Structure 1. Royal Navy Bases

- Title : - Title :

GEO   The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has awarded £3.2 billion of contracts The possible sites for a new base in South East Asia are reported to be for the management of the UK's naval bases to Babcock, which man- Singapore or Brunei ; both countries already have different levels of British ages bases at Devonport and Clyde, and BAE Systems, which manages military presence. The plan for these bases is part of an effort to make CS1 The UK, a naval power Portsmouth. […] The contracts also covers the maintenance and repair Britain a ‘true global player’, especially after Brexit. it would reinforce the of Royal Navy’s warships and submarines, directly sustaining more than British presence and commitment to regional allies, leading to further co- 7,500 jobs - up to 4,000 at Devonport, more than 2,000 at Portsmouth, operation in the realms of Defence and beyond. How is UK’s naval power contributing and around 1,500 jobs at Clyde. When the 2017 hurricane season struck the Caribbean and the Govern- to its global influence? The MOD has already spent around £8 billion on building warships in ment’s response was initially criticised, the critics emphasised the lack of a Scotland. Alongside its sister ship the Prince of Wales, HMS Queen permanent military base in a region with five British territories. […] A Structure Elizabeth is supporting some 4,000 jobs in both Rosyth and Clyde ship- permanent military presence there is part of ‘Global Britain’ and of the yards, with hundreds more in the supply chain – boosting jobs and the Government’s duty to defend its dependencies overseas and either Guyana 1. Royal Navy bases local economies. or Montserrat could be the site for this new military outpost. - ‘£3.2 billion naval base investment sustains thousands of UK jobs’, News Story @ ‘A look at the considered locations for new British military bases overseas’, J. Vitor - www.gov.uk, 1 October 2014. Tossini, UK Defence Journal, March 1, 2019. 2. UK naval strategy - - 3. Royal Navy missions - -

Notions

Bersama Lima, the annual exercise held by the Five-Powers Defence Assembled in Rosyth shipyard, Scotland, HMS Queen Elizabeth joins HMS Agreement to safeguard the region. Hosted by Singapore in 2018, it saw Prince of Wales for the first time at Portsmouth Royal Navy dockyard, The a step up in UK naval involvement.. ‘Bersama Lima 2018’, Marhalim Ab- Daily Mail, 4 December 2019. Photo Robin Jones/Digital South. as, Malaysian Defence, 2 October 2018.

Our decision to leave the European Union clearly changes our political relationship with it. Yet the Royal Navy’s work Vocabulary with our continental partners continues, from lifesaving duties in the Mediterranean to exercises in the Black Sea. […] Most importantly, NATO remains the cornerstone of British defence policy, with the Royal Navy commanding 2 of its 4 standing maritime groups. […] As one of the few nations to meet NATO’s 2% defence spending target, the UK has a good story to tell. The renewal of the nuclear deterrent is evidence of our commitment, while the new carrier strike is a massive uplift in our ability to contribute to multi-national operations. Both these projects rest on the continuing strength of the US/UK partnership. […] US support is but a stepping stone on the path to a full UK operating capability. […] Admiral Sir Philip Jones, First Sea Lord, global policy speech, Sea Power Conference, London, 11 September 2017. HMS Queen Elizabeth arrives in New York City, October 19, 2018, before returning to the North Atlantic to continue testing supersonic stealth fighter jets with the US Navy. Crown copyright, Royal Navy website. - Title :

- Title : New ‘big ship GEO   As for the fleet more generally, the competing demands of Russia’s resurgence and the varied security challenges across jetty’ opens at the Mediterranean raise important questions about priorities British naval base in Bahrain, CS1 The UK, a naval power for investment. […]. The prospect of a larger navy presents George Allison, an historic opportunity to strengthen and potentially expand UK Defence our global footprint. […] Journal, 23 How is UK’s naval power contributing The opening of HMS Jufair in Bahrain has been welcomed June 2020. The to its global influence? by our partners in the Gulf as a sign of the UK’s commitment base was to the region. […] It also begs the question about whether reestablished as Structure the Royal Navy’s work […] should end at the Gulf, or whether a permanent Royal Navy base we need to project to the Indian Ocean, and beyond. The Asia in 2014 and the 1. Royal Navy bases -Pacific region contains 2 of the 3 largest economies in the UK Naval Sup- - world […]. If the UK wishes to forge new global trading part- port Facility was - nerships, this is somewhere we need to be. officially opened 2. UK naval strategy Admiral Sir Philip Jones, First Sea Lord, global policy speech, in 2018. - Sea Power Conference, London, 11 September 2017. - 3. Royal Navy missions - -

Notions - Title : - Title :

For sea power to be effective, it needs to address the full I am proud to say the Royal Navy continues to deliver where it matters – on operations. In the last 12 months the gamut of diversifying and intensifying threats in the current and future maritime domain […]. At one end of the scale this Royal Navy has been making its presence felt in every ocean […], with some conspicuous successes along the way […]. means being able to respond to natural disasters through the provision of humanitarian assistance. In the middle it means Whether upholding UN Security Council Resolutions against North Korea, seizing record amounts of drugs in the Indian being able to deliver constabulary operations to disrupt illicit activity upon the seas such as piracy, trafficking and smug- Ocean, […] or restoring our carrier strike capability […]. Not to mention of course the remarkable achievement that is 50 gling. And at the top end of the scale it means effective deterrence against peer adversaries. […] years of unbroken continuous at sea deterrence. […] And the very things that make the Royal Navy unique within So it is this range of activity, and the associated capabilities, that we need the Royal Navy to deliver if we are to exercise defence – our ability to deliver influence and offer political choice through persistent stand-off presence, […], contin- credible sea power in support of our Nation’s maritime strategy. A balanced fleet capable of everything from humanitarian ues to see demand for our services at high levels, both within defence and with our partners across Whitehall. assistance to high end warfighting around the world. Admiral Sir Philip Jones, First Sea Lord, speech, Admiral Sir Philip Jones, First Sea Lord, speech, Sea Power Conference 2019, London, 15 May 2019. Sea Power Conference 2019, London, 15 May 2019.

Vocabulary

Patrolling the Indian Ocean, Royal Navy Opera- Arriving in Sydney, Australia. Royal Navy - What we do - Preventing conflict and pro- tions, Royal Navy website, 2021. tecting the economy - Reassuring regional powers. Royal Navy website, 2021.

- Title : - Title :

GEO   Beyond the intuitive importance of the sea to an island nation, it is The departure of large scale commercial shipbuilding from our shores vital for the UK to pursue a maritime strategy. So whilst our country’s has forced the sector to evolve, bringing to the forefront our expertise in physical geography may give us no choice but to embrace the com- maritime-related business services as well as marine manufacturing. We CS2 A powerful maritime economy plex challenges of the maritime economy, the significant opportunities may no longer build the largest commercial vessels, but we continue to it also presents are there to be capitalised upon. provide services to the world that support them […]. Our largely private The well-established growth in seaborne trade, the changing shape sector-led ports market also remains a global success […]. How is UK’s maritime economy and age profile of the world’s population, the eastward geographical However, we must evolve again if we are to remain the world’s leading contributing to its global influence? shift in the global economic centre of gravity, and climate change are maritime centre; we cannot be complacent about our position in the all trends that will shape the future of global economies in the coming global market or the decline of UK shipping interests […]. In the face of Structure decades. For each of these trends there are strong arguments to increasing competition from fast-growing maritime centres in other explain why a maritime strategy can offer the UK not just economic countries the UK maritime sector must be willing to adapt and improve. 1. Reasons for maritime strategy resilience but competitive advantage. Maritime Growth Study -Keeping the UK competitive in a global market, Depart- - Admiral Sir Philip Jones, First Sea Lord, speech, Sea Power Conference 2019, ment for Transport, September 2015. - London, 15 May 2019. 2. Improving shipping (transport of goods and passengers) - - 3. Maritime clusters - -

Notions

World trading fleet ranked by country of registration. Maritime Growth Study -Keeping UK maritime sector contribution to the economy. Maritime 2050 - Navigating the Fu- the UK competitive in a global market, Department for Transport, September 2015. ture, Department for Transport, January 2019. Note: Marine includes shipbuilding, marine renewable energy and recreational marine activities

Vocabulary - Title :

The UK shipping industry dominates the sector, accounting for 40% of its turnover. This is not surprising given its importance to UK trade and supply-chains. UK ports are also central to world trade: 5% of all global maritime freight traffic passes through UK ports at some point in its journey. Maritime container ships having more than doubled in size within a generation, major ports are expending in the drive for increased volumes and efficiency. Investment of this nature is crucial if the UK economy is to remain competitive internationally. However, shipping is likely to be negatively affected in the case of a no- deal Brexit. According to the government, it is expected that channel freight trade could face significant disruption for up to six months. ‘UK reliance on the maritime economy’, Daryn Park, Centre for Economics and Busi- ness Research, September 16, 2019. Examples of recent or planned port investments around the UK. Maritime 2050 - Navigating the Future, executive summary, Department for Transport, January 2019.

- Title : ‘Whether it’s a GEO   In addition to trade in goods, the UK enjoys a globally sig- pre-cruise nificant maritime tourism and leisure industry. stop off, a The UK’s thriving marine sector, with its high-tech expertise post-cruise CS2 A powerful maritime economy and world-renowned craftsmanship, is boasting impressing wind down or results. Total revenue from the UK’s leisure, superyacht and you simply small commercial marine industry was put at £3.12 billion in fancy a week- How is UK’s maritime economy end away, contributing to its global influence? 2017 with export success counting for just over 30% of the Southampton sector’s total revenue - both steadily on the rise since 2011. makes for a Structure The cruise industry is an exciting and fast-growing one in top city break’. which the UK plays a leading role – as a major source mar- Lottie Gross, ket, an attractive cruise destination and a base for many of www.loveexplo 1. Reasons for maritime strategy ring.com, 02 - the world’s cruise companies, like Carnival or Caribbean Cruises, with 1.96 million cruises sold in the UK in 2017, half June 2020. - Photo: Sharad 2. Improving shipping (transport of of which started at a British port. Raval/ Maritime UK 2018 Annual Review, Maritime UK, October 2018. goods and passengers) Shutterstock - - 3. Maritime clusters - - London is home to one of the most important maritime clusters global- While London is still by far the largest UK cluster, regional clusters ly. Its maritime business services cluster is a world leader and central have developed around specific aspects of the sector and are particular- Notions hub for maritime insurance, finance and legal activities and education. ly important to generating local growth. The industry had a direct turnover of £6.6 billion in 2017 and employed Among them, Solent has become a broader hub with premier gateway 23,500 people. aspirations. Less than 20 nautical miles from the Shanghai-Rotterdam Then there is the cluster of organisations, often with UK leaders, that trade super-seaway, the port of Southampton is the key artery through have located around the IMO’s London presence. The coexistence within which the UK exports to the world while Portsmouth Naval base is the a few square miles, of numerous highly significant maritime, trading and home of the Royal Navy and heart of the Solent’s world-leading defence finance companies is one of the main reasons that London has histori- cluster, including BAE Systems, Rolls Royce and Airbus. cally been the world-leading centre of maritime business services. With unparalleled assets - in maritime education, institutions and busi- In addition, London hosts major events like the International Shipping ness, the Solent is a world class maritime hub and a leading technology Week and remains a major port - UK’s second biggest by tonnage with cluster, pioneering new approaches to autonomy, environmental innova- new investment in London Gateway. tion and design. Maritime 2050 - Navigating the Future, Department for Transport, January 2019. Maritime UK 2018 Annual Review, Maritime UK, October 2018.

London In- ternational Shipping Vocabulary Week: showcasing the UK and UK Maritime London Clusters. Mar- maritime in- itime 2050 - dustries to Navigating the the interna- Future, De- tional mar- partment for ketplace. Transport, LISW 2019 January 2019. Official Event Guide, Sep- tember 2019.

- Title : - Title :

GEO   As evidence mounts for the need to act with urgency to Marine Protected Areas are an important tool for protecting marine address climate change, it is clear a global transition to a habitats. The UN states that 10 per cent of the sea should be pro- cleaner and greener maritime sector is underway. tected by 2030. MPAs can be important biodiversity reservoirs, CS3  Going green, a tool The UK already has strong influence at a number of global providing habitats for species at risk from overfishing, and acting as of maritime power  fora such as the IMO, and is a leader in the field of internation- buffers for climate-related stress. al maritime environmental diplomacy. Leading by example, the While currently only approximately 3 per cent of global seas are UK was also the first advanced economy to make a legal com- protected, the UK has taken a leading role: 23 per cent of UK waters How is environmental protection an mitment to net zero carbon emissions by 2050. are protected. The UK Overseas Territories make a significant contri- instrument of maritime power? Globally, the rising importance of the blue economy will bution to this, with large MPAs established around the Pitcairn, generate renewed interest in environmental regulation as we South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands, and the British Indian Structure move towards 2050. The UK will maintain its leading role, Ocean Territory. Evidence suggests that the conservation benefits of ensuring the sector plays its part in meeting climate change MPAs increase if no-fishing zones are well enforced to prevent illegal 1. Boosting UK’s influence and wider environmental goals, using its influence to shape fishing or destructive practices. - international regulation aligned with our interests. Foresight Future of the Sea, report, Government Office for Science, 2018. - Maritime 2050 - Navigating the Future, report, Department for 2. Boosting UK’s economy Transport, January 2019. United Kingdom administers the archipelago as part - UK of the British Indian Ocean Territory. The International - Chagos Archipelago Mauritius Court of Justice has found the UK administration to 3. Helping vulnerable communities Maldives be unlawful and called upon the UK to complete the - process of decolonization with respect to Mauritius. - Falkland Islands, South Including Shag Rocks. See Falkland Islands sover- UK Georgia and the South eignty dispute and Falkland War, South Georgia and Notions IMO leaflet on IMO Argentina Action to reduce Sandwich Islands South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute greenhouse gas UK Dispute over the interpretation of the Treaty of emissions from in- Gibraltar ternational ship- Spain Utrecht (1713-1715)and the location of the border. ping, www.imo.org/en/ UK’s disputed territories, ‘List of territorial disputes’, Wikipedia.com, 23 February 2021. MediaCentre/ HotTopics, 2018.

As the global transition to zero emission shipping gathers Vocabulary pace over the coming years, driven by increasing international pressure to tackle emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, we must also harness the power of the financial sector to bring about a greener future. The UK is already a trailblazer in the development of green financial products, providing capital to projects that tackle climate change. It offers huge opportunities for maritime. and will enable industry and government to use the power of financial markets to secure sustainable growth. It also allows the UK to build on its existing position as a world leading financial centre so as to become the global hub for the provision of green finance, insurance and legal services for the clean maritime sector. Clean Maritime Plan, Department for Transport, July 2019. 2018 UK Climate Finance Results. Green finance strategy: Transforming Fi- nance for a Greener Future, HM Government Industrial Strategy, BEIS, 2019. - Title :

- Title :

GEO   By 2050, the UK will actively drive the transition to zero emission shipping in its waters, moving faster than competi- tor countries and international standards to capitalise on CS3  Going green, a tool economic benefits and be seen as a role model. Other mari- of maritime power  time sectors such as power generation, have already taken advantage of significant growth opportunities in responding to the need for reducing environmental impacts. How is environmental protection an The concept of blue growth and sustainable growth in the Locations of UK Offshore instrument of maritime power? marine and maritime sectors is increasingly a factor in com- Wind Supply Chain Com- mercial decisions. The economic prize for first movers and panies. Offshore Wind Structure early adopters may be significant. International competition Sector Deal, HM Govern- is increasing and the UK, thanks to its strengths in industries ment Industrial Strategy, BEIS, 2019. 1. Boosting UK’s influence which could take advantage of the new market, has the - opportunity to quickly position itself as a leader in this field. - Maritime 2050 - Navigating the Future, report, Department for 2. Boosting UK’s economy Transport, January 2019. - - 3. Helping vulnerable communities - -

Notions The Overseas Territories are home to many species and environ- It is perhaps not surprising that coastal communities voted for change - for Brexit. For many of these coastal communities, people ments found nowhere else in the world, offering the rich environmental assets for which they are internationally recognised. Each of the feel left out and left behind. Traditional industries have often departed and, whilst some new sectors such as renewable energy have arrived, Territories depends on these assets in some way such as for fisheries or from tourism. As their maritime environment is threatened by many of the lost jobs and investment have not been replaced. Leaving the EU’s failed Common Fisheries Policy is one of the most climate change, pollution and overfishing, competition for resources and serious weather events are likely to increase. Moreover, the OTs’ important benefits of Brexit. It means we can create a fairer system which will allow marine habitats to thrive, with new powers to support ability to manage their environments and mitigate climate change may be hampered by the loss of EU funding. our fishing sector and conserve our wonderful Blue Belt at home and abroad. This new Fisheries Bill takes back control of our waters, Hence the government’s responsibility to protect these vulnerable communities, planning for a more sustainable development and a enabling the UK to create a sustainable, profitable fishing industry for potential military response for policing and humanitarian purposes. our coastal communities. ‘Brexit: Fisheries Bill to enshrine sustainability in law’, Environment Secretary Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship, Theresa Villiers, press release, 29 January 2020. Parliament, 21 February 2019 .

Vocabulary

Watch out, Macron! UK deploys GUNSHIPS to Channel in huge fishing warning to EU FOUR Royal Navy gunships have been sent to the English Channel in a huge warning to Eu- Helicopter and crew from HMS Iron Duke assisting in disaster relief train- ropean Union fishermen over their rights in the waters following the conclusion of Brexit. ing in Montserrat. Overseas Territories, the Ministry of Defence's Contribu- Paul Withers, The Sunday Express, 3 January 2021. tion, HM Government, March 2012. - Title : - Title :

- Title : - Title :

GEO   The relationship between the UK and the Overseas Territories is Tourism is a major part of the economy of most Territories especially founded on mutual benefits and responsibilities. -but not exclusively, for Caribbean islands. They built their reputation as The Territories offer the UK a global presence and strategic reach in beautiful, safe, exclusive and high-end tourism destination and their CS4  Dependent territories, support of our international objectives. Their global spread gives us tourism industry is aimed at the luxury market (e.g. Virgin Islands yacht a tool of maritime power  access and insights in diverse regions of the world; as a set of strate- chartering). It is important to develop this industry but also to consider gic assets, some of the Territories host military bases or cover regions carefully environmental impacts so that the coasts, seas and wildlife of significant current operational and long term strategic value. […] that attract tourists are not damaged. Are the dependent territories an The Territories benefit from the relationship with the UK through Cruise ships also stop at the Cayman Islands and Bermuda in the instrument of maritime power? defence and security: the UK is committed to defend the Territories Caribbean but also Gibraltar in the Mediterranean and the Falkland and contributes to their protection from crime and support in the event Islands on the way to Antarctica. However, this growing market has a Structure of natural disaster; to ensure that they are able to trade, exploit their high environmental impact on vulnerable maritime environments - natural resources and develop their economies free from external hence the drive for a more eco-friendly tourism. 1. Assets for the UK interference. Sustainability in the UK Overseas Territories, House of Commons Environmental - The Overseas Territories, security, success & sustainability, Foreign & Common- Committee, 8 January 2014. - wealth Office, June 2012. 2. Competitors of the UK - - 3. But vulnerable territories - -

Notions

Map of the British Overseas Territories. Overseas Territories, the Ministry of De- Source: www.dreamyachtcharter.com/destination/british-virgin-islands/, 04 March 2021. fence's Contribution, HM Government, March 2012.

Nine of our Overseas Territories operate shipping regis- ters, and, as members of the Red Ensign Group, along Vocabulary with the UK, are the sixth largest combined register in the world which enhances the UK’s influence at the IMO negotiations. These Flags have the right to access the support of the British consular services and Royal Navy worldwide. This link to the UK makes them attractive for potential custom- ers, along with the other benefits they offer such as very attractive fiscal regimes (like the Isle of Man 0% corpora- tion tax rate) and a pro-business environment (e.g. the Cayman Islands is a large banking centre). There have been questions raised as to the benefit the UK gains from the REG. However, the UK has a responsibility to support legitimate economic activities in its OTs and CDs. Maritime Growth Study -Keeping the UK competitive in a global Key destinations for vessels leaving the UK flag. Maritime market, Department for Transport, September 2015. Growth Study -Keeping the UK competitive in a global market, Department for Transport, September 2015. - Title :

- Title :

GEO   Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands have developed important niche positions in international financial markets. The British Virgin Islands are now the leading centre for international business companies. The CS4  Dependent territories, Cayman Islands became the world’s fifth largest financial services centre. a tool of maritime power  Financial services have also featured significantly in Bermuda’s economic development. They, however, built their economic success on being tax havens, attract- Are the dependent territories an ing international corporate capital because their financial services are based instrument of maritime power? on low taxes and secrecy. Since 2016, they have been under scrutiny as corporate tax havens allow tax avoidance, money laundering and financial Structure fraud and corruption. Under pressure from the UK government, they have committed to end secrecy by 2023. 1. Assets for the UK The Overseas Territories, security, success & sustainability, Foreign & Commonwealth - Office, June 2012. - 2. Competitors of the UK The most damaging corporate tax havens, statista, 2019. - - 3. But vulnerable territories - - The economies of the Territories vary in size, but they share a number of Although UKOTs are negligible producers of greenhouse gases, they are features in common: they are open economies; economic activity is often vulnerable to their effects due to the small size of their land masses, popula- Notions concentrated predominantly in a small number of sectors; the public sector is tions and economies. a major employer; and they are reliant on imports. These factors leave their The impacts of climate change are already being felt, in particular in the economies particularly exposed to factors outside their control. For example, British Antarctic Territory which is warming faster than almost anywhere else an economic downturn in the US economy will reduce tourist arrivals in the on the planet. The Territories are amongst the “most vulnerable” and “virtually Caribbean Overseas Territories, and consequently government revenues. certain to experience the most severe impacts” of climate change. This will Consequently, some Territories receive budgetary aid to assist in their Gov- mean sea level rise; changes in weather patterns, including higher intensity of ernment’s business, infrastructure, development and growth. Although many extreme weather events; coral bleaching; and sea temperature changes. Territories have limited natural resources and few have manufacturing indus- Other immediate threats include land use change; waste management; inva- tries they have recognised the need to diversify their economies. sive species; and threats to habitats from unsustainable development. The Overseas Territories, security, success & sustainability, Foreign & Commonwealth The Overseas Territories, security, success & sustainability, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, June 2012. Office, June 2012

Vocabulary

ST HELENA FINALLY* OPENS

'THE WORLD'S MOST USELESS AIRPORT'

As St Helena gets an air link for the first time in its history, Diane Selkirk explores an island on the cusp of mass tourism – and sees what the community is

doing to shield itself from its side effects. 1 Diane Selkirk, The Independent, Saturday 14 October 2017. Selected global warming changes and impacts in UK Overseas Territories . Climate Change in * After spending £285 million and 4 years constructing it, the UK Overseas Territories: An Overview of the Science, Policy & You, Joint Nature Conser- dangerous wind conditions delayed its opening. vation Committee (UK government advisory body on nature conservation), 2008. - Title : - Title :