DOCSLIB.ORG

Narco State Or Failed State? Narcotics and Politics in Guinea-Bissau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

NARCO STATE OR FAILED STATE? NARCOTICS AND POLITICS IN GUINEA-BISSAU by Ashley Neese Bybee A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy Committee: Jack A. Goldstone, Chair Louise I. Shelley Terrence Lyons Peter Gastrow, External Reader James Pfiffner, Program Director Edward Rhodes, Dean Fall Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Narco State or Failed State? Narcotics and Politics in Guinea-Bissau A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Ashley Neese Bybee Master of Public Policy George Mason University, 2006 Bachelor of Arts University of Virginia, 2001 Director: Jack A. Goldstone, Professor School of Public Policy Fall Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2011 Ashley Neese Bybee All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my son, J.D., whose imminent arrival while I was scrambling to write this dissertation was 150% my motivating force for completion. I hope he embraces culture, politics, academics, science, sports, and the arts in a way that allows him to make a meaningful contribution to society, whatever it may be. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the many family, friends, professors, and colleagues who have supported me in this endeavor: My husband, Jon, was patient for five years while I spent nights and weekends researching, writing, crying, and complaining. The different perspectives he offered forced me to think through my research rigorously and thoroughly. Without his encouragement during the tough times, it would have been inordinately harder for me to achieve this goal; My IDA colleagues, mentors, and friends, in particular Barry Crane, Susan Clark-Sestak, Robert Soule, Rick Porterfield, Ed Smith, Richard White, Amy Alrich, H.T. Johnson, among many others, all of whom pushed, encouraged, and reminded me on a daily basis why I was working towards this goal; My parents, Don and Melinda Neese, who exemplify hard work and unrelenting commitment. I am forever indebted to them for the work ethic, goal-oriented approach, and inquisitive mind which they instilled in me from a very young age, without which completing this program part-time would never have been possible; My Dissertation Committee, whose insightful comments, critiques, guidance, and ideas have absolutely contributed to a quality research product of which I am proud. My Chair, Dr. Jack Goldstone, helped translate ideas into actionable research, particularly when I was struggling to move forward. Dr. Louise Shelley continuously offered her perspectives, help, and personal contacts to support my career. Dr. Terrence Lyons reminded me that Africa is different, and that those principles that may apply in other parts of the world are not appropriate, or even relevant in Africa. Lastly, Peter Gastrow, who took the time to read this dissertation and offered his expert perspective on bridging the gap between African politics and transnational crime; Beth Eck and Shannon Williams Hettler, who answered each and every question, provided assistance whenever called upon, and were always responsive and reliable. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ....................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... viii Abstract ...................................................................................................................x 1. Introduction ................................................................................................1 The Evolution of Drug Trafficking through West Africa ............................4 Why Has West Africa Been Targeted? ......................................................16 The Importance of this Research ...............................................................22 2. Literature Review ....................................................................................35 The Globalization of Illicit Trade ..............................................................35 Security in the 21st Century .......................................................................40 The Resource Curse ...................................................................................44 “States” – Modern Ones and African Ones ...............................................54 Corruption ..................................................................................................69 Guinea-Bissau in Context ..........................................................................79 3. What is a Narco-State? Hypotheses, Research Questions and Methodology 85 Existing Definitions of a Narco-State ........................................................86 The Narco-State Framework ......................................................................96 Hypotheses and Research Questions .......................................................102 Methodology ............................................................................................104 4. Case Studies ............................................................................................117 Jamaica .....................................................................................................118 Mexico .....................................................................................................129 Tajikistan..................................................................................................142 Turkey ......................................................................................................160 5. Guinea-Bissau .........................................................................................174 Hypothesis 1: Guinea-Bissau has narco-corruption, but political institutions are not fundamentally compromised. ....................................174 Hypothesis 2: Guinea-Bissau does not have a narco-economy. ..............203 Hypothesis 3: Guinea-Bissau has not experienced narco-violence over control of the drug trade. ..........................................................................222 Hypothesis 4: The Guinea-Bissauan population has not been affected by the drug trade. ..........................................................................................235 v Hypothesis 5: Instability resulting from the drug trade will manifest itself in fundamentally different ways depending on the capacity of a state to control its territory and govern its people. ...............................................246 6. Synthesis..................................................................................................257 RQ1: What have been the impacts of the drug trade in Guinea-Bissau? .257 RQ 2: How much state capacity is functioning and how much has been “captured”? ..............................................................................................264 RQ 3: What are the mechanisms by which drug trafficking could destabilize a failed state? .........................................................................267 RQ 4: Where does Guinea-Bissau lie on the spectrum of Narco-States? 274 RQ 5: How do the impacts of drug trafficking differ in a Transit State with varying institutional strengths and capacities, i.e., a failed state versus a functioning state? .....................................................................................279 7. Conclusion ..............................................................................................284 Summary of Findings ...............................................................................284 Narco-State or Failed State? ....................................................................286 Policy Implications ..................................................................................291 Final Thoughts .........................................................................................299 Annex A: Empirical Evidence for Jamaica .....................................................301 Annex B: Empirical Evidence for Mexico .......................................................328 Annex C: Empirical Evidence for Tajikistan ..................................................364 Annex D: Empirical Evidence for Turkey .......................................................389 References ...........................................................................................................410 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1. Relation Between the Geography of a Resource and Type of Conflict ...51 Table 2. Comparison of Clientelistic and Democratic Regimes ............................58 Table 3. Index of Narcostatization Indicators ........................................................93 Table 4. Spectrum of Government Enforcement of Laws Against Trafficking ....95 Table 5. Features of Narco-Corruption in Transit States .....................................247 Table 6. Drug-Related Instability in Selected States ..........................................250 Table 7. The Spectrum of Narco States ..............................................................277 Table 8. Impacts of the Drug Trade ....................................................................280 Table 9. The Cost of Crime in Jamaica................................................................307 Table 10. Homicides
Recommended publications
  • Final Technical Report| April 2017

    Final Technical Report| April 2017

    FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT| APRIL 2017 Final technical report International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Strengthening West African Research Capacity on Security - Project 106743 (March 2012 – Feb. 2017) ISS-Pretoria (head Office) ISS-Dakar 361 Veale Street Regional Office for West Africa Block C, Brooklyn Court Immeuble Atryum Center, 4th floor New Muckleneuk Route de Ouakam, Pretoria, South Africa Dakar, Senegal Research team Programme managers Déo Barakamfitiye, Stéphanie Wolters, Lori-Anne Théroux-Bénoni Senior researchers Lori-Anne Théroux-Bénoni, William Assanvo, Barthelemy Blédé, David Zounmenou, Stéphanie Wolters Researchers Paulin Maurice Toupane and Ibrahim Maïga Junior researcher Ella Abatan Junior fellows 2012: Awa Faye Daou, Paulin Maurice Toupane, Lucie Boucher 2013: Lidawo Kilo, Baba Dakono, Bile Ehoussoua Marie Emmanuela Kabran, Sohe Loïc Elyse Gino Vlavonou, Mahamoudou Kane 2014: Esso- Wedeou Gnamké, Fatimata Ouédraogo, Tity Agbahey, Ibrahim Maïga, Ousmane Aly Diallo 2015: Jeannine Ella Abatan, Cheikh Dieng, Pascaline Compaoré, Jeanine Kobi Bié 2016: Aissatou Kanté, Kadiatou Yacouba Keita, Fatimata Ba, Wendyam Aristide Sawadogo, Patrick Olivier Gnonsekan Country/Region Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Dakar (Senegal), Nairobi (Kenya), Pretoria (South Africa) Contact information Lori-Anne Théroux-Bénoni [email protected], [email protected] CONTENTS 1. Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. The research problem
  • Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests

    Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests

    Home Country of Origin Information Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) are research reports on country conditions. They are requested by IRB decision makers. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIR. Earlier RIR may be found on the European Country of Origin Information Network website. Please note that some RIR have attachments which are not electronically accessible here. To obtain a copy of an attachment, please e-mail us. Related Links • Advanced search help 15 August 2019 MEX106302.E Mexico: Drug cartels, including Los Zetas, the Gulf Cartel (Cartel del Golfo), La Familia Michoacana, and the Beltrán Leyva Organization (BLO); activities and areas of operation; ability to track individuals within Mexico (2017-August 2019) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 1. Overview InSight Crime, a foundation that studies organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean (Insight Crime n.d.), indicates that Mexico’s larger drug cartels have become fragmented or "splintered" and have been replaced by "smaller, more volatile criminal groups that have taken up other violent activities" (InSight Crime 16 Jan. 2019). According to sources, Mexican law enforcement efforts to remove the leadership of criminal organizations has led to the emergence of new "smaller and often more violent" (BBC 27 Mar. 2018) criminal groups (Justice in Mexico 19 Mar. 2018, 25; BBC 27 Mar. 2018) or "fractur[ing]" and "significant instability" among the organizations (US 3 July 2018, 2). InSight Crime explains that these groups do not have "clear power structures," that alliances can change "quickly," and that they are difficult to track (InSight Crime 16 Jan.
  • First Witness Statement of Mahmoud Thiam CWS-5

    First Witness Statement of Mahmoud Thiam CWS-5

    First Witness Statement of Mahmoud Thiam CWS-5 IN THE MATTER OF AN ARBITRATION UNDER THE RULES OF ARBITRATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES ICSID Case No. ARB/14/22 BETWEEN: BSG RESOURCES LIMITED (Claimant) -v- THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA (Respondent) First Witness Statement MAHMOUD THIAM I MAHMOUD THIAM of 170 East End Avenue, Apt 16B, New York, NY 10128, USA, with date of birth 4 October 1966, will state as follows: 1. I am the Chief Executive of Thiam & Co, an advisory and investment management consultancy based in New York, which specialises in frontier and emerging markets, with a particular emphasis on Africa and the Middle East. Prior to setting up Thiam & Co, I served as Minister of Mines, Geology, Energy and Hydraulics in the Republic of Guinea ("Guinea") in 2009 and Minister of Mines and Geology in 2010. I will refer to both positions as “Minister of Mines”. 2. I make this statement in relation to the claim by BSG Resources Limited ("BSGR") against the Republic of Guinea ("Guinea"). Save where I indicate otherwise, the facts and matters set out in this statement are based on my first-hand knowledge of the events in question. 27945287.1 1 First Witness Statement of Mahmoud Thiam CWS-5 3. This witness statement has been prepared with the assistance of my counsel, Sullivan & Worcester LLP, and BSGR's lawyers, Mishcon de Reya. On some occasions, I have refreshed my memory by looking at correspondence and other documents from the relevant time where they have been available to me.
  • Justice-Reform

    Justice-Reform

    Mexico Institute SHARED RESPONSIBILITY: U.S.-MEXICO POLICY OPTIONS FOR CONFRONTING ORGANIZED CRIME Edited by Eric L. Olson, David A. Shirk, and Andrew Selee Mexico Institute Available from: Mexico Institute Trans-Border Institute Woodrow Wilson International University of San Diego Center for Scholars 5998 Alcalá Park, IPJ 255 One Woodrow Wilson Plaza San Diego, CA 92110-2492 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 www.sandiego.edu/tbi www.wilsoncenter.org/mexico ISBN : 1-933549-61-0 October 2010 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, dialogue radio and television, and the monthly news-letter “Centerpoint.” For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org.
  • Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea

    Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea

    Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea Final Report Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. Map of Guinea1 1 For the purposes of this report, we will be using the following names for the regions of Guinea: Upper Guinea, Middle Guinea, Lower Guinea, and the Forest Region. Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center Contents Foreword ..................................1 Proxy Voting and Participation of Executive Summary .........................2 Marginalized Groups ......................43 The Carter Center Election Access for Domestic Observers and Observation Mission in Guinea ...............5 Party Representatives ......................44 The Story of the Guinean Security ................................45 Presidential Elections ........................8 Closing and Counting ......................46 Electoral History and Political Background Tabulation .............................48 Before 2008 ..............................8 Election Dispute Resolution and the From the CNDD Regime to the Results Process ...........................51 Transition Period ..........................9 Disputes Regarding First-Round Results ........53 Chronology of the First and Disputes Regarding Second-Round Results ......54 Second Rounds ...........................10 Conclusion and Recommendations for Electoral Institutions and the Framework for the Future Elections ...........................57
  • Violent Extremism and Insurgency in Tajikistan: a Risk Assessment

    Violent Extremism and Insurgency in Tajikistan: a Risk Assessment

    VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND INSURGENCY IN TAJIKISTAN: A RISK ASSESSMENT AUGUST 14, 2013 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Dr. Eric McGlinchey for Management Systems International for USAID’s Office of Technical Support in the Bureau for the Middle East (USAID/ME/TS). VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND INSURGENCY IN TAJIKISTAN: A RISK ASSESSMENT DRAFT Contracted under AID-OAA-TO-11-00051 Democracy and Governance and Peace and Security in Asia and the Middle East Dr. Eric McGlinchey is Associate Professor of Politics and Government in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University. He is an expert in Central Asian regime change, comparative politics, and political Islam. He is the author of Chaos, Violence, Dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... i Map ............................................................................................................................................ ii Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. iii I. Background: The Interplay of Religion and Politics in Tajikistan .....................................1
  • September 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized

    September 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized

    20925 September 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized ANTICORRUPTION IN Public Disclosure Authorized RANSITION A Contribution to the Policy Debate Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A W 0 R L D F R EE 0 F P 0 V E R T Y I Anticorruption in Transition A Contribution to the Policy Debate The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2000 THE WORLDBANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing September 2000 1 2 3 4 03 02 01 00 The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank or its member governments. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA. ISBN 0-8213-4802-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data hasbeen appliedfor. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword........................................................................ vii Acknowledgments ........................................................................ ix Abbreviations ........................................................................ xi Executive Summary ........................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 The Level and Pattern of Corruption in the Transition Countries...............................
  • UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92g1h187 Author LaPorte, Jody Marie Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia By Jody Marie LaPorte A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Jason Wittenberg, Co-chair Professor Michael S. Fish, Co-chair Professor David Collier Professor Victoria Bonnell Spring 2012 The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia Copyright 2012 by Jody Marie LaPorte Abstract The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia by Jody Marie LaPorte Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Jason Wittenberg, co-chair Professor Michael S. Fish, co-chair This dissertation asks why some non-democratic regimes give political opponents significant leeway to organize, while others enforce strict limits on such activities. I examine this question with reference to two in-depth case studies from post-Soviet Eurasia: Georgia under President Eduard Shevardnadze and Kazakhstan under President Nursultan Nazarbayev. While a non- democratic regime was in place in both countries, opposition was highly tolerated in Georgia, but not allowed in Kazakhstan. I argue that these divergent policies can be traced to variation in the predominant source and pattern of state corruption in each country.
  • Tajikistan by Raissa Muhutdinova

    Tajikistan by Raissa Muhutdinova

    Tajikistan by Raissa Muhutdinova Capital: Dushanbe Population: 6.6 million GNI/capita: US$1,560 The social data above was taken from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s Transition Report 2007: People in Transition, and the economic data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2008. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Electoral Process 5.50 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.50 Civil Society 5.25 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.75 5.00 5.00 5.50 Independent Media 5.75 5.50 5.75 5.75 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.25 6.00 Governance* 6.25 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.75 n/a n/a n/a n/a National Democratic 6.25 Governance n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 6.00 6.25 6.25 Local Democratic 6.00 Governance n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 5.75 5.75 5.75 Judicial Framework 6.00 and Independence 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 Corruption 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 Democracy Score 5.75 5.58 5.63 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.93 5.96 6.07 * With the 2005 edition, Freedom House introduced separate analysis and ratings for national democratic governance and local democratic governance to provide readers with more detailed and nuanced analysis of these two important subjects.
  • The Rise of Kleptocracy: Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations

    The Rise of Kleptocracy: Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations

    The Rise of Kleptocracy: Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations Alexander Cooley, John Heathershaw, J.C. Sharman Journal of Democracy, Volume 29, Number 1, January 2018, pp. 39-53 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0003 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/683634 Access provided at 13 Jun 2019 01:42 GMT from Griffith University The Rise of Kleptocracy LAUNDERING CASH, WHITEWASHING REPUTATIONS Alexander Cooley, John Heathershaw, and J.C. Sharman Alexander Cooley is director of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University and Claire Tow Professor of Political Science at Barnard College. John Heathershaw is associate professor of international re- lations at the University of Exeter. J.C. Sharman is Sir Patrick Sheehy Professor of International Relations at the University of Cambridge. Kleptocracy and grand corruption are now under scrutiny as never be- fore. With renewed global attention on these abuses, a relatively clear picture has emerged of the domestic political economies shaped by klep- tocratic rule. Analysts have shown how state institutions are set up to allow elites and their families to systematically loot, while protecting these elites politically. In particular, this research has placed under the microscope the resource-rich countries that are vulnerable to kleptocrat- ic state capture. Yet to understand the operations of today’s jet-setting kleptocrats, one must look beyond the borders of the polities they despoil. Copi- ous news items feature kleptocrats and their families purchasing luxu- rious penthouses and cars; attending international cultural galas and charitable initiatives; and enlisting Western agents, lawyers, spokes- people, and pillars of the establishment to whitewash their reputations.
  • A Massacre in Jamaica

    A Massacre in Jamaica

    A REPORTER AT LARGE A MASSACRE IN JAMAICA After the United States demanded the extradition of a drug lord, a bloodletting ensued. BY MATTATHIAS SCHWARTZ ost cemeteries replace the illusion were preparing for war with the Jamai- told a friend who was worried about an of life’s permanence with another can state. invasion, “Tivoli is the baddest place in illusion:M the permanence of a name On Sunday, May 23rd, the Jamaican the whole wide world.” carved in stone. Not so May Pen Ceme- police asked every radio and TV station in tery, in Kingston, Jamaica, where bodies the capital to broadcast a warning that n Monday, May 24th, Hinds woke are buried on top of bodies, weeds grow said, in part, “The security forces are ap- to the sound of sporadic gunfire. over the old markers, and time humbles pealing to the law-abiding citizens of FreemanO was gone. Hinds anxiously di- even a rich man’s grave. The most for- Tivoli Gardens and Denham Town who alled his cell phone and reached him at saken burial places lie at the end of a dirt wish to leave those communities to do so.” the house of a friend named Hugh Scully, path that follows a fetid gully across two The police sent buses to the edge of the who lived nearby. Freeman was calm, and bridges and through an open meadow, neighborhood to evacuate residents to Hinds, who had not been outside for far enough south to hear the white noise temporary accommodations. But only a three days, assumed that it was safe to go coming off the harbor and the highway.
  • USAID/Senegal

    USAID/Senegal

    UUSSAAIIDD//SSEENNEEGGAALL ANNUAL REPORT 2002 The attached results information is from the FY 2002 Annual Report for Senegal and was assembled and analyzed by USAID/Senegal. The Annual Report is a “pre-decisional” USAID document and does not reflect results of USAID budgetary reviews. Additional information on the attached can be obtained from (Washington contact person and office making the distribution). Related documents information can be obtained from: USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse 1611 N. Kent St., Suite 200 Arlington, Va. 22209-2111 Telephone: 704-351-4049 Email: [email protected] Internet: http:/www.dec.org MARCH 4, 2002 Please Note: The attached RESULTS INFORMATION is from the FY 2002 Annual report, and was assembled and analyzed by the country or USAID operating unit identified on the cover page. The Annual Report is a “pre-decisional” USAID document and does not reflect results stemming from formal USAID review(s) of this document. Related document information can be obtained from: USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse 1611 N. Kent Street, Suite 200 Arlington, VA 22209-2111 Telephone: 703/351-4006 Ext. 106 Fax: 703/351-4039 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.dec.org Released on or after July 1, 2002 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page Table of Contents………………………………..……….…………………………………….… ..4 Glossary…………………………………………….……………………………………………..….5 Map…………………………………………………..…………………………………………….….7 Part III Performance Narrative…………………………………………………………………….20 SO 685-0O1: Sustainable Increases in Private Sector Income Generating Activities In Selected Sectors……..………………………………………………………………………….22 SO 685-0O2: More Effective, Democratic, and Accountable Local Management of Services and Resources in Target Areas .……………………………………………..………24 SO 685-0O3: Increased quality health services in the context of decentralization in targeted areas…………………………………………………………..………………..…….