IMG/Pdf/GAP-09 EN.Pdf] [Accessed 23 Mar
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Durham E-Theses GENDER AND EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE A STUDY OF QATARI WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS LARI, NOORA,AHMED How to cite: LARI, NOORA,AHMED (2016) GENDER AND EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE A STUDY OF QATARI WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11855/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 GENDER AND EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE – A STUDY OF QATARI WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS NOORA AHMED GH A LARI School of Applied Social Sciences University of Durham, UK 2016 2 Declaration I declare that this thesis, which I submit for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Durham, is my own work. This is not the same as any other work that has previously been submitted for a degree at any other institutions or universities. 3 Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation or data from it should be published without her written consent. Any information derived from this thesis should be acknowledged. 4 Acknowledgement First of all, I sincerely thank God who provides me strength and capabilities to accomplish this research project. Many thanks go to Qatar University and especially for Dr. Darwish Al-Emadi for giving me the opportunity to obtain my PhD at such prestigious educational institution as Durham University in the United Kingdom. The research would not have been feasible without the tremendous support received from my supervisors Professor Linda McKie and Professor Nicole Westmarland, who has generously guided me, gave me their feedback and helpful advices to proofread and edit my work. My sincere thanks to my previous supervisor, Dr. Mark Cresswell, whom I hold especial respect for guiding me to construct the initial idea of the research. He has inspired me in different ways of thinking and has provided me with insightful suggestions to start my PhD journey. I am very highly indebted to my dear family for their unwavering support and encouragement. Without their encouraging words, I would not have been motivated to complete this thesis. My sincere gratitude to a great educator, my mother, who, as I grew up, taught me the resilience to persevere and believe in myself, which has led me to continue through this academic journey and accomplish my dream. Additionally, I am also thankful to the participants of this research who gave me their time and shared with me their life journeys. To the readers, I offer my appreciation for those who read it and my apologies for any misinterpretations the research may still contain. 5 Abstract The major aim of this study is to establish: how far the State of Qatar has achieved the equality of women in the workplace, since the initiation of new reform policies and agendas of modernisation in 1995. It is based on an examination, through the use of a qualitative method, of the real experiences among twenty-five Qatari women in leadership positions. This approach facilitates a critical analysis of the way in which public policy, formulated at the macro-level of society, interacts with participants’ ‘lived experience’ of such changes at the micro-level. Based on a comprehensive examination of the literature, a theoretical framework of a feminist sociological theory of ‘Theorizing Patriarchy’ of Sylvia Walby (e.g. 1990) has been adopted to explore its relevance to the changes in Qatari women’s positions pre- and post-1995, especially with regards to their employment and education. Through the testimony of participants, this study sheds new light on an evaluation of the lived experiences of Qatari women in senior management positions as means to explain whether their families, their society and government helped or hindered their progress. The main findings have indicated that: The State of Qatar has widely sought to include women in public life, particularly in the process of decision-making, has implemented several policies in order to improve gender equality in the workforce and fair distribution of development benefits. The number of women participating in senior management roles, however, is still low in several career fields. Qatari women in leadership positions still face major challenges in relation to cultural limitations and organisational constraints; these areas need to be further developed to improve the degree of gender equality and close the wide gap between the two genders in terms of economic rights and equal opportunities. 6 The study provides insights to policymakers about the importance of introducing the necessary amendments to government policies, with respect to gender equality, in order to bring about the societal transformations required to remove constraints on working women. 7 Table of Contents Declaration......................................................................................................2 Statement of Copyright.................................................................................3 Acknowledgements........................................................................................4 Abstract...........................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................11 1.1 Aim of the Study......................................................................................11 1.2 Thesis Outline..........................................................................................13 1.3 Setting the Scene......................................................................................15 1.3.1 Geography, economy and demographics..................................15 1.3.2 Historical background pre-1995...............................................16 1.3.3 Economic, social and political background post-1995.............19 Chapter 2: Contextual Chapter..................................................................25 2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................25 2.2 Socio-economic position of Qatar women post-1995..............................25 2.2.1 Legal rights................................................................................27 2.2.2 Challenges facing gender equality in the labour force............35 2.2.3 Education and employment in Qatar.........................................40 2.2.3.1 Addressing labour market segregation.......................48 2.2.3.2 Managerial positions..................................................54 2.3 Patriarchal beliefs in Qatar society: implications for the workplace.......57 2.3.1 Potential changes......................................................................60 2.4 Feminism in a world of patriarchy: the general and Arab perspective....72 2.5 Summary..................................................................................................75 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework...........................................................77 3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................77 3.2 Gender-based stratification......................................................................77 3.3 Theorising Patriarchy: Sylvia Walby's perspective.................................85 3.4 The Relevance of theoretical framework for the research.....................100 8 3.5 Criticism of Walby's patriarchy theory..................................................112 3.6 Summary................................................................................................117 Chapter 4: Methodological Approach and Ethical Considerations......119 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................119 4.2 Research method: A qualitative approach.............................................119 4.3 Research Design.....................................................................................122 4.3.1 Snowball sampling procedure.................................................122 4.3.2 Data collection........................................................................127 4.3.3 Data analysis...........................................................................134 4.4 Ethical considerations............................................................................137 4.5 The insider-outsider role of the researcher............................................140 4.6 Summary................................................................................................146 Chapter 5: Data Presentation and Analysis............................................148 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................148 5.2 Women’s Socio-economic Development..............................................149