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An Assessment Manual for Faunal Biodiversity in South Asia

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An Assessment Manual for Faunal Biodiversity in South Asia FOR DISPLAY ONLY SACEP NORAD SACEP/NORAD Publication Series on Biodiversity in South Asia No. 1 An Assessment Manual For Faunal Biodiversity in South Asia 1. R. B. Alfred R. K Varshney A K Ghosh Zoological Survey of India Published by: South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP) with financial support from The Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD) SACEP NORAD SACEP/NORAD Publication Series on Biodiversity in South Asia No. I An Assessment Manual For Faunal Biodiversity in South Asia J. R B. Alfred R K Varshney A K Ghosh Zoological Survey of India Published by: South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP) with financial support from The Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD) co SOUTH ASIA CO-OPERATIVE ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (SACEP) (1997) To obtain free copies of this publication please write to: Deputy Director Programmes South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme No. 10 Anderson Road, Colombo 5, SRI LANKA. Printed by M.D. Gunasena & Co. (printers) Ltd Colombo. Sri Lanka. Contents Preface I Introduction a) Preparation ofCountry Paper A.K.Ghosh 1 b) Ecology and Biodiversity J.R.B.Alfred 4 c) Species Biodiversity R.K.Varshney 9 II Methods and Approaches to Data Collection i) Mammals S.Chakraborty 17 ii) Birds S.S.Saba 24 iii) Herpeto-fauna D.P.SanyaJ 27 iv) Fishes A. K. Ghosh 32 v) Insects a) Larger Orders S.K.Tandon 36 b) Smaller Orders S.K.Ghosh 43 c) Aquatic Insects V.D.Srivastava 47 vi) Arachnida and Acari S.K.Gupta S2 vii) Crustacea P.Krishnamoorthy 60 viii) Mollusca K.V.Surya Rao 64 ix) Lower Invertebrates A.K.Das 67 III Selected Ecosystem Fauna i) Urban Biodiversity A.K.Ghosh 7S ii) Marine Fauna D.R.K.Sastry 77 iii) Soil Fauna A.K.Hazra 8S IV Analysis of Data i) Vertebrates P.K.Das 9S ii) Insects J .K.Jonathan 102 iii) Invertebrates (Excluding Arthropods except Crustacea) N.V.Subba Rao 113 V Selected Techniques i) Remote Sensing Technique for Assessing the Coastal and Marine Environments P.Chakraborty 123 ii) Forest Cover Mapping using Satellite Imageries : A Case Study A.K.Raha 131 iii) Computerisation ofInventory A.K.5anyal 140 iv) UNESCO Card Catalogue S.K.Chanda 144 VI Methods for Estiinations i) Species Richness and Species 147 Diversity J .R.B.Alfred 153 ii) Census of Wild animals P.Sanyal iii) Insect Components from Habitat and Nest P.K.Maiti 160 iv) Ecologically Rich Areas, Endemic Areas, Hotspots and Protected Areas J .R.B.Alfred 164 v) Preparing Questionnaire for Collection of Data on Ecology J .R.B.Alfred 167 175 vi) Preparing Faunal Inventorisation J.R.B.Alfred vii) Faunal Inventory with suggested steps for recording data on Species R.K.Varshney 177 PREFACE The hwnan population density in South Asian countries is higher than any other continent in the world. Consequently pressures on areas of natural habitats of fauna and flora are especially severe. On the initiative of the South Asia Co-operative Environment Program (SACEP), The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) took up a short tenn project on extending the training facilities to the member countries, in the study of (a) Biodiversity, (b) Ecological Impact Assessment and (c) Systematics of fauna. The Ministry of Environment & Forests, GoV!. of India approved the proposal in February 1995. A "Letter of Agreement" was signed by both SACEP and ZSI in the same month, wherein it was clarified that the implementation of the project titled 'Assessment of Faunal Biodiversity in the Countries ofSouth Asia' will be funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD) through SACEP. Accordingly, an eight-day Workshop was held at Calcutta, in the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, from the 12th to 19th June 1995. The following GoV!. Representatives (National Co­ ordinators) attended: BANGLADESH 1. Dr. Niaz Ahmad Siddiqi Divisional Officer Bangladesh Forest Research Institute Chittagong. BHUTAN 2. Mr. Tshewang R. Wangchuk Nature Conservation Section Forest Services Division Ministry ofAgriculture Thimphu. INOlA 3. Dr. A.K.Ghosh Director Zoological Survey of India Prani Vigyan Bhawan New Alipore Calcutta. MALDIVES 4. Mr.Maizan Hassan Maniku Director Fisheries Research & Development Ministry of Fisheries & Agriculture· Male. PAKISTAN 5. Mr. Z. B. Mirza Naturalist 229-B, Street No.4, F-IQl3 Islamabad. ---- .. ~- """"".,-- ........ ~ .........--,- .. _,,-,,---...... --- --------- SRI LANKA 6. Mr. W. A. Jayasinghe Additional Secretary Highways Division Ministry of Health, Highways & Social Services Sethsiripaya Bat«aramuUa. Besides the above participants, a representative ofthe International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources (IUCN) also attended as a Resource person, namely: 7. Dr. Nirmalee Pal1ewatte Department ofZoology University of Colombo Thurstan Road Colombo The Govt. of India nominated two National Experts--curn-Consultants, who in effect organised the Workshop and acted as Resource persons, namely: 8. Dr. J. R. B. Alfred Additional Director Zoological Survey oflndia Prani Vigyan Bhawan New Alipore Calcutta. 9. Dr. R. K. Varshney Additional Director Zoological Survey of India Prani Vigyan Bhawan New Alipore Calcutta. The SACEP was represented by the following two officials: 10. Mr. Hussain Shihab Director South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme No. 10 Anderson Road Colombo 5. II. Mr. Prasantha Dias Abeygunawardene Deputy Director Programmes South Asia Co-operative Environment Program No. 10 Anderson Road Colombo 5. The Workshop was inaugurated by Shri Kalyan Biswas, lAS, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment, Govt. of West Bengal and the function was covered by the Calcutta Press and Doordarshan. The scientific sessions were addressed by 23 senior scientists of the ZSI, besides four experts from the Department of Science & Technology and Department of Forests, Govt. of West Bengal and from Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Station (ICAR). As the National Co-ordinator from Nepal could not attend the Workshop of June 1995, on the initiative of SACEP a Satellite Session for Nepal was again organised in ZSI during 16-20 October 1995. It was attended by: NEPAL 12. Mr. Bodh Raj Subedi Asstt. Conservation Officer Department ofNational Parks & Wildlife Conservation, Chitwan National Park Nepal. Subsequently, Prof. Sarath Kotagama has replaced Mr. W. A. Jayasinghe as the National Co­ ordinator for Sri Lanka. It is now hoped that the country Reports on their Faunal Biodiversity will soon be ready for all countries ofSouth Asia and the next meeting due at Male (Maldives) will review the progress made in this regard. South Asia being one of the richest areas in faunal Biodiversity in the world, it is in fitness of things that proper faunal inventories are made for all the ecosystems in this region. It is hoped that this Manual for assessment will serve the purpose and may prove a baseline document for the future. We thank the SACEP, the NORAD, the faculty ofthe Workshop, the Contributes ofthis Manual and all others connected with this project for the co-operation. J.R.B.Alfred Calcutta R.K. Varshney I st July 1996 A.K.Ghosh PART I INTRODUCTION PREPARATION OF COUNTRY PAPER A. K.GHOSH· Survey of Primary and Secondary Sources The assessment of Biodiversity is an important component of strategic planning process for conservation and management. The process of assessment can be a two dimensional exercise, i.e. identifying areas of maximwn diversity within distinctive ecosystems and exploration, collection, preservation and identification of species to provide data for species diversity and related information on population, distribution, status and endemicity. But the starting point for preparation of a country report for assessment should be ­ (i) Literature search from available information: group-wise, down to the species level, wherever possible (Research papers; books; journals; catalogues; records); and (ii) Literature search from available information on ecosystem diversity and genetic diversity. After the literature search is over, all possible collections present in private, institutional -government or academic levels may be examined. For developing countries much of the collection may not be physically present in the country of origin but deposited in musea of a developed country. Hence, identified international depositories of collections for any possible holding from the country under study has to be enquired. Analysis The preliminary assessment when completed would reveal: (i) Areas so far explored - geographically and ecosystem wise and thereby identifying the gaps; (ii) Species diversity under each major group, their status and endemic features; (iii) Expertise capability available for bio-systematic work within country - level; (iv) Sources of major collections; and (v) Major literature sources - which can yield a bibliographic index. The exercise would also help to assess in ­ (i) Identifying the components important for conservation and sustainable use; (ii) The thrust area for future monitoring; and Former Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. 2 Ghosh (iii) The major elements ofthreat for biodiversity conservation. In a rapid assessment procedure the Country Paper can only be confmed to the basic features listed above. A future in.depth study, while following the identified gaps and future action plan can lead to· (i) Determination of economic values of biological and genetic resources - based on current economic return, potential use pattern that may emerge on current R&D activities; and (ii) Determining economic implication ofconservation
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