A COURSEBOOK OF SOCIAL STUDIES Our team of experts: Sadaquat Ali Ansari Namrata Agrawal Asha Sangal Content Reviewers for the Series Vrinda Loiwal Consultant for Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Subhashish Roy Consultant for Design K6057 1 Acknowledgements The Publishers would like to acknowledge Shutterstock for granting us permission to use the photographs and images listed below : sebra (Fig 1.1), Everett Historical (Fig 1.2), Georgios Kollidas (Fig 1.4), David Smart (Fig 1.5), David Smart (Fig 1.6), Everett Historical (Fig 1.7), Everett Historical (Fig 1.8), yannydzn (Fig 2.1), (Fig 2.2), create jobs 51 (Fig 2.3), Georgios Kollidas (Fig 2.4), rook76 (Fig 2.5), vkilikov (Fig 2.6), Nadezda Murmakova (Fig 2.7), Truba7113 (Fig 2.8), Atlaspix (Fig 2.10), hanohiki (Fig 2.11), Designsoul (Fig 2.12), Djent (Fig 2.14), Everett Historical (Fig 3.1), Vectomart (Fig 3.2), Sagittarius Pro (Fig 3.3), StockImageFactory.com (Fig 3.5), Iconic Bestiary (Fig 3.6), Evellean (Fig 4.1), Oleg_Mit (Fig 4.2), Spotmatik Ltd (Fig 4.5), BIGUTOON (Fig 4.6), shrutianand_23 (Fig 4.7), jossnat (5.1), Creative Stall (5.2), Rainer Lesniewski (5.3), Ikhwan Ameer (5.4), Juthapad Benjapong (5.5), lakshmiprasada S (5.7), Kaspars Grinvalds (Fig 6.1), iQoncept (Fig 7.1), Tawan Jz (Fig 7.2), sugitas (Fig 7.3), phipatbig (Fig 7.4), lentamart (Fig7.5), tanuha2001 (Civiq (2), PhotoTodos (Civiq (3), AlenKadr (Civiq (4), Ken Wolter (Civiq), VectorKnight (Fig 8.1), Vectorpocket (Fig 8.2), art of line (Fig 8.3), Andrew Rybalko (Civitalk), DRogatnev (Fig 9.1), iamlukyeee (Fig 9.2), Mix3r (Fig 9.3), JoshoJosho (Fig 9.4), jayk67 (Fig 9.5), ATIKAN PORNCHAIPRASIT (Fig 9.6), Christian Mueller (Fig9.7), Rawpixel.com (Fig 9.8), AngieYeoh (let's review (2), valeriy eydlin (let's review (3), elenabsl (let's review ) , Designua (Fig 1.2), Baurz1973 (Fig 1.3), Jan Bures (Fig 1.6), Sakurra (Fig 2.2), Olga Popova (Fig 2.3), Uwe Aranas (Fig 2.4), Cyrustr (Fig 2.5), Sakdinon Kadchiangsaen (Fig 2.6), Evgeny Haritonov (Fig 2.7), Somchai Som (Fig 2.8), Pius Lee (Fig 2.9), Kushal Bose (Fig 2.10), corbac40 (Fig 2.11), Andrea Danti (Fig 3.4), VectorMine (Fig 3.5), VectorMine (Fig 3.6), stihii (Fig 3.7), lady-luck (Fig 3.8), Christopher Wood (Fig 3.9), Perfect Lazybones (Fig 3.10), CKA (Fig 3.11), Inna Bigun (Fig 4.3), AgriTech (Fig 4.4), Arthorn Saklang (Fig 4.5), Joel_420 (Fig 4.6), Designua (Fig 4.7), ShutterProductions (let's review (2), Vadym Zaitsev (let's review (3), Claudio Divizia (let's review (4), petroleum man (let's review ), Designua (Fig 5.3), annalisa e marina durante (Fig 5.4), Standret (Fig 6.2), Quick Shot (Fig 6.3), Dashu Xinganling (Fig 6.4), Kenneth Keifer (Fig 6.5), Forest man72 (Fig 6.6), zlikovec (Fig 6.8), Nikitin Victor (Fig 6.9), Oliver Osvald (Fig 6.10), Perfect Lazybones (Fig 6.11), Troutnut (Fig 6.12), Alexander Narraina (Fig 7.2), viagraphix.net (Fig 7.3), viagraphix.net (Fig 7.4), Boris Golovnev (Fig 7.7), AjayTvm (Geo fun (2), TK Kurikawa (Geo fun (3), fotosunny (Geo fun (4), 360b (Geo fun), Bram Smits (Fig 8.3), Painterstock (Fig 8.5), Vladimir Wrangel (Fig 8.6), Positive Snapshot (Fig 8.9), Vladislav T. Jirousek (Fig 8.10), RealityImages (Fig 8.12), Bob Pool (Fig 9.3), Marie Dirgova (Fig 9.4), kavram (Fig 9.7), Patrick Poendl (Fig 10.3), PetrJanJuracka (Fig 10.4) Copyright ©2020 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, adapted, abridged or translated, stored in any retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means without a prior written permission of the copyright holders, M/s. Navneet Education Limited. Any breach will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice. ISBN 978-93-89151-89-3 Publishing office:Unit 1102, 11th Floor, DLF Tower B, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi-110025 Registered office: Navneet Bhavan, Bhavani Shankar Road, Dadar (West), Mumbai–400028, Maharashtra, India. Phone: 022-66626565, Website: navneet.com, e-mail: [email protected] Illustrations by Green Tree Designing Studio Pvt. Ltd. Published by Navneet Education Limited, Mumbai/Ahmedabad/New Delhi Printed by Navneet Education Limited, Mumbai/Dantali 2001 PREFACE Elements 1-8 —is a new Social Studies series for Primary and Middle School based on the NCERT curriculum. Adhering to the NCF 2005, it aims at laying the foundation of basic concepts of Social Studies by introducing students to the world around in a simple and interactive way. While it equips them with the knowledge and understanding of the past necessary for coping with the present and planning for the future, it seeks to sensitise them to current issues. This process is executed through active participation of the learner. The sources of information are always varied as well as verified. Here are some special features of Elements 6-8: Each chapter starts with a Warming up exercise that sets the tone for the chapter by stimulating the student’s thought process. In addition to this the chapters have many in-chapter features: Activity calls for research and analysis of data Fact capsules supplement the main text with additional nuggets of information that will be of great interest to the students. Case studies add empirical strength to the content and provide a realistic scenario to the students. A slice from... is a unique feature that helps students correlate subjects, as no subject can be studied in isolation. Milestones is a brief summary of the chapter given at the conclusion of each chapter, while Word wise is a mini-dictionary of terms introduced in the chapter. In addition to this there is a Let’s explore section at the end which has Fun activities and Projects, that students are sure to enjoy and learn from. There are also Critical thinking questions that require the student to apply knowledge and think out of the box to problem solve. Wrapping up this unique package are links to curated websites that provide additional information on the topic for those students who are hungry for more. The process of putting together this new series has been an exciting and enlightening journey for us, and we hope that you find this series useful and interesting to learn as well as teach. Authors IN THE SERIES ELEMENTS 6-8 Each chapter works like this... LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning Objectives give students a preliminary idea as to what they are going to learn in the chapter A WARMING UP WARMING UP: THINK! exercise sets the tone for the chapter by See this picture. It is a village scene showing people at work. List the occupations you can make out from the picture in your notebook. stimulating the student’s thought process. ACTIVITIES Stimulating Activities and Questions call for research and analysis to help students ideate HISTORY/CIVICS/ A SLICE FROM GEOGRAPHY TALK CIVICS provide discussion topics to enhance Subject connect student’s intellectual ability CASE BONUS READ STUDY Traditionally, the Stone Age is believed to have begun some 2.5 million years THE PLANTATION ago because the oldest discovered stone tools belong to that period. However, SLAVES in 2015, researchers excavating a dry riverbed near Kenya’s Lake Turkana For nearly two centuries, between the 1600s Figure 2.1: Abraham Lincoln discovered primitive stone tools, dating 3.3 million years ago. and 1800s, there was a booming trade in http://abolition.e2bn.org/sl African people who were kidnapped and sold avery_69.htmlhttps://www as slaves. These black slaves were treated like .britannica.com/biography cattle by the white plantation owners of the /Abraham-Lincoln United States, and sold to people who paid the highest price, because they thought they were more civilized and superior. The slaves lived under unhygienic conditions, without any rights and pay. The 16th US President, Abraham Lincoln, Interesting information for students outlawed slavery in the mid-1800s. Although free by law, the black people had to constantly fight for their right to dignity and equality for over a century. In the 1960s they acquired equal rights as citizens under the leadership of Dr Martin Luther King who led the non- violent Civil Disobedience protests. ZRG'S MILESTONES FUN FACTS case studies enliven information A brief summary of the chapter is a mini-dictionary of terms introduced in the chapter WORDWISE Prejudice : When someone is judged or someone has an idea about someone else without actually knowing anything about them. Stereotype : An often unfair and untrue belief that many people have about all people or things with a particular characteristic, such as their gender or race. Discrimination : If someone is being treated badly because of their gender, race, religion, disability or being just ‘different’. LET’S LET’S EXPLORE EXPLORE Social awareness SEL Critical thinking Value it Evaluation of knowledge and It has been said that India’s diversity is the Rahul’s family was based in Tamil Nadu. Recently his source of its strength. Do you think this father, who was employed in a government job, got understanding through statement is true? If yes, then why? transferred to Delhi. Rahul has joined a new school in Delhi. However, on the very first day in school, his Civi Project classmates made fun of his speech. The way he spoke Let’s Explore section at the end English and Hindi was completely different from that MY ORIGINS of his classmates. If you were one of his classmates, which has Fun activities and Locate the region your family comes from how would you treat Rahul? on a map of India.