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Later Cholas and Pandyas 11 www.tntextbooks.in SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM Lesson Later Cholas and Pandyas 11 Learning Objectives The objectives of the lesson are to enable students to acquire knowledge of I Cholas The achievements of Chola rulers Cultural developments in the Chola region Emergence of well-developed agrarian structure and irrigation system Role of temples in medieval Tamil society Maritime trade during Chola rule II Pandyas Rise of Pandyas with Madurai as their capital Malik Kafur’s invasion and its fallout Succession dispute inviting the attention of Sultan Alauddin Khalji Agriculture, irrigation and trade during the Pandya rule Religion and culture in southern Tamil Nadu Introduction monarchical states. The Cholas were one The Cholas belonged to one of the three among them. mighty dynasties that ruled the Tamizh The river valleys facilitated the country in the early historical period. expansion of agriculture leading to Described as the Muvendhar in the the emergence of powerful kingdoms. Sangam literature, they were known for the The agricultural boom resulted in the valour and for their patronage of the Tamil production of considerable surplus of language. Many songs were composed in predominantly food grains. But this high praise of their glories. However, after surplus in production resulted in unequal the Sangam period until about the ninth distribution of wealth. Society gradually century CE, there are no records about became highly differentiated unlike in the them. Changes that overtook Tamizhagam earlier period. Institutions and ideas from in the intervening period brought about a the north of India, such as the temple major transformation of the region and and the religion it represented, emerged enabled the emergence of big, long-lasting as a new force. The Bhakti movement 184 www.tntextbooks.in SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM led by the Nayanmars and Azhwars mentioned as the progenitor. The names popularised the ideology and the faith they of Killi, Koc-cengannan and Karikalan are represented. Similarly, political ideas and mentioned as members of the line in these institutions that originated in northern copper plates. India soon found their way to the south Vijayalaya’s illustrious successors as well. The cumulative result of all the starting from Parantaka I (907–955) to new developments was the formation of a Kulothunga III (1163–1216) brought glory state, which in this case was a monarchy and fame to the Cholas. Parantaka Chola presided over by the descendants of the set the tone for expansion of the territory old Chola lineage. and broadened the base of its governance, After the eclipse of the Chola and Rajaraja I (985–1014), the builder of kingdom, Pandyas, who began their rule the most beautiful Brihadishvarar temple in the Vaigai river basin at Madurai, at Thanjavur, and his son Rajendra I wielded tremendous power during the (1012–1044),whose naval operation 14th century. Like the Cholas, the Pandyas extended as far as Sri Vijaya, consolidated also realised substantial revenue from the advances made by their predecessors agriculture as well as from trade. Trade and went on to establish Chola hegemony expansion overseas continued in the in peninsular India. Pandya rule. Tirunelveli region, which was part of the Pandyan kingdom, exported Sources grain, cotton, cotton cloth and bullocks to the Malabar coast and had trade contacts More than 10,000 inscriptions engraved with West and Southeast Asia. Pandya on copper and stone form the primary kings produced a cultural heritage by sources for the study of Chola history. synthesising the religious, cultural and The inscriptions mainly record the political elements, and it differed totally endowments and donations to temples with the assumed homogeneity of classical made by rulers and other individuals. Land age of Guptas. transactions and taxes (both collections and exemptions) form an important part of their content. Later-day inscriptions make I CHOLAS a mention of the differentiation in society, Origin of the Dynasty giving an account of the castes and sub- Records available to us after the Sangam castes and thus providing us information Age show that the Cholas remained as subordinates to the Pallavas in the Kaveri region. The re-emergence of Cholas began with Vijayalaya (850–871 CE) conquering the Kaveri delta from Muttaraiyar. He built the city of Thanjavur and established the Chola kingdom in 850. Historians, therefore, refer to them as the Later Cholas or Imperial Cholas. In the copper plate documents of his successors that are available, the Cholas trace their ancestry to the Karikala, the most well-known of the Cholas of the Sangam age. In their genealogy an eponymous king ‘Chola’ is Big temple inscriptions Later Cholas and Pandyas 185 www.tntextbooks.in SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM on the social structure. Besides stone of the Tamizh country, Pandinadu or the inscriptions, copper plates contain the southern portions of the Tamizh country, royal orders. They also contain details of Gangaivadi or portions of southern genealogy, wars, conquests, administrative Karnataka and Malaimandalam, the Kerala divisions, local governance, land rights territory. The Cholas ventured overseas and various taxes levied. Literature conquering the north-eastern parts of Sri also flourished under the Cholas. The Lanka, bringing it under their control and important religious works in Tamil include they called it Mummudi-Cholamandalam. codification of the Saivite and Vaishnavite canons. The quasi-historical literary works 11.1.1 Empire Building Kalingattupparani and Kulotungancholan Pillai Tamizh were composed during Rajaraja I is the most celebrated of the Chola their reign. Muvarula, and Kamba kings. He engaged in naval expeditions and Ramayanam, the great epic, belong to this emerged victorious in the West Coast, Sri period. Neminatam, Viracholiyam and Lanka and conquered the Maldives in the Nannul are noted grammatical works. Indian Ocean. The military victory of Raja Pandikkovai and Takkayagapparani are Raja I over Sri Lanka led to its northern and other important literary works composed eastern portions coming under the direct during this period. control of the Chola authority. Rajaraja I appointed a Tamil chief to govern the Territory annexed regions and ordered a temple to be built. It is locally called Siva Devale (shrine Traditionally, the area under the Chola of Siva). The Chola official appointed in dynasty in the Tamizh country is known as Chonadu or Cholanadu. Their core kingdom was concentrated in the Kaveri-fed delta called Cholamandalam. This term came to be corrupted as “Coromandel” in the European languages, which often referred to the entire eastern coast of South India. The Chola kingdom expanded through military conquests to include present-day Pudukkottai– Ramanathapuram districts and the Kongu country of the present-day western Tamil Nadu. By the 11th century, through invasions, Cholas extended their territory to Tondainadu or the northern portion Karantai Copper plate inscriptions Rajaraja I with his mentor of Rajendra Chola I Karuvur Devar 1 8 6 Later Cholas and Pandyas www.tntextbooks.in SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM Sri Lanka built a temple in a place called assumed the titles such as Mudikonda Mahatitta. The temple is called Rajarajesvara. Cholan (the crowned Chola),Gangaikondan Even as he was alive, Rajaraja I (conqueror of the Ganges), Kadaramkondan appointed his son, Rajendra I, as his (conqueror of Kadaram) and Pandita heir apparent. For two years, they jointly Cholan (scholarly Cholan). ruled the Chola kingdom. Rajendra I took part in the military campaigns of his 11.1.2 Chola Adminstration father, attacking the Western Chalukyas. King Consequently, the boundary of the Chola Empire extended up to Tungabhadra Historians have debated the nature of the river. When Rajaraja I attacked Madurai, Chola state. Clearly, it was presided over the Pandyas escaped with their crown and by a hereditary monarchy. The king is royal jewels and took shelter in Sri Lanka. presented in glowing terms in the literature Thereupon, Rajendra I conquered Sri and inscriptions of the period. Venerated Lanka and confiscated the Pandya crown on par with god. The kings were invariably and other royal belongings. addressed as peruman or perumagan (big Rajendra I conducted the most man), ulagudaiyaperumal (the lord of the striking military exploit after his accession in world) and ulagudaiyanayanar (the lord of 1023 by his expedition to northern India. He the world). Later, they adopted the titles such led the expedition up to the Godavari river as Chakkaravarti (emperor) and Tiribhuvana and asked his general to continue beyond Chakkaravarti (emperor of three worlds). that place. The Gangaikonda Chozhapuram At the time of coronation, it was a practice temple was built to commemorate his to add the suffix deva to the name of the victories in North India. crowned kings. The kings drew legitimacy by claiming that they were a comrade of god During the Chola reign, the naval (thambiran thozhar). achievements of the Tamils reached its peak. The Cholas controlled both the Chola rulers appointed Brahmins Coromandel and Malabar coasts. The Chola as spiritual preceptors or rajagurus (the navy often ventured into Bay of Bengal for kingdom’s guide). Rajaraja I and Rajendra I some decades. Rajendra’s naval operation mention the names of rajagurus and was directed against
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