actors interviewed for the Swedish case study . 124 Table 7.2 Numbers of men suspected of and convicted for paying for sex 1999-2014 . 127 Table 7.3 Number of people involved in street prostitution 1998-2008 ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 130 Table 7.4 Number of people involved in street prostitution in Stockholm 2008-2013 ��������������������������������������������� 130 Table 7.5 Police reported cases of trafficking in adults and children for sexual purposes ��������������������������������������� 133 Table 7.6 Police reported cases of procuring ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 133 Table 9.1 Demographics of trafficking cases identified through signals to the Polaris project (NHTRC, 2014) . 166 Table 9.2 Search results ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179 Table 9.3 Technology and trafficking workshop attendees . 179 STUDY ON THE GENDER DIMENSION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 6.1 The Service Work Triangle for prostitution �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 96 Figure 7.1 Screen grabs for Stockholm and Copenhagen from wikisexguide.com, 22 July 2015 ��������������������������� 132 Figure 9.1 Map of hotline and publicly available data on trafficking in the United States ����������������������������������������� 166 Figure 9.2 Natural market, NGO scramble ‘anti-market’, synthetic market (Blair, 2014) ������������������������������������������� 168 Figure 9.3 The New Abolitionists ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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