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Newash and Tecumseth: Analysis of Two Post-War of 1812 Vessels

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Newash and Tecumseth: Analysis of Two Post-War of 1812 Vessels NEWASH AND TECUMSETH: ANALYSIS OF TWO POST-WAR OF 1812 VESSELS ON THE GREAT LAKES A Thesis by LEEANNE ELIZABETH GORDON Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2009 Major Subject: Anthropology NEWASH AND TECUMSETH: ANALYSIS OF TWO POST-WAR OF 1812 VESSELS ON THE GREAT LAKES A Thesis by LEEANNE ELIZABETH GORDON Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Kevin J. Crisman Committee Members, Troy O. Bickham Donny L. Hamilton Head of Department, Donny L. Hamilton May 2009 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Newash and Tecumseth: Analysis of Two Post-War of 1812 Vessels on the Great Lakes. (May 2009) LeeAnne Elizabeth Gordon, B.A., Auburn University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Kevin J. Crisman In 1953 the tangled, skeletal remains of a ship were pulled from the small harbor of Penetanguishene, Ontario. Local historians had hoped to raise the hull of a War of 1812 veteran, but the vessel pulled from the depths did not meet the criteria. Identified as H.M. Schooner Tecumseth, the vessel was built just after the War of 1812 had ended. Historical research of Tecumseth and her sister ship Newash, which remained in Penetanguishene harbor, illuminated the ships’ shadowy past. Conceived and built after the war, the vessels sailed for only two years before being rendered obsolete by the terms of the Rush-Bagot disarmament agreement. Nevertheless, the two vessels offer a unique perspective from which to view the post-war period on the Great Lakes. The schooners’ hulls were interpreted and analyzed using archaeological evidence. A theoretical rigging reconstruction was created, using contemporary texts and documentary evidence of the ships themselves. Architectural hull analysis was carried out to explore the nature of these vessels. From these varied approaches, a conception of iv Newash and Tecumseth has emerged, revealing ways in which the hulls were designed to fulfill their specific duties. The hulls were sharp, yet had capacious cargo areas. The rigs combined square-rigged and fore-and-aft sails for maximum flexibility. The designs of the hulls and rigging also reflect predominant attitudes of the period, in which naval vessels on the lakes gave way to merchant craft. Taken as a whole, Tecumseth and Newash illustrate how ships, while fluid in the nature of their work, are also singular entities that truly encapsulate a specific point in time and place. v “If you are flammable and have legs, you are never blocking a fire exit.” -Mitch Hedberg vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this thesis could not have been done without the tremendous assistance of many people who have contributed in various ways. I wish to thank, in no particular order: Marita and the staff of the Penetanguishene Public Library; Mike Seraphin and the staff of Discovery Harbour (Havre de la Découverte); Erich Heinold, Chris Sabick, Eric Emery, Brian Atchison and the other student archaeologists who took part in the surveys of Tecumseth and Newash in 1997 and 1998; Mr. John R. Stevens; Captain Walter Rybka, of the U.S. Brig Niagara; Captain Jamie Trost, of the topsail schooner Pride of Baltimore II; Captain Tiffany Krihwan, of the schooner Denis Sullivan; the irrepressible and unflappable Ms. Carrie Sowden, to whom I am forever in debt, financially and otherwise; Mrs. Elizabeth Hutchinson; the thesis committee, Drs. Kevin J. Crisman, Donny L. Hamilton and Troy O. Bickham; my underrated fellow students: Heather Brown, Carlos Cabrera, Claire Collins, Ben Ford, Heather Hatch, Brad Krueger, Ryan Lee, John Littlefield, Bridget McVae, Drew Roberts and Will Moser; my mom and dad, grandma and grandpa; and of course, the makers of Giant Eagle Bavarian ham, Lemonheads and, certainly, Dr. Pepper. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiv NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: THE ROYAL NAVY IN CANADA AND THE TREATY OF GHENT ......................................................................... 1 II TWO SHARP SCHOONERS .............................................................. 18 III MASTING AND DISMASTING ........................................................ 30 IV LIFE ABOARD THE SCHOONERS .................................................. 42 V THE NEWASH-MINK INCIDENT AND BORDER RELATIONS .... 50 The Case of Lieutenant Alexander Vidal............................................. 53 Seizure of Julia..................................................................................... 55 Customs House Boats on Lake Champlain .......................................... 56 VI WINTER ON LAKE ERIE .................................................................. 58 Re-Rigging the Ships ........................................................................... 62 Life at Grand River .............................................................................. 64 Crossing the Bar ................................................................................... 65 Later Seasons for the Vessels............................................................... 69 viii CHAPTER Page VII CAPTAIN WILLIAM BOURCHIER AND THE DISARMAMENT OF THE GREAT LAKES.................................................................... 71 The Rush-Bagot Agreement................................................................. 77 VIII DECAY AT PENETANGUISHENE................................................... 81 IX ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH................. 87 The 1953 Salvage of Tecumseth........................................................... 88 Early Publications ................................................................................ 91 1970s Examination and Conservation Efforts...................................... 92 1997 – 1998 Archaeology .................................................................... 94 2007 – 2008 Investigations .................................................................. 98 X ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SCHOONERS’ CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................... 99 Keels and Posts..................................................................................... 100 Deadwood............................................................................................. 108 Frames .................................................................................................. 109 Keelsons, Stemsons and Sternsons....................................................... 111 Mast Steps ............................................................................................ 112 Mast Section......................................................................................... 116 Pump Wells and Limber Holes ............................................................ 117 Clamps, Deck Beams, Waterways and Wales...................................... 118 Chainplates ........................................................................................... 124 Planking the Ships................................................................................ 126 Newash and Tecumseth and War of 1812-Era Ship Construction ....... 128 XI HULL ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 134 Design Lines......................................................................................... 135 Coefficients and Ratios ........................................................................ 144 Waterplane Area and Immersion.......................................................... 149 Deck-Edge Immersion and Downflooding........................................... 150 Tender and Stiff Vessels ...................................................................... 152 Discussion: Hull Design and Purpose ................................................. 153 Penetanguishene’s Sailing Replica....................................................... 155 ix CHAPTER Page XII RECONSTRUCTING THE SCHOONER RIG................................... 158 Main Rigging........................................................................................ 164 Fore Rigging......................................................................................... 166 Bowsprit Rigging ................................................................................. 168 Trestletrees, Crosstrees and Mast Caps................................................ 170 Topmast Rigging .................................................................................. 170 Topgallant Rigging............................................................................... 173
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